scholarly journals Effects of the endogenous clock and sleep time on melatonin, insulin, glucose and lipid metabolism

1998 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Morgan ◽  
J Arendt ◽  
D Owens ◽  
S Folkard ◽  
S Hampton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Inhibitory Peptide ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Endogenous Clock ◽  
Light Darkness ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

This study was undertaken to determine whether the internal clock contributes to the hormone and metabolic responses following food, in an experiment designed to dissociate internal clock effects from other factors. Nine female subjects participated. They lived indoors for 31 days with normal time cues, including the natural light: darkness cycle. For 7 days they retired to bed from 0000 h to 0800 h. They then underwent a 26-h 'constant routine' (CR) starting at 0800 h, being seated awake in dim light with hourly 88 Kcal drinks. They then lived on an imposed 27-h day (18 h of wakefulness, 9 h allowed for sleep), for a total of 27 days. A second 26-h CR, starting at 2200 h, was completed. During each CR salivary melatonin and plasma glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), non-essential fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured hourly. Melatonin and body temperature data indicated no shift in the endogenous clock during the 27-h imposed schedule. Postprandial NEFA, GIP and GLP-1 showed no consistent effects. Glucose, TAG and insulin increased during the night in the first CR. There was a significant effect of both the endogenous clock and sleep for glucose and TAG, but not for insulin. These findings may be relevant to the known increased risk of cardiovascular disease amongst shift workers.

scholarly journals P124 Chronotype and OSA combine to modify risk of hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A61-A62
Author(s):  
K Sansom ◽  
J Walsh ◽  
P Eastwood ◽  
K Maddison ◽  
B Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Average Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Australian Community

Abstract Introduction There are limited data on the association of chronotype and hypertension and on their interaction on hypertension. This study aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of chronotype and OSA on risk for prevalent hypertension in a middle-aged community population. Methods Baseline data on adult participants (n=1098, female=58%; age mean [range]=56.7[40.8–80.6] years) from an Australian community cohort study were analysed. Shift workers and individuals with incomplete data were excluded. Prevalent hypertension was defined as ‘doctor diagnosed’ and/or an elevated average systolic blood pressure (BP; ≥140mmHg) or diastolic BP (≥90mmHg). OSA was diagnosed when apnoea hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥10 events/hour from in-laboratory polysomnography. Chronotype was determined from actigraphy mid-sleep time on work free days. Tertiles of mid-sleep time were used to categorise morning, intermediate and evening chronotypes. Logistic regression (adjusted for sex, body mass index, age, alcohol consumption and sleep duration) were used to assess the cross-sectional relationship between chronotype, OSA and hypertension. Results After applying exclusion criteria 496 participants were analysed (female=58%; age mean[range]=57.0[42.1–81.6] years). All those with OSA had greater odds of hypertension than those without and there was no difference in risk of hypertension according to chronotype. Compared to morning chronotypes with no OSA (n=84), evening chronotypes with OSA (n=79) had non-significantly increased odds (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.00–4.76; P=0.054) for hypertension while morning chronotypes with OSA (n=82) had significantly increased odds (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.44–6.58; P=0.004). Discussion Morning chronotypes with OSA might be at increased risk of hypertension compared to evening chronotypes with OSA.

Antidiabetics: Structural Diversity of Molecules with a Common Aim

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 2140-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena B. Popovic-Djordjevic ◽  
Ivana I. Jevtic ◽  
Tatjana P. Stanojkovic
Keyword(s):  
Structural Diversity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase Iv Inhibitors ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Health Organization

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is an endocrine disease of global proportions which is currently affecting 1 in 12 adults in the world, with still increasing prevalence. World Health Organization (WHO) declared this worldwide health problem, as an epidemic disease, to be the only non-infectious disease with such categorization. People with DMT2 are at increased risk of various complications and have shorter life expectancy. The main classes of oral antidiabetic drugs accessible today for DMT2 vary in their chemical composition, modes of action, safety profiles and tolerability. Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific literature and public databases has been conducted. We included the most recent relevant research papers and data in respect to the focus of the present review. The quality of retrieved papers was assessed using standard tools. Results: The review highlights the chemical structural diversity of the molecules that have the common target-DMT2. So-called traditional antidiabetics as well as the newest and the least explored drugs include polypeptides and amino acid derivatives (insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, amylin), sulfonylurea derivatives, benzylthiazolidine- 2,4-diones (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ agonists/glitazones), condensed guanido core (metformin) and sugar-like molecules (α-glucosidase and sodium/ glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors). Conclusion: As diabetes becomes a more common disease, interest in new pharmacological targets is on the rise.

scholarly journals Targeting the GPR119/incretin axis: a promising new therapy for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianan Zhao ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Yiyang Hu ◽  
Jinghua Peng
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Role ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

AbstractIn the past decade, G protein-coupled receptors have emerged as drug targets, and their physiological and pathological effects have been extensively studied. Among these receptors, GPR119 is expressed in multiple organs, including the liver. It can be activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. After GPR119 is activated, the cell secretes a variety of incretins, including glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2, which may attenuate the metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, including improving glucose and lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammation, reducing appetite, and regulating the intestinal microbial system. GPR119 has been a potential therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus type 2 for many years, but its role in metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease deserves further attention. In this review, we discuss relevant research and current progress in the physiology and pharmacology of the GPR119/incretin axis and speculate on the potential therapeutic role of this axis in metabolic dysfunction associated with fatty liver disease, which provides guidance for transforming experimental research into clinical applications.

49 Longitudinal Change of Sleep in the Elderly and Its Associations with Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i12-i42
Author(s):  
A Didikoglu ◽  
A Maharani ◽  
A Payton ◽  
M M Canal ◽  
N Pendleton
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Sleep Timing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Mortality ◽  
Evening Class

Abstract Introduction In elderly populations, sleep quality deteriorates and sleep time shifts towards earlier times. These sleep characteristics have been associated with cardiovascular, metabolic and psychiatric disorders, cognitive decline and mortality. Our aims are to examine longitudinal changes of sleep in older adults and to investigate the relationship between sleep variations, general health and mortality. Methods The University of Manchester Longitudinal Study of Cognition in Normal Healthy Old Age cohort (6,375 participants, recruited in the North of England, between 1983 and 1993) was used. Mixed models were used to investigate individual sleep trajectories (5 waves in 30-year period). Sleep timing and efficiency trajectories were clustered using latent class analysis and analysed against daily habits, health and mortality. Results Older adults have decreased sleep efficiency (~20%) and early sleep time (~30 min) between 40 and 100 years of age. Those in the high sleep efficiency latent class had minimal decrease in their sleep efficiency as they aged. Belonging to the high sleep efficiency latent class was associated with having lower prevalence of hypertension, circulatory problems, arthritis, breathing problems and recurrent depression compared to the low efficiency latent class. Results showed a higher risk of hypertension and metabolic syndrome in the evening-type latent class compared to morning-type individuals. Evening class was associated with traits related to lower health such as reduced sport participation, increased risk of depression and psychoticism personality, late eating, increased smoking and alcohol usage. Survival analysis revealed that individuals in the evening class had 1.15-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those with morning preferences. Conclusion Ageing is associated with decreased sleep efficiency and early sleep timing. However, there are detectable subgroups of sleep traits that are related to prevalence of different diseases and longevity. Understating these subgroups may pave the way for new treatments for healthy sleeping habits in older population.

MP91-06 INCREASED RISK OF HYPOGONADAL SYMPTOMS IN SHIFT WORKERS WITH SHIFT WORK SLEEP DISORDER

2017 ◽  
Vol 197 (4S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Kirby ◽  
Adithya Balasubramanian ◽  
Javier Santiago ◽  
Mark Hockenberry ◽  
David Skutt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorder ◽  
Shift Work ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Shift Work Sleep Disorder ◽  
Increased Risk

Double Diabetes: A Growing Problem Requiring Solutions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djordje S. Popovic ◽  
Nikolaos Papanas
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Reliable Marker ◽  
Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate ◽  
Double Diabetes

AbstractThe growing proportion of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients with clinical features of insulin resistance (IR) has led to the description of a distinctive T1DM subgroup, still unrecognised by current guidelines, called double diabetes, assumingly associated with poorer metabolic phenotype and increased risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. The main goal of identifying double diabetes, estimated to be present in up to half of T1DM patients, is timely implementation of appropriate therapeutic interventions to reduce the increased risk of chronic complications and other adverse metabolic traits associated with this condition. Proposed diagnostic criteria are largely divided into three different groups: family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity/metabolic syndrome, and IR. Estimated glucose disposal rate may prove the most reliable marker of double diabetes. In addition to general measures (diet, physical activity, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering medications, etc.) and development of new insulin preparations with more hepatic action, double diabetes patients may derive more benefit from agents developed for T2DM. Indeed, such potentially promising agents include glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose contrasporter-2 inhibitors, and their combination. We are now awaiting long-term trials assessing metabolic and vascular benefits of these medications in double diabetes.

scholarly journals Personality Traits and Insomnia Symptoms in Shift Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Holzinger ◽  
Lucille Mayer ◽  
Gerhard Klösch
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Work Schedule ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Shift Schedules ◽  
Insomnia Symptoms

The discrepancy between natural sleep-wake rhythm and actual sleep times in shift workers can cause sleep loss and negative daytime consequences. Irregular shift schedules do not follow a fixed structure and change frequently, which makes them particularly harmful and makes affected individuals more susceptible to insomnia. The present study compares insomnia symptoms of non-shift workers, regular shift workers, and irregular shift workers and takes into account the moderating role of the Big Five personality traits and levels of perfectionism. Employees of an Austrian railway company completed an online survey assessing shift schedules, sleep quality and duration, daytime sleepiness, and personality traits. A total of 305 participants, of whom 111 were non-shift workers, 60 regular shift workers, and 134 irregular shift workers, made up the final sample. Irregular shift workers achieved significantly worse scores than one or both of the other groups in time in bed, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep latency, and the number of awakenings. However, the values of the irregular shifts workers are still in the average range and do not indicate clinical insomnia. Participants working regular shifts reported the best sleep quality and longest sleep duration and showed the least nocturnal awakenings, possibly due to higher conscientiousness- and lower neuroticism scores in this group. Agreeableness increased the effect of work schedule on total sleep time while decreasing its effect on the amount of sleep medication taken. Perfectionism increased the effect of work schedule on time in bed and total sleep time. Generalization of results is limited due to the high percentage of males in the sample and using self-report measures only.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Biological Role in Patients of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Mohammedziyad Abu Awad
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Glucagon Secretion ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

<p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 200%;">Type2 diabetes is estimated to affect 380 million people worldwide in 2025. Patients of this disease are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).The CVD risk is greater when diabetic patients have metabolic syndrome. Thus, the management of metabolic syndrome and CVD is crucial for diabetic patient’s life progress. GLP-1 has positive biological influences on glucose metabolism control by inhibiting glucagon secretion, enhancing insulin secretion and protecting the effects of cells. GLP-1 was also found to have other positive influences including weight loss, appetite sensation and food intake. These are important factors in metabolic disturbances control and CVD management. The paper reviewed several studies regarding the GLP-1 positive concerns. In conclusion, the paper supports the modern proposal of GLP-1 RAs as a first line therapy in initially diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients.</p>

scholarly journals Treatment of Heart Failure with Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Other Anti-diabetic Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A Zelniker ◽  
Eugene Braunwald
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Cardiovascular Outcomes ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of developing heart failure, cardiovascular death and renal failure. The recent results of three large sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor cardiovascular outcomes trials have demonstrated a reduction in heart failure hospitalisation and progressive renal failure. One trial also showed a fall in cardiovascular and total death. A broad spectrum of patients with diabetes benefit from these salutary effects in cardiac and renal function and so these trials have important implications for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes. Selected glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists have also been shown to reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

scholarly journals Early Morning Food Intake as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Dysregulation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Stothard ◽  
Hannah K. Ritchie ◽  
Brian R. Birks ◽  
Robert H. Eckel ◽  
Janine Higgins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Shift Workers ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Increased risk of obesity and diabetes in shift workers may be related to food intake at adverse circadian times. Early morning shiftwork represents the largest proportion of shift workers in the United States, yet little is known about the impact of food intake in the early morning on metabolism. Eighteen participants (9 female) completed a counterbalanced 16 day design with two conditions separated by ~1 week: 8 h sleep opportunity at habitual time and simulated early morning shiftwork with 6.5 h sleep opportunity starting ~1 h earlier than habitual time. After wake time, resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured and blood was sampled for melatonin and fasting glucose and insulin. Following breakfast, post-prandial blood samples were collected every 40 min for 2 h and the thermic effect of food (TEF) was assessed for 3.25 h. Total sleep time was decreased by ~85 min (p < 0.0001), melatonin levels were higher (p < 0.0001) and post-prandial glucose levels were higher (p < 0.05) after one day of simulated early morning shiftwork compared with habitual wake time. REE was lower after simulated early morning shiftwork; however, TEF after breakfast was similar to habitual wake time. Insufficient sleep and caloric intake during a circadian phase of high melatonin levels may contribute to metabolic dysregulation in early morning shift workers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document