Mythopoetic Worldview of Bunin: Linguistic and Literary and Cultural Analysis Aspects

The results of the analysis of semantic groups of mythonyms of the poetic heritage of I. A. Bunin as means of explication of various historical-informational and cultural-symbolic worldview meanings are presented in the article. The relevance of the work is due to the interest of literary onomastics in identifying units of the onomastic code of artistic and aesthetic systems of various domestic and foreign writers. The novelty of the work is associated with the inclusion of lexical units with different ratios of the nominated image and denotation into the Bunin mythonymicon, with the synthesis of linguistic and literary-cultural approaches in characterizing each of the selected lexical units. The twelve described semantic groups of mythological names are organized in the form of a field with a core and peripheral parts. For each group, the features of contextual use are noted. The authors come to the conclusion that in the Bunin picture of the world, mythonyms of various semantics perform text-forming and meaning-forming functions. They not only represent archetypal images (Fire, Bottom, Feminine, Garden, etc.), axiological oppositions (light — darkness, good — evil, etc.), key ideas, themes and motives (the idea of being still, themes of love, death, motives of temptation, resurrection, dreams, etc.), historiosophical concepts (moral choice and fortitude), but also participate in the creation of an individual author’s myth.

First Report of Diaporthe foeniculina Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases on Vitis vinifera in Cyprus

In June 2017, three vineyards were surveyed in the regions of Droushia (30-year-old, cv Mavro), Ineia (50-year-old, cv Xynisteri), and Lemona (15-year-old, cv Carignan) at the province of Paphos, Cyprus, with dieback incidence of 22%, 32%, and 14%, respectively. More specifically, affected grapevines exhibited severe dieback symptoms in spur and cordon positions, related to perennial cankers and internal brown discoloration. Thirty symptomatic samples, were surface-sterilized (95% ethanol) and wood chips were plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), amended with streptomycin (500 μg/ml) at 25 °C for 3-5 days. Based on colony morphology (white to creamy color, with sparse aerial mycelium) and conidia production, nine Diaporthe-like isolates were obtained. For species identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and β-tubulin (BT) genes were amplified using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 and Bt2a/Bt2b, respectively (Úrbez-Torres et al. 2008). Sequences of the isolates P101b, P114c, and P289a revealed >99.8% homology to NCBI voucher specimens of Diaporthe foeniculina (Sacc.) Udayanga & Castl. (ITS: CBS111553, MH050434; ΒΤ: KY511368, KF778966), and were deposited in the GeneBank (ITS: MT735646, MT737289, MT737287; BT: MT903969, MT903970, MT903971). Thus, 8.3% of the collected isolates (3 of 36) were identified as D. foeniculina, while the rest Diaporthe-like isolates were identified as D. ampelina. D. foeniculina isolates were also transferred on 2% water agar with sterile pine needles under a 12h/12h near-ultraviolet, light/darkness regime, at 25 °C, to induce sporulation (Guarnaccia and Crous 2017). Two weeks later, microscopic observations revealed dark brown to black, globose to sub-globose, ostiolate pycnidia (n = 30) 291 to 897 μm (595 ± 173) x 192 to 655 μm (364 ± 113) containing hyaline, unbranched conidiophores, bearing alpha‐ and beta‐conidia in the form of yellowish cirri. Alpha-conidia were aseptate, hyaline, ovate to ellipsoidal, ranging (n=100) from 5.6 to 9.9 μm (7.5 ± 0.8) x 1.9 to 3.3 μm (2.7 ± 0.3). Beta-conidia were abundant, aseptate, hyaline, filiform, slightly curved (n = 100) from 22.4 to 35.3 μm (28.1 ± 2.5) x 1.2 to 2.3 μm (1.6 ± 0.2) (Udayanga et al. 2014). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with isolates P101b and P289a under greenhouse conditions (24-32 ⁰C, 70% RH). Ten 1-year-old rooted canes cv Mavro were inoculated with 4 mm mycelium plugs from actively growing cultures into wounds made by drilling between two internodes at the middle of the trunk. The same number of cuttings were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs, sealed with Vaseline, and wrapped with parafilm, serving as controls. Seven months later, all inoculated cuttings developed brownish wood discolorations (average 39 ± 13 mm), similar to naturally infected plants. No symptoms were observed in the controls. Successful re-isolations were made only from the inoculated cuttings and confirmed by colony morphology. Previously, D. foeniculina (as D. neotheicola) has been reported as grapevine wood saprophyte (Úrbez-Torres et al. 2014). It has also been reported to cause shoot canker and dieback in numerous hosts, including almond, avocado, citrus, and sweet chestnut (Annesi et al. 2016; Guarnaccia and Crous 2017; Diogo et al. 2010; Mathioudakis et al. 2020). This is the first record of D. foeniculina associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Cyprus. However, its relative importance as the causal agent of GTDs remains to be further investigated.

Alteration of Mesopontine Cholinergic Function by the Lack of KCNQ4 Subunit

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a structure known as a cholinergic member of the reticular activating system (RAS), is source and target of cholinergic neuromodulation and contributes to the regulation of the sleep–wakefulness cycle. The M-current is a voltage-gated potassium current modulated mainly by cholinergic signaling. KCNQ subunits ensemble into ion channels responsible for the M-current. In the central nervous system, KCNQ4 expression is restricted to certain brainstem structures such as the RAS nuclei. Here, we investigated the presence and functional significance of KCNQ4 in the PPN by behavioral studies and the gene and protein expressions and slice electrophysiology using a mouse model lacking KCNQ4 expression. We found that this mouse has alterations in the adaptation to changes in light–darkness cycles, representing the potential role of KCNQ4 in the regulation of the sleep–wakefulness cycle. As cholinergic neurons from the PPN participate in the regulation of this cycle, we investigated whether the cholinergic PPN might also possess functional KCNQ4 subunits. Although the M-current is an electrophysiological hallmark of cholinergic neurons, only a subpopulation of them had KCNQ4-dependent M-current. Interestingly, the absence of the KCNQ4 subunit altered the expression patterns of the other KCNQ subunits in the PPN. We also determined that, in wild-type animals, the cholinergic inputs of the PPN modulated the M-current, and these in turn can modulate the level of synchronization between neighboring PPN neurons. Taken together, the KCNQ4 subunit is present in a subpopulation of PPN cholinergic neurons, and it may contribute to the regulation of the sleep–wakefulness cycle.

Elaboration, characterization and color stability of an isotonic beverage based on whey permeate with carotenoid powder from pequi

The aim of our research was to elaborate, characterize and evaluate the stability under light/darkness and different temperatures (4 and 25 ºC) of the color of an isotonic beverage based on whey permeate with carotenoid extract powder from pequi, and verify its microbiological safety and sensory acceptance. The 3% (w/v) concentration of powdered carotenoid from pequi was chosen because it has osmolality (314.89 mOsmol/L) in the range of hydroelectrolytic beverages and light-yellow tint. The beverage was evaluated for minerals Na (662 mg/L), K (1363.73 mg/L), total carotenoids (75.9 mg/L) and antioxidant capacity by the radicals ABTS (10.79 μmol equivalent Trolox/100 mL) and DPPH (73.38 μmol equivalent Trolox/100 mL), had good sensory acceptance by athletes and remained within microbiological criteria during stability study. The color coordinate L* has undergone less change and C*, greater change. The condition darkness at 4 ºC showed less change in yellow tint, for more than 30 days (t1/2=121.6 day). Due to its characteristics, the beverage has potential benefits for consumption by athletes, because besides being isotonic, it has bioactive properties of pequi carotenoids and natural constituents of whey permeate. The use of permeate, often discarded as effluent, has benefits for the environment.

Key Images and Motifs in V.G. Rasputin’s Novella “Money for Maria” (Philological Analysis)

The article presents a philological analysis of the story by V.G. Rasputin “Money for Maria”. The author sees the task of such an analysis in a harmonious combination of elements of literary and linguistic approaches. The subject of the research is a system of linguistic means of different levels, united around the dominant psychological characteristics of the main character – the state of anxiety and expectation. The motif of uncertainty is considered as the central in the story with a number of semantic associated oppositions: light – darkness, dream – reality, own – someone else’s, peace – anxiety, real – unreal. It is shown that the whole system of pictorial means of the story correlates with these oppositions. It is identified such key imagessymbols as wind, money, snow, etc. Elements of the “form” – the twists and turns of the plot, features of the composition, the lack of resolution of the event conflict, the entire system of linguistic expressive means – serve to express a borderline, a turning point in the fate of the main characters. The article considers syntactic, morphological, word-forming means associated with the hierarchical system “motive – semantic oppositions – key images-symbols”. The approach presented in the article contributes to the most accurate interpretation of the author’s artistic intention. The text of the story appears, on the one hand, as a complex aesthetic phenomenon, and on the other, as a specially organized system of linguistic means, subordinated to the author’s intention.

NOMINATIONS OF THE SIDES OF THE WORLD IN CHINESE AND RUSSIAN LINGUOCULTURES

Введение. Номинации сторон света являются важными элементами категории пространства национальной языковой картины мира. Лингвисты давно изучают локативные лексические единицы, рассматривая их этимологию, семантику, прагматику и идиоматику, метафорические трансформации и лингвокультурологическую специфику в диахронном и синхронном аспектах. Однако номинации сторон света редко оказываются в фокусе внимания. Цель – изучение и описание лингвокультурологической специфики лексем восток, запад, север, юг в китайском и русском языках. Материал и методы. Комплексная методика исследования обусловлена его лингвокультурологическим характером и предполагает использование методов наблюдения, лексикографического, контекстуального и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа эмпирического материала, включающего данные отечественных и китайских лексикографических и литературных источников. Результаты и обсуждение. В лингвокультурологическом аспекте рассмотрены семантика, прагматика, идиоматика и особенности метафоризации номинаций сторон света. Установлено, что номинации направления имеют в русском и китайском языках как универсальные архетипические, так и вариативные этнокультурные особенности. Сопоставительный анализ этимологии и сочетаемости данных единиц показал, что они образуют пятикомпонентную смысловую структуру, включающую, помимо номинаций восток, запад, юг, север, номинацию центр как точку отсчета для говорящего. Номинации сторон света в обоих языках представлены в парадигме других значимых и оценочно противопоставленных оппозиций (например, свет – тьма) и занимают важное место в топонимике. Установлено, что сложные слова, указывающие на промежуточные направления в китайском языке, начинаются с номинаций восток и запад (например, 东北 востоко-север), в русском – с номинаций юг и север (например, северо-запад). Данные лексемы в прямом и переносном значении входят в состав китайских идиом и часто метафоризируются в национальной литературе. В русской идиоматике они представлены единично, в литературе метафоризируются редко. Заключение. Для китайского языкового сознания, по сравнению с русским, символика сторон света значительно более актуальна. Представления о сторонах света в китайской мифологии, литературе и культуре в целом занимают центральное положение. В китайском языке они связаны с представлениями о гендерной и социальной структуре общества, влияют на формы этикета, содержание церемоний, на национальную топонимику, фразеологический фонд и др. В русском языке они обладают меньшим оценочным и коннотативным потенциалом, редко метафоризируются в фольклоре и идиоматике, в литературе и разговорной речи используются как географические ориентиры в системе пространственных координат или указатели направления движения. Introduction. Nominations of the sides of the world are important elements of the category of space in the national language picture of the world. Linguists have long studied locative lexical units, examining their etymology, semantics, pragmatics and idiomatics, metaphorical transformations and linguocultural specificity in diachronic and synchronic aspects. However, the nominations of the sides of the world are rarely in the focus of attention. The aim of this article is to study and describe linguocultural specificity of the lexemes east, west, north, south in Chinese and Russian. Material and methods. The research was carried out due to its linguocultural character. It is based on the methods of observation, lexicographical, contextual and comparative analysis of the material, including Russian and Chinese lexicographical and literary resources. Results and discussion. Semantics, pragmatics, idiomatics and peculiarities of direction nominations metaphorization were studied in the linguocultural aspect. It was found out that in Russian and Chinese languages direction nominations have both universal archetypical and variable ethno-cultural features. A comparative analysis of the etymology and combinability of these units showed that they form a five-component semantic structure, including in addition to nominations of the east, west, south, north the nomination of the center as a point of reference for the speaker. Nominations of the sides of the world in both languages are represented in the paradigm of other meaningful and evaluatively opposed oppositions (for example, light - darkness) and occupy an important place in toponymy. It was found that complex words indicating intermediate directions in Chinese begin with the nominations east and west (for example, 东北 east-north), in Russian - with the nominations south and north (for example, north-west). These lexemes in direct and figurative meanings are part of the Chinese idioms and are often metaphorized in the national literature. In Russian idiomatics, they are present sporadically, and in literature they are not often metaphorized. Conclusion. Compared to the Russian language consciousness, the symbolism of the sides of the world is much more topical for the Chinese language consciousness. In Chinese mythology, literature and culture as a whole, the concept of the sides of the world is central. In the Chinese language they are connected with ideas about the gender and social structure of society, influence the forms of etiquette, the content of ceremonies, the national toponymy, the phraseological fund, etc. In Russian they have less evaluative and connotative potential, they are rarely metaphorized in folklore and idiomatics, in literature and in spoken language they are used as geographical landmarks in the system of spatial coordinates or directional markers.

The representatives of colour palette in the NOVEL “In the fog” by L.N. Andreev

Настоящая статья посвящена изучению цветовой лексики в повести Л.Н. Андреева «В тумане» (1902). Целью статьи является выявление специфики цветовых репрезентантов в повести Л.Н. Андреева, их функциональной значимости в художественном тексте. В исследовании представлены причины особого внимания Л.Н. Андреева к цвету, связанные с автобиографическим аспектом творчества: автор занимался таким направлением, как создание автохромной фотографии - особой технологией преобразования и воспроизведения цвета. Основную палитру в творчестве писателя составляют красный, черный, желтый, синий, белый цвета. В качестве примера для рассмотрения лексических репрезентантов цвета была взята повесть Л.Н. Андреева «В тумане». Одним из доминантных колоронимов повести является желтый , несмотря на то, что название повести «В тумане» настраивает читателя на восприятие другой цветовой палитры, обусловленной таким атмосферным явлением, как туман. Адъектив «желтый» в исследуемой повести реализует разные значения, благодаря чему в произведении происходят смысловые сдвиги. Среди репрезентантов цвета в повести Л.Н. Андреева тексто- и сюжетообразующими являются сложные прилагательные, созданные на основе адъективов желтый и черный : желто-черный , изжелта-черный , исчерна-желтый и др. В качестве репрезентанта цвета в тексте андреевской повести выступает лексема грязный - коррелят вышеприведенных сложных прилагательных. Художественная оппозиция свет - тьма, введенная автором в текст, отражает внутреннее состояние героев, способствует раскрытию сюжета повести, соотносясь с мифопоэтической оппозицией свой-чужой . Некоторые словосочетания, используемые Л.Н. Андреевым при описании восприятия цвета героем, являются синестезийными метафорами, играя важную роль в создании образа героев. The present article studies colour language in the story “In the fog” by L.N. Andreev (1902). The purpose of the study is to reveal the specificity of colour representatives in L.N. Andreev’s story and their function in the fiction text. The research gives the reasons of Andreev’s special attention to colours connected with the autobiographic aspect of his creativity: the writer developed himself a special technology of transformation and reproduction of colour - the autochromatic photography. The main palette in Andreev’s works is formed by red, black, yellow, blue and white colours. The study of lexical colour representatives is based on the story “In the fog” chosen as a sample. One of the dominant coloronyms in the story is yellow , though the title of the story sets the reader to perception of a different palette defined by fog as an atmospheric phenomenon. The adjective yellow demonstrates various meanings in the studied novel and due to them the whole essence of the piece changes. Among the colour representatives in the story we must mention text-forming and essence-forming ones based on the adjectives yellow and black : yellow-and-black , yellowish-and-black etc. The lexeme dirty also works in the story as a colour representative being a correlate of the compound adjectives mentioned above. The fiction opposition light - darkness introduced in the text reflects the psychological condition of the characters and helps to understand the plot of the story correlating it with the mythological and poetic opposition inner - alien . Some word combinations used by L.N. Andreev in order to describe the character’s perception of the colour can be considered as synesthetic metaphors which play a significant part in the creation of the heroes’ images.

Microtubule Severing Protein Fignl2 Contributes to Endothelial and Neuronal Branching in Zebrafish Development

Previously, fidgetin (fign) and its family members fidgetin-like 1 (fignl1) and fidgetin-like 2 (fignl2) were found to be highly expressed during zebrafish brain development, suggesting their functions in the nervous system. In this study, we report the effects of loss-of-function of these genes on development. We designed and identified single-guide RNAs targeted to generate fign, fignl1, and fignl2 mutants and then observed the overall morphological and behavioral changes. Our findings showed that while fign and fignl1 null mutants displayed no significant defects, fignl2 null zebrafish mutants displayed pericardial edema, reduced heart rate, and smaller eyes; fignl2 null mutants responded to the light-darkness shift with a lower swimming velocity. fignl2 mRNAs were identified in vascular endothelial cells by in situ hybridization and re-analysis of an online dataset of single-cell RNAseq results. Finally, we used morpholino oligonucleotides to confirm that fignl2 knockdown resulted in severe heart edema, which was caused by abnormal vascular branching. The zebrafish fignl2 morphants also showed longer axonal length and more branches of caudal primary neurons. Taken together, we summarize that Fignl2 functions on cellular branches in endothelial cells and neurons. This study reported for the first time that the microtubule-severing protein Fignl2 contributes to cell branching during development.

Old Testament Readings for the Feast Meeting of the Lord: A Hermeneutical Key for the Old Testament’s Exegesis in the Orthodox Church

The paper traces the main accents in the worship of the feast Meeting of the Lord towards the exegesis of the Old Testament and consider it as the "hermeneutical key" for understanding, accepting, and interpreting the Old Testament in the Orthodox Church. The Lawgiver who obeys the Law, the sacrifice’s theme and the antithesis light/darkness are the main ideas in the worship and its exegesis of the Scripture. Keywords: Lowgiver; Low; Light; Darkness