Pattern of excretion of urinary steroid metabolites during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy in the marmoset monkey

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-A. K. Eastman ◽  
D. W. Makawiti ◽  
W. P. Collins ◽  
J. K. Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovarian Cycle ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Marmoset Monkey ◽  
Progesterone Metabolites ◽  
Consistent Increase ◽  
Urinary Steroid ◽  
Steroid Conjugates

ABSTRACT Non-invasive methods for monitoring reproductive status based on the measurement of urinary steroid conjugates were examined. Levels of urinary oestrone-3-glucuronide, oestrone-3-sulphate, oestradiol glucuronide, oestradiol sulphate and pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide were determined during the ovarian cycle and pregnancy. Sequential hydrolysis showed oestradiol conjugates to be more abundant than oestrone conjugates. The levels of sulphates and glucuronides were similar in the follicular phase whereas sulphates predominated during the luteal phase and pregnancy. Although levels of oestrone-3-sulphate were two- to fourfold lower than those of oestradiol sulphate, measured after hydrolysis, the profiles throughout the cycle and pregnancy were similar. Levels of oestrone-3-sulphate, measured by direct assay, were below 1 μmol/mmol creatinine during the follicular phase, rising 3–4 days after ovulation to reach maximum values (2–8 μmol/mmol creatinine) in the mid-luteal phase. There was no consistent increase before ovulation. Levels during pregnancy rose gradually until days 70–90, after which there was no further increase (gestation length = 144 days). The pattern of pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide was similar to that of oestrone-3-sulphate during the ovarian cycle but levels did not increase during pregnancy. The patterns of excretion of oestrogen and progesterone metabolites were similar to the pattern of the circulating hormones during the ovarian cycle. Circulating and urinary hormone patterns were similar for oestrogens throughout pregnancy but pregnanediol-3α-glucuronide did not reflect progesterone secretion beyond day 70 of gestation. J. Endocr. (1984) 102, 19–26

Protein kinase C in uterine and systemic arteries during ovarian cycle and pregnancy

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (3) ◽  
pp. E464-E470 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Magness ◽  
C. R. Rosenfeld ◽  
B. R. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovarian Cycle ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Estrogen Production ◽  
Systemic Artery

Elevated uterine blood flow is associated with increases in local estrogen-to-progesterone ratios during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and late pregnancy. Because protein kinase C (PKC) activation increases arterial tone, decreased PKC activity may mediate vasodilation. Therefore, we determined uterine (UA) and systemic artery (SA, omental) PKC activity (pmol.mg protein-1.min-1) during the follicular (n = 6), early luteal (n = 4), and late luteal (n = 3) phases of the sheep ovarian cycle, and at 110 +/- 3 (n = 4) and 130 +/- 1 (n = 8) (+/- SE) days of ovine gestation. The stage of the ovarian cycle was verified by the presence of follicles (high estrogen) or corpora lutea (high progesterone) on the ovary and by plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations. UA-PKC activity (pmol.mg protein-1.min-1) during the follicular phase was 100 +/- 18 and increased progressively to 155 +/- 28 during the early luteal phase and to 219 +/- 37 (P less than 0.05) during the late luteal phase; SA-PKC activity was unchanged. A local utero-ovarian relationship was observed, i.e., UA-PKC activity was lower (P less than 0.001) in UA ipsilateral to ovaries with only follicles (105 +/- 14) when compared with UA adjacent to ovaries with corpora lutea (224 +/- 26), which was similar to SA-PKC activity (184 +/- 35). UA-PKC activity fell from 344 +/- 70 at 110 days to 109 +/- 12 at 130 days gestation (P less than 0.05); SA-PKC activity was unchanged. During the ovarian cycle and latter one-third of ovine pregnancy, increased estrogen production is associated with decreased UA-PKC activity; thus local ovarian and placental steroids may alter PKC activity, thereby regulating UA tone and blood flow.

scholarly journals Endometrial Cytology at Luteal and Follicular Phases of the Ovarian Cycle in Cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Brodzki ◽  
Adam Brodzki ◽  
Łukasz Kurek ◽  
Jan Marczuk ◽  
Marcin R. Tatara
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovarian Cycle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Endometrial Cells ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
Intermediate Cells ◽  
Endometrial Cytology

Abstract The aim of the study was to examine cytological changes in the uterus in cows during the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle, as well as to compare two different methods (brush and flushing) used for cytological material collection and to evaluate their usefulness for monitoring of the endometrium. Ovarian cycle phases were confirmed by ultrasound and by the level of sex hormones (17-β-estradiol and progesterone). The following types of cells were identified in the cytological smears: type I - surface cells; type II - intermediate cells; type III - basal cells; polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs); L - lymphocytes. The number of type I and III cells was statistically significantly higher in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase, both in smears prepared using a brush (P<0.001) and by uterine flush (P=0.003). The number of type II cells was statistically significantly higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase in both methods (P<0.001). The results of the study show that phases of the ovarian cycle in cows can be identified based on changes in the quality and percentage of different types of endometrial cells in a cytological examination.

scholarly journals Regulation of the cGMP-cPKG pathway and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in uterine arteries during the ovine ovarian cycle

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (2) ◽  
pp. E222-E228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liaqat H. Khan ◽  
Charles R. Rosenfeld ◽  
Xiao-tie Liu ◽  
Ronald R. Magness
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovarian Cycle ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Regulatory Subunits ◽  
Uterine Arteries ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Serum Gonadotropin ◽  
Dependent Pathway

The follicular phase of the ovine ovarian cycle demonstrates parallel increases in ovarian estrogens and uterine blood flow (UBF). Although estrogen and nitric oxide contribute to the rise in UBF, the signaling pathway remains unclear. We examined the relationship between the rise in UBF during the ovarian cycle of nonpregnant sheep and changes in the uterine vascular cGMP-dependent pathway and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa). Nonpregnant ewes ( n = 19) were synchronized to either follicular or luteal phase using a vaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR), followed by intramuscular PGF2α, CIDR removal, and treatment with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. UBF was measured with flow probes before tissue collection, and second-generation uterine artery segments were collected from nine follicular and seven luteal phase ewes. The pore-forming α- and regulatory β-subunits that constitute the BKCa, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (cPKG) isoforms (cPKG1α and cPKG1β) were measured by Western analysis and cGMP levels by RIA. BKCa subunits were localized by immunohistochemistry. UBF rose >3-fold ( P < 0.04) in follicular phase ewes, paralleling a 2.3-fold rise in smooth muscle cGMP and 32% increase in cPKG1α ( P < 0.05). sGC, cPKG1β, and the BKCa α-subunit were unchanged. Notably, expression of β1- and β2-regulatory subunits rose 51 and 79% ( P ≤ 0.05), respectively. Increases in endogenous ovarian estrogens in follicular-phase ewes result in increases in UBF associated with upregulation of the cGMP- and cPKG-dependent pathway and increased vascular BKCa β/α-subunit stoichiometry, suggesting enhanced BKCa activation contributes to the follicular phase rise in UBF.

scholarly journals Echographic Evidence of Follicle Development and Maturation

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veljko Vlaisavljevic
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Follicle Development ◽  
Pulsed Doppler ◽  
Dominant Follicle ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Monitoring of individual follicles during the menstrual cycle demonstrates in a non-invasive way the changes in their number and position during the early and the late follicular phase and the luteal phase. The differences in relations between the follicles near the dominant follicle can be demonstrated with the same technique using 3D reconstruction of the ovary. Recognition of the follicle growth pattern has a prognostic value for the outcome of assisted reproduction methods. Follicular diameter and changes in growth patterns are more important than follicular wall thickness as parameters having an impact on clinical success. An increased perifollicular blood flow can be measured in the perifollicular period using color and pulsed Doppler. Automated estimation of blood volume around the ovarian follicles brought a new concept to this area. Results confirm the observation that vascularity around the follicle is intense in the periovulatory period. From our results we can hypothesize that those follicles containing oocytes able to produce pregnancy have a prominent and more uniform perifollicular vascular network .

scholarly journals Monitoring and controlling reproduction in captive common marmosets on the basis of urinary oestrogen metabolites

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nievergelt ◽  
C. R. Pryce
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dose Dependent

Non-invasive methods for routine monitoring of reproductive states and reproduction control in large colonies of captive Callithrix jacchus have been developed. Immunoactive urinary oestrone-3-conjugates (E1C) were measured during non-conception cycles ( n=5) and pregnancy ( n=7). Using plasma progesterone levels to time ovulation, ovulation was quantitatively estimated by a) calculating the first E1C rise and b) by establishing an E1C threshold. Ovulation was thus defined as taking place 4 days preceding a) the first rise of E1C above follicular-phase levels, or b) a concentration 4≥.5 µg E1/mg creatinine. Early pregnancy could be determined after day 20 by continued luteal-phase levels of E1C. Secondly, the luteolytic effect of cloprostenol, injected over a wide range of doses and between days 1 and 64 after ovulation/conception, was analysed. Luteolysis was achieved when cloprostenol was administered after day 5 post-ovulation; the luteolytic effect was found not to be dose-dependent. The success of cloprostenol treatment was 87% as confirmed by endocrine monitoring. The methods described are effective and minimize intervention, and are therefore suitable for long-term applications, particularly in combination with behavioural studies.

Inhibin secretion during the ovulatory cycle and pregnancy in the common marmoset monkey

1990 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Smith ◽  
S. F. Lunn ◽  
H. M. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovulatory Cycle ◽  
Normal Cycle ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Marmoset Monkey ◽  
Late Luteal Phase

ABSTRACT Changes in plasma concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin in the reproductively cyclic, pregnant and ovariectomized female marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) were measured with a heterologous radioimmunoassay. The pattern of inhibin secretion in five marmosets studied individually during four consecutive cycles was shown to resemble that of progesterone. In these animals, data were pooled according to stage of cycle on the basis of plasma progesterone concentrations. Mean values for inhibin were 5465 and 4972 U/l during the early and late follicular phase. Concentrations rose during the luteal phase to 8431, 12 246 and 12 557 U/l for the early, mid- and late luteal phase respectively. The hormonal profile of inhibin during the normal cycle is similar in both marmoset and stumptailed macaque; however, the marmoset has a 28-fold greater level of inhibin during the luteal phase. In six marmosets in which pregnancy occurred, inhibin concentrations showed no decline at the end of the conceptual cycle and remained increased with respect to the follicular phase throughout the subsequent gestation. Inhibin levels were non-detectable (< 1000 U/l) in ovariectomized and acyclic marmosets. These results suggest that the corpus luteum is the major source of inhibin in this New World monkey, in common with man and the Old World primates. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 489–495

EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehnaz Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Uterine Wall ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Menstrual Phase ◽  
Granulose Cells ◽  
Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle.   Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

EFFECT OF STRESS ON THE PROFILE OF PLASMA STEROIDS IN BABOONS (PAPIO HAMADRYAS)

1979 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Goncharov ◽  
A. G. Taranov ◽  
A. V. Antonichev ◽  
V. M. Gorlushkin ◽  
T. Aso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Papio Hamadryas ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Plasma Steroids ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone

ABSTRACT Adult baboons (5 males and 5 females) were exposed to immobilization stress by being strapped to a table in a horizontal position for 2 h. In females the experiment was performed during both the follicular and luteal phase. Peripheral blood was withdrawn at frequent intervals, the first sample just before immobilization, and the last one 3 days later. A number of steroids were measured in blood plasma samples by radioimmunoassay (17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, 20α-dihydroprogesterone, oestrone, oestradiol) or competitive protein binding (cortisol) techniques. The cortisol levels exhibited a marked increase in both sexes. This increase was observed already during the immobilization and lasted for approximately 24 h. A similar, even more pronounced increase was seen in 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and pregnenolone levels. A marked, long-lasting (72 h) decrease of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels was a consistent finding in male baboons. This was not observed in the females which, on the other hand, exhibited a marked decrease (duration 48 h) of progesterone and 20α-dihydroprogesterone levels during the luteal phase, and a significant decrease (duration > 24 h) of oestradiol and oestrone concentrations during the follicular phase. It is concluded that stress has a marked inhibitory action on gonadal function both in male and female baboons. In females the inhibition of steroidogenetic function is exerted both on the ovarian follicles and on the corpus luteum.

scholarly journals Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7209
Author(s):  
Hannah N. Willett ◽  
Kristen J. Koltun ◽  
Anthony C. Hackney
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Fat Utilization

This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analyses Reveal Genetic Convergence of Prolificacy between Goats and Sheep

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Lin Tao ◽  
Xiaoyun He ◽  
Yanting Jiang ◽  
Yufang Liu ◽  
Yina Ouyang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Genome Replication ◽  
Viral Genome Replication ◽  
Transcriptomic Level

The litter size of domestic goats and sheep is an economically important trait that shows variation within breeds. Strenuous efforts have been made to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying prolificacy in goats and sheep. However, there has been a paucity of research on the genetic convergence of prolificacy between goats and sheep, which likely arose because of similar natural and artificial selection forces. Here, we performed comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify the genetic convergence of prolificacy between goats and sheep. By combining genomic and transcriptomic data for the first time, we identified this genetic convergence in (1) positively selected genes (CHST11 and SDCCAG8), (2) differentially expressed genes (SERPINA14, RSAD2, and PPIG at follicular phase, and IGF1, GPRIN3, LIPG, SLC7A11, and CHST15 at luteal phase), and (3) biological pathways (genomic level: osteoclast differentiation, ErbB signaling pathway, and relaxin signaling pathway; transcriptomic level: the regulation of viral genome replication at follicular phase, and protein kinase B signaling and antigen processing and presentation at luteal phase). These results indicated the potential physiological convergence and enhanced our understanding of the overlapping genetic makeup underlying litter size in goats and sheep.

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