Potential for Halosulfuron to Control Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata) in Container-Grown Landscape Plants and Its Sorption to Container Rooting Substrate

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Wehtje ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
Eugene K. Blythe
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Total Dosage ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Eclipta Prostrata ◽  
Selective Placement ◽  
Foliage Weight

Eclipta is a seed-borne summer annual that is problematic in the production of container-grown landscape plants. Halosulfuron at 70 g/ha is registered as a directed application to landscape areas but not to container-grown landscape plants. Halosulfuron was applied preemergence (PRE) to seeded eclipta and postemergence (POST) to progressively older eclipta seedlings at rates ranging from 0.18 to 100 g/ha. For halosulfuron PRE treatments, eclipta control was determined from the foliage weight of surviving seedlings. For halosulfuron POST treatments, control was determined from the weight of foliage regrowth following the removal of the treated foliage 2 wk after treatment. Nonlinear regression and log-logistic analysis indicated that the rate required for 90% control (I90) for halosulfuron PRE was 45 g/ha. For halosulfuron POST, theI90was 60 g/ha for plants having five or fewer true leaves and 98 g/ha for plants that had lateral branching from the basal crown. Analysis estimated theI90for flowering-sized eclipta exceeded 300 g/ha. Selective placement studies revealed that the phytotoxicity resulting from POST treatments occurs by foliar and root uptake, with foliar exposure having greater activity. For POST treatments that were limited to foliage-only contact, a split application increased control up to 25% compared with a single application of the same total dosage. However, control remained inadequate because the rate required for 75% control (I75) was 157 and 121 g/ha for single and split applications, respectively. Halosulfuron sorption by a pine bark–based rooting substrate, as used in container production, was 96% of the amount applied. The propensity for surface-applied halosulfuron to be leached in this substrate was evaluated by eclipta bioassay. After 2 wk, with 23 cm of cumulative irrigation and rainfall, halosulfuron was detected 12 cm below the substrate surface. The propensity for substrate-adsorbed halosulfuron to return to the water phase may also contribute to PRE activity for eclipta control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions from hog manure application in a Canadian cow–calf production system using whole-farm models

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aklilu W. Alemu ◽  
Kim H. Ominski ◽  
Mario Tenuta ◽  
Brian D. Amiro ◽  
Ermias Kebreab
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Enteric Methane ◽  
Cow Calf ◽  
The Impact

The development of beneficial management practices is a key strategy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal agriculture. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of time and amount of hog manure application on farm productivity and GHG emissions from a cow–calf production system using two whole-farm models. Detailed model inputs (climate, soil and manure properties, farm operation data) were collected from a 3-year field study that evaluated the following three treatments: no application of hog manure on grassland (baseline); a single application of hog manure on grassland in spring (single); and two applications of hog manure as fall and spring (split). All three treatments were simulated in a representative cow–calf production system at the farm-gate using the following whole-farm models: a Coupled Components Model (CCM) that used existing farm component models and the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM). Annual GHG intensities for the baseline scenario were 17.7 kg CO2-eq/kg liveweight for CCM and 18.1 kg CO2-eq/kg liveweight for IFSM. Of the total farm GHG emissions, 73–77% were from enteric methane production. The application of hog manure on grassland showed a mean emission increase of 7.8 and 8.4 kg CO2-eq/kg liveweight above the baseline for the single and split scenarios, respectively. For the manured scenarios, farm GHG emissions were mainly from enteric methane (47–54%) and soil nitrous oxide (33–41%). Emission estimates from the different GHG sources in the farm varied between models for the single and split application scenarios. Although farm productivity was 3–4% higher in the split than in single application (0.14 t liveweight/ha), the environmental advantage of applying manure in a single or split application was not consistent between models for farm emission intensity. Further component and whole-farm assessments are required to fully understand the impact of timing and the amount of livestock manure application on GHG emissions from beef production systems.

scholarly journals Residual Toxicity of Imidacloprid to Hawthorn Lace Bug, Corythuca cydoniae, Feeding on Cotoneasters in Landscapes and Containers

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Szczepaniec ◽  
Michael J. Raupp
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Lace Bug ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lace Bugs ◽  
Important Pest

Abstract Cotoneasters are important and valuable landscape plants. They are severely attacked by hawthorn lace bug (Corythuca cydoniae) in landscapes and nurseries. Imidacloprid has a wide range of activity against many kinds of insect pests. We were interested in determining if cotoneasters treated with soil applications of imidacloprid in landscapes and containers remained toxic to hawthorn lace bugs for more than one growing season. Cotoneasters planted in landscapes were less damaged by lace bugs in the year that imidacloprid was applied and in the following year. We suspect that residual toxicity of leaves of cotoneasters particularly to the nymphs of lace bugs as the cause. Cotoneasters grown in containers demonstrated toxicity to lace bugs for almost 800 days after the application of imidacloprid to the soil. These data greatly extend the known period of efficacy for imidacloprid in controlling hawthorn lace bug on cotoneasters. Clearly, lace bugs are controlled for a minimum of two years. By reducing the need for repetitive applications, a single application of imidacloprid can reduce time, labor and material costs associated with managing this important pest of cotoneasters.

scholarly journals Effects of different fertilization practices on the N03-N, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ash and dietary fibre contents of carrot

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-111
Author(s):  
Aino-Maija Evers
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fibre Content ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
P Content ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Dietary Fibre Content

The effects of different fertilization practices on the NO3-N, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ash and dietary fibre contents of carrots were studied in field experiments in southern Finland. Unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, NPK fertirrigations with NPK basic fertilization and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. Further, single application was compared with split applications. The results of 1986 were analysed by contrast analysis. Fertilization practices affected the NO3-N content in carrot, and irrigation increased the NO3-N content. Highest NO3-N contents were observed with NPK fertirrigations treatments. Fertilization increased the N content of roots, and nitrogen content was higher with PK placement with N fertirrigations as compared to NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, or to NPK fertirrigations. Placement fertilization increased P content as compared to broadcast fertilization, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, NPK fertirrigations or split application. Irrigation decreased P content. Fertilization increased the K contents of carrot roots as compared to unfertilized treatments, but there were no significant differences between fertilization practices. Fertilization had no effect on the Ca or Mg contents of carrot roots. Fertilization increased the ash content. Placement fertilization, single application and unirrigated single application yielded higher ash contents than did split application, NPK fertirrigations or PK placement with N fertirrigations. Fertilization and irrigation increased the dietary fibre content as compared to unfertilized and unirrigated treatments, respectively. Irrigated single application increased dietary fibre content as compared to split application and PK placement with N fertirrigations. Besides the fertilization experiment, samples from two organically cultivated fields were collected in order to obtain data concerning organically cultivated carrots.

scholarly journals Mulch Improves Pecan Tree Growth during Orchard Establishment

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Becky L. Carroll ◽  
Becky S. Cheary
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

`Giles' pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] seedlings were either not mulched or mulched with wood chips arranged in a 1- or 2-m-wide square that was 30 cm deep. Mulch treatments were in factorial combination with two N rates applied as either a single application at budbreak or as a split application at budbreak and 3 weeks later. Tree height was positively related to mulch width each year of the 3-year study, and trunk diameter was positively related to mulch width during the second and third years of the experiment. Leaf P and K concentration during 2 years and leaf N during 1 year of the study were positively related to mulch width. Trees receiving the higher N rate were taller during 2 of 3 years, but leaf N concentration was not affected by N rate. No differences in the parameters measured were observed whether N was applied as a single or as a split application.

scholarly journals 291 Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization Time on Nitrogen Storage and Return Bloom of Pecan

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 492D-492
Author(s):  
Laura E. Acuña-Maldonado ◽  
Michael W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Nitrogen Storage ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Application Time ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Return Bloom

A study was conducted to compare a single nitrogen application in March (125 kg N/ha) vs. a split application in March (75 kg N/ha) and October (50 kg N/ha) on 15-year-old `Maramec'. After one season, N application time did not affect return bloom. A split N application increased trunk wood Kjeldahl-N but decreased Kjeldahl-N in the current season's reproductive shoots and 1-year-old branches compared to a single application in March. Kjeldahl-N concentration was not affected by treatment in current season's vegetative shoots, trunk bark or roots. Nitrate-N concentration was not affected by treatment in any tissue sampled. Between the first week of October and the first killing frost in November, Kjeldahl-N increased 29% in current season's shoots, 21% in trunk bark, 32% in roots >1 cm in diameter, and 15% in roots <1 cm in diameter but decreased 42% in trunk wood and 5% in 1-year-old branches. Roots <1 cm in diameter accumulated more nitrate-N than other tissues during November.

scholarly journals 521 Effects of Apogee on the Growth and Fruit Quality of Three Apple Cultivars in California

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 535D-535
Author(s):  
Kathy Kelley ◽  
Carol Regusci
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Low Rate

Apogee at rates of 125 and 250 ppm applied at 2-cm average shoot growth and a split application of 125 ppm applied at 2-cm shoot growth and 2 weeks later reduced vegetative growth of `Pink Lady', `Gala', and `Fuji' in 1997 and 1998. Cultivar response varied with rate and year. Fruit size was significantly increased in `Gala' at the low rate and split low rate applications and in `Fuji' at the low and high rate single application in 1998. There was no effect on return bloom or fruit color.

THE RESPONSE OF A GRASS-LEGUME SWARD TO POULTRY MANURE

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. MAYNARD ◽  
A.A. BOMKE
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
High Forage

Poultry numbers, density and potential environmental quality problems have increased greatly in the Lower Fraser Valley. A field experiment was carried out in 1975 and 1976 to determine the effect of manure from a deep-pit laying house on the growth, yield and chemical composition of orchardgrass-ladino clover forage. The manure had N:P:K, ratios of 5.1:2.5:2.0 and 3.5:1.6:1.4 in 1975 and 1976, indicating that its K content relative to N and P was relatively low for forages. Manure rates were 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20 and 40 t/ha. In 1976, these rates were applied as a single application in the early spring or split into three equal increments applied in the early spring and following the first and second cuts. The grass component of the sward responded positively to increased manure rates. However, at rates in excess of 2.5 t/ha, the clover was almost totally eliminated from the stand. The maximum 1975 dry matter yield of 7.00 t/ha occurred with 40 t/ha of manure although the rate of yield increase was greatest at rates of 10 t/ha or less. The maximum forage yield of 16.1 t/ha occurred in 1976 at the 20 t/ha split-application rate of manure. At the 5, 10 and 20 t/ha manure rates the split application produced yields about 1.2 t/ha higher than the single application method. Except for the last cuts in both years, manure significantly increased percent total Kjeldahl nitrogen, especially at rates of 20 t/ha or less. Forage NO3-N concentrations exceeded 0.20%, the level cited as being toxic to ruminants, at rates of 20 and 40 t/ha. Forage P concentrations were not significantly affected by manure addition, probably because the available P level in the soil was high. Forage K concentrations were increased at all cuts by increasing manure rates although K was not a factor in the crop response to manure because initial soil K was high. Manure applied at rates in excess of 20t/ha to supply adequate K for forage production would make inefficient use of the N and P in the manure. Good forage yields without damage to the sward and with little problem with high forage NO3 concentrations were obtained at the 10 t/ha rate; however, for manure disposal, rates as high as 20 t/ha could be used.

Effect of Split Application on N Uptake by Wheat from N15 Labelled Ammonium Nitrate and Urea

1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hamid ◽  
G. Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
N Sources

SUMMARYThe effect of split application of N on the uptake of N by wheat from N15 labelled ammonium nitrate and urea was studied in the field. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied at 120 kg N/ha in a single application (at seeding); two split applications (at seeding and tillering); and six split applications (at seeding, tillering, boot, heading, flowering and the milky stage). Nitrogen applied in two splits was most productive for grain yield for both the N sources, but six split applications significantly increased the protein content in grain compared with single or two split applications. The utilization of N from ammonium nitrate in grain was significantly higher than from urea when applied in six split applications.

RESPONSE OF AN ORCHARDGRASS-PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SWARD TO RATE AND METHOD OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE APPLICATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. BOMKE ◽  
R. A. BERTRAND
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Source ◽  
N Rates

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at rates of 75, 150 and 300 kg N/ha as either a single application in April or split into three equal increments, one applied in April and the second and third following cuts one and two. The orchardgrass-perennial ryegrass sward responded significantly to applied N in each year; however, the yield produced by the two sources differed in only one of the three years. In that year split applied ammonium nitrate gave 8% higher yields than similarly applied urea. The sources were found to be equivalent when applied in the spring. Split application of the N rates increased total annual dry matter yields in one of the three years regardless of N source. In all three years split application of N shifted forage production from cut one to cuts two and three. Key words: N uptake, split N application, orchardgrass-perennial ryegrass sward

scholarly journals Response of Pecan to Nitrogen Rate and Nitrogen Application Time

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1412-1415
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Becky S. Cheary ◽  
Becky L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N

Nitrogen was applied between 1996 and 2002 to grafted `Mohawk' pecan (Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. C. Koch.) trees at 75 or 150 kg·ha-1 either as a single application in March or as a split application with 60% applied in March and 40% the first week of June. In 1997 and 2001, a spring freeze damaged developing shoots and buds, resulting in a small, noncommercial crop and the June portion of the N application was withheld. Nitrogen was also applied during the first week in October at 0 or 50 kg·ha-1 N if the crop load before fruit thinning in August was ≥40% fruiting shoots. There were few differences in the percentage of fruiting shoots or cluster size associated with N rate or applying N as a single or split application. Leaf N concentrations were either not affected by treatment or the results were inconsistent. Omitting the June application when a crop failure occurred did not affect the percentage of fruiting shoots the following year. October N application either did not affect or reduced the percentage of fruiting shoots the following year, and had no influence on leaf N concentration in July or October. These results indicate that the only advantage of a split N application is the option of withholding the second portion in the event of a crop failure. However, the added expense associated with splitting the N application versus the risk of crop failure must be assessed for each situation to determine if this is a sound economic practice. These data do not support an October N application when the crop is ≥40% fruiting shoots to reduce irregular bearing.

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