Second generation logarithmic estimates of single-pool variable volume Kt/V: an analysis of error.

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1205-1213
Author(s):  
J T Daugirdas
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Variable Volume ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Analysis Of Error ◽  
Original Formula

The original formula proposed to estimate variable-volume single-pool (VVSP) Kt/V was Kt/V = -In(R - 0.008 * t - f * UF/W), where in the Kt/V range of 0.7 to 1.3, f = 1.0 (* denotes multiplication). This formula tends to overestimate Kt/V as the Kt/V increases above 1.3. Because higher Kt/V values are now commonly delivered, the validity of both the urea generation term (0.008 * f) and correction for UF/W were explored by solving VVSP equations for simulated hemodialysis situations, with Kt/V ranging from 0.6 to 2.6. The analysis led to the development of a second-generation formula, namely: Kt/V = -In(R - 0.008 * t) + (4-3.5 * R) * UF/W. The first and second generation formulas were then used to estimate the modeled VVSP Kt/V in 500 modeling sessions in which the Kt/V ranged widely from 0.7 to 2.1. An analysis of error showed that this second-generation formula eliminated the overestimation of Kt/V in the high ranges found with the first-generation formula. Also, total error (absolute value percent error + 2 SD) was reduced with the second-generation formula. These results led to the proposal of a new formula that can be used for a very wide range of delivered Kt/V.

Assimilation of the Puerto Ricans on the Mainland

1968 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
John J. Macisco
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Puerto Ricans ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Labor Force Status ◽  
Age At First Marriage ◽  
First And Second Generation

Social scientists have repeatedly tried to specify the process whereby assimilation takes place. This article points out the value of socio-demographic analysis in the study of assimilation, by describing the characteristics of Puerto Ricans on the United States mainland. In order to assess the direction of change between the first and second generation Puerto Ricans, data for the total United States population are also presented. Most of the data are drawn from the 1960 Census. First generation Puerto Ricans are compared with the second generation along the following dimensions: age, education, labor force status, income, occupation, age at first marriage, percent outgroup marriage and fertility. The Author concludes that second generation Puerto Ricans are moving in the direction of total United States averages.

scholarly journals Why do first and second-generation young migrants volunteer? The Migrant Volunteerism Motivation Model (MVMM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1089-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Alfieri ◽  
Daniela Marzana ◽  
Sara Martinez Damia
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Process Model ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Motivation Model

The following study aims at inquiring into the motivations behind young migrants’ volunteerism in civic organizations in Italy, namely in starting and maintaining their engagement (preliminary vs. maintenance phase). The term “young migrants” refers to first and second generation of migrants who deal with two challenges: the transition to adulthood and the acquisition of a cultural identity. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 37 Sub-Saharan young migrants living in Italy (18-32 years old), 19 of first generation (1G) and 18 of second generation (2G). The Omoto and Snyder’s Volunteer Process Model (VPM, 1995) was used as an underpinning theoretical framework and a guide for the interpretations of the results. The findings indicate that a) motivations included in the VPM are also found for young migrants, b) some of these motivations take particular meaning for young migrants, c) some motivations are not included in the VPM and are specific of this sample. We named these last motivations: social norms, advocacy and ethno-cultural. In addition, some considerations may be advanced regarding the generation and the phase of motivation: 1G migrants are particularly moved by the importance of integration in the Italian context and by the promotion of their ethnic group while 2G migrants reported mostly the desire to understand their roots. The values, the concern for the community and the longing to develop relationships are the motivations for which all young migrants continue to volunteer; however, 1G migrants are also sustained by advocacy and ethno-cultural motivations. Implications and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals The performance and genetic variation of first and second generation tropical alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Suwignyo ◽  
LUKMANA ARIFIN ◽  
NAFIATUL UMAMI ◽  
MUHLISIN MUHLISIN ◽  
BAMBANG SUHARTANTO
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
First And Second Generation

Abstract. Suwignyo B, Arifin L, Umami N, Muhlisin, Suhartanto B. 2021. The performance and genetic variation of first and second generation tropical alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Biodiversitas 22: 3265-3270. This study aimed to compare the growth performance, nutrient content, seed viability, and genetic variation of first- and second-generation alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). First and second-generation alfalfa seeds were obtained from the Forage and Pasture Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta, Indonesia. First generation alfalfa (F1) seeds were obtained from cross breeding of two different parental alfalfa varieties, namely, Canadian and local. The second-generation (F2) seeds were obtained from plants of the first-generation alfalfa (F1). A randomized design experiment was conducted using the two types of alfalfa (first- and second generation). Alfalfa from Canada as female parent was used as the baseline in the genetic masker test. Seeds were planted in a polybag, watered twice a day, and received 12 hours of daylight and 4 hours of artificial light. Plants were then harvested 8 weeks after planting by cutting the plant canopy. Genetic variation was examined using the Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) method followed by descriptive analysis. Germination, plant height, dry matter content, organic matter, and crude protein were assessed as variables using a Student’s T-test. Our results showed that germination, plant height, leaf color, and nutrient content (dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein) of the first- and second-generation alfalfa plants were not significantly different. However, the second-generation alfalfa demonstrated better seed viability than the first generation plants, then it can be categorized as a new genotype (tropical alfalfa) based on genetic variation analysis.

Differential Impairments in Incentive Learning Caused by First‐ and Second‐ Generation Antipsychotic Drugs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Florczynski
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Operant Chamber ◽  
Incentive Learning ◽  
Dopamine Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Natural Response ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotic ◽  
First And Second Generation

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by increased function of dopamine in the brain.  Dopamine release is a natural response to reward.  It promotes incentive learning (IL), a process by which neutral stimuli acquire the ability to elicit approach and other responses.  A recent model characterizes dopamine‐mediated IL as a progressive process with early and late stages accompanied by a shift in neural control from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS).  A parallel can be drawn to differences in regionally specific neural responses generated by first‐ and second‐generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs) used to treat schizophrenia.  APDs are dopamine receptor antagonists, but first‐generation APDs affect the NAc and DLS while second‐generation APDs affect primarily the NAc.  We compared the effects of APDs on IL. Rats (N = 48) were trained to press a lever forfood pellets in an operant chamber.  Intraperitoneal injections (1 hr before testing) of the first‐generation APD haloperidol (0,0.05,0.10,0.20 mg/kg) or of the second‐generation APD risperidone (0,0.20,0.40,0.80 mg/kg) induced dose‐dependent suppression of lever pressing on days 1‐4, with the highest dose groups failing to demonstrate any evidence of previous learning on day 5 when tested drug‐free.  On days 16‐20 haloperidol induced a day‐to‐day suppression not seen with risperidone.  The results suggest that the effects of first‐ and second‐generation APDs on learning processes putatively mediated by the NAc and DLS can be differentiated experimentally.  The findings imply that APDs may differentially affect IL inpatients with schizophrenia.  

4.  Differential Impairments in Incentive Learning Caused by First‐ and Second‐ Generation Antipsychotic Drugs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Florczynski
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Operant Chamber ◽  
Incentive Learning ◽  
Dopamine Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Natural Response ◽  
Second Generation Antipsychotic ◽  
First And Second Generation

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by increased function of dopamine in the brain.  Dopamine release is a natural response to reward.  It promotes incentive learning (IL), a process by which neutral stimuli acquire the ability to elicit approach and other responses.  A recent model characterizes dopamine‐mediated IL as a progressive process with early and late stages accompanied by a shift in neural control from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) to the dorsolateral striatum (DLS).  A parallel can be drawn to differences in regionally specific neural responses generated by first‐ and second‐generation antipsychotic drugs (APDs) used to treat schizophrenia.  APDs are dopamine receptor antagonists, but first‐generation APDs affect the NAc and DLS while second‐generation APDs affect primarily the NAc.  We compared the effects of APDs on IL. Rats (N = 48) were trained to press a lever for food pellets in an operant chamber.  Intraperitoneal injections (1 hr before testing) of the first‐generation APD haloperidol (0,0.05,0.10,0.20 mg/kg) or of the second‐generation APD risperidone (0,0.20,0.40,0.80 mg/kg) induced dose‐dependent suppression of lever pressing on days 1‐4, with the highest dose groups failing to demonstrate any evidence of previous learning on day 5 when tested drug‐free.  On days 16‐20, haloperidol induced a day‐to‐day suppression not seen with risperidone.  The results suggest that the effects of first‐ and second‐generation APDs on learning processes putatively mediated by the NAc and DLS can be differentiated experimentally.  The findings imply that APDs may differentially affect IL inpatients with schizophrenia.

One person, three identities? Examining re-politicization of ethnic, national, and Australian identities among 1.5-generation Taiwanese immigrants in Australia

2020 ◽  
pp. 144078332093415
Author(s):  
Yao-Tai Li
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Identity Negotiation ◽  
Generation 1.5 ◽  
The Political ◽  
Host Society ◽  
1.5 Generation ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation

Immigrants of the 1.5-generation (1.5-ers) differ from first- and second-generation immigrants because they are generally better immersed in the culture of the host society than the first generation; yet, compared to the second generation, they often have to renegotiate their identities in relation to parents, colleagues at work, and people in the host society during the processes of migration. Drawing on interview data from Taiwanese 1.5-ers in Australia, this article takes a further step and points out that in addition to the identity struggle between home and host country, Taiwanese 1.5-ers also identify as ethnic Chinese (Huaren) and constantly negotiate between these three identities (Huaren, Taiwanese, and Australian). This article argues that identity negotiation and hybridization is in nature a re-politicization process in which respondents are fully aware of the political meanings and power disparities of each identity. It is also a process whereby Taiwanese 1.5-ers mobilize, downplay, and hybridize specific identities based on time and context.

The role of style in the ethnolect: Style-shifting in the use of ethnolectal features in first- and second-generation speakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Gnevsheva
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Style Shifting ◽  
Australian English ◽  
First And Second Generation

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The paper aimed to investigate style-shifting in the use of ethnolectal features in first- and second- generation bilingual migrants. Design/Methodology/Approach: Three groups of speakers (first- and second-generation Russian–English bilinguals as well as monolingual Anglo Australians) were audio-recorded in three different styles (conversation, interview, and reading). Data and Analysis: Their production of the goose and trap vowels across the styles was analyzed quantitatively. Findings/Conclusions: Overall differences were found between the groups such that first- and second-generation speakers produced more Russian-like vowels compared to the monolinguals; with the biggest differences between the first-generation speakers and the other two groups. In terms of style-shifting, no significant differences were found in the monolingual speakers, and both first- and second-generation speakers were found to produce most Australian English-like vowels in the conversation style. At the same time, certain differences between the two bilingual groups surfaced, such as no significant differences in the first-generation speakers’ production of the goose vowel and in the vowels’ linguistic conditioning. Originality: Previous studies have compared ethnolects in the first- and second-generations of migrants and mainstream varieties in order to theorize ethnolect formation. Several studies have also investigated intraspeaker style-shifting between more ‘mainstream’ and more ‘ethnic’ in ethnolect speakers, but such style-shifting is rarely compared across generations. Significance/Implications: The similarities and differences between the two bilingual groups suggest that ethnolectal features may be originally derived from the community language but may be reallocated to other sociolinguistic meanings in the second generation.

Immigrant and second-generation Turkish entrepreneurs in Melbourne Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasemin Soydas ◽  
Torgeir Aleti
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Immigrant Entrepreneurs ◽  
Generation Immigrant ◽  
Business Establishment ◽  
First And Second Generation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the key differences between first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs in their path to entrepreneurship. The aim of the study is to better understand entrepreneurial motivations amongst immigrants by comparing first- and second-generation entrepreneurs in their motivation for business entry, reliance on co-ethnic market, use of social and financial capital, business planning and marketing practices. Design/methodology/approach – Using an interpretivist approach and a qualitative design, this study comprises 20 in-depth interviews with first- and second-generation Turkish entrepreneurs (TEs) in Melbourne, Australia. Turks in Australia were chosen because of their high level of entrepreneurial activity. In order to uncover deep-seeded motivations, participants were interviewed in a face-to-face format guided by a semi-structured interview guide. Findings – The second-generation TEs were distinctively different from their first-generation counterparts in motivation for business entry, business establishment and use of ethnicity. The analysis shows that although the generations differ in their approach to business establishment, they both appear to be drawn to entrepreneurship based on “pull factors”. This is in contrast with previous literature suggesting that first-generation immigrant entrepreneurs were motivated by “push factors”. Originality/value – This paper suggests that both first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs are “pulled” into entrepreneurship voluntarily. While the first-generation entrepreneurs seem to be motivated/pulled by financial reasons, the second generation are motivated by opportunity recognition, status and ambition. Nevertheless, a lack of trust in government support agency is found within both generations. Thus, outreach activities towards entrepreneurial immigrant communities may have positive effects for the economy as well as in the integration of ethnic enclaves.

scholarly journals Identity and difference – re-thinking UK South Asian entrepreneurship

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-589
Author(s):  
Mark Christopher McPherson
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Identity And Difference ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose This paper, which is part of a larger study, aims to discuss from an ethno-cultural perspective, the notion of self-identification and difference pertaining to first and second-generation South Asian male entrepreneurs. In essence, previous studies have not explored this dimension to any sufficient depth. Therefore, evidence is unclear as to how ethno-culture has informed entrepreneurial identity and difference. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a phenomenological research paradigm, 42 semi-structured interviews were conducted with first- and second-generation Sikh and Pakistani Muslim male entrepreneurs in Greater London. A typology of second-generation entrepreneurs is developed and a research agenda proposed. Findings First-generation respondents regard the UK as home and do not suffer from shifts in identity. These particular respondents identify themselves as Sikh or Pakistani Muslim or a Businessman. However, the second-generation identify themselves via three distinct labels. Here respondents stress their ethnicity by using Hyphenated British identities or hide their ethnicity behind the term a Normal Businessman, or appear opportunists by using ethnicity as a resource to espouse a true entrepreneurial identity. Research limitations/implications The research environment within the Greater London area where the respondents are located may not be as generalisable when compared with other parts of the UK. Originality/value This paper offers a unique insight into self-prescribed identity and difference noted among London’s ethnic entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals The Politics of International Trade

2019 ◽  
pp. 652-683
Author(s):  
Wilfred J. Ethier ◽  
Arye L. Hillman
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Public Choice ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Political Preference ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Self Interest

Traditional international trade models explain the sources of comparative advantage and show how a country as a whole gains from trade and from terms-of-trade improvement. The traditional models assumed competitive market-determined outcomes with passive or benevolent government. Income-distribution consequences of trade policy were noted. The models did not address the politics of trade policy, the study of which requires two premises consistent with public-choice principles: (1) that political self-interest underlies policy decisions rather than benevolent-government social-welfare objectives, and (2) political decision makers prefer creation of politically assignable rents to non-assignable budgetary revenue or aggregate country-wide gains from free trade or terms-of-trade improvement. These two premises are acknowledged in the first-generation of models of politicized trade policy. A second generation of models includes the first but not the second premise. It is documented that public-choice premises have not always been included in mainstream economic models. The second-generation models devoid of the primacy of rents in trade-policy determination are mainstream for many members of the academic international trade community. The chapter explains how, by not including the political preference for rents over budgetary revenue, the second-generation models are at variance with the actual conduct of trade policy. Public-choice concepts are also used to re-evaluate a wide range of traditional trade-policy conclusions and recommendations. Empirical evidence is reviewed and interpreted.

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