scholarly journals The Dynamics of the Housing Construction in the Republics of the USSR in the 1920s-1980s

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-595
Author(s):  
Igor Pilipenko
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
The People ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Despite 30 years of market reforms, the main difference between the housing sector in Russia and other post-socialist countries and that of the advanced Western nations lies in housing tenure distribution. In the former states, outright homeowners with property mainly built in the planned economy dominate the market. At the same time, in the latter countries, the majority of households pay rent or take out a mortgage (these types of households account for three-quarters of households in the USA and on average almost two-thirds of households in Western and Northern European nations). This article examines the evolution of main indicators of housing construction in the USSR as well as in the 15 Union republics from 1918 to 1990. The research rests upon a database composed by the author from more than 120 official statistical sources at the national and Republics' level. This work covers not only state housing construction but also individual housing construction as well as housing construction cooperatives in the USSR republics, which the post-Soviet and foreign scholarly literature have often neglected. We identify the main stages of housing construction in the USSR and analyze the data on housing completions in urban and rural areas, the evolution of the housing stock, flats and houses built, and the statistics on the people in the Union Republics who improved their living conditions. The time series collected and per capita indicators across the 15 republics of the USSR calculated by the author, reveal quite synchronized development of their housing sectors. Nevertheless, the three Baltic republics were leaders in many per capita indicators, whereas the RSFSR, the Kazakh, Byelorussian and Armenian SSR stood out in terms of housing completions and share of people who improved their living conditions. At the same time, the Georgian, Ukrainian and Moldavian SSR excelled in floor area per person.

HOUSING PER CAPITA IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUVA IN LIGHT OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC FORECAST

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Херел Маныевна Наксыл
Keyword(s):  
Housing Construction ◽  
Housing Project ◽  
Housing Shortage ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Existing Structure ◽  
Demographic Forecast

В статье рассматривается обеспеченность жильем на душу населения в Республике Тыва в привязке к демографическому прогнозу населения региона. Анализ показывает, что целевые показатели по вводу жилья регионального проекта «Жилье», а также существующая структура жилищного строительства с преобладающей долей индивидуального жилищного строительства не позволяют решить проблему дефицита жилья. The article examines the provision of housing per capita in the Republic of Tuva in relation to the demographic forecast of the population of the region. The analysis shows that the targets of the regional housing project, as well as the existing structure of housing construction with the predominant share of individual housing construction do not solve the problem of the housing shortage.

scholarly journals Does living in an urban environment confer advantages for childhood nutritional status? Analysis of disparities in nutritional status by wealth and residence in Angola, Central African Republic and Senegal

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Kennedy ◽  
Guy Nantel ◽  
Inge D Brouwer ◽  
Frans J Kok
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Poor Children

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between childhood undernutrition and poverty in urban and rural areas.DesignAnthropometric and socio-economic data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in Angola-Secured Territory (Angola ST), Central African Republic and Senegal were used in this analysis. The population considered in this study is children 0–59 months, whose records include complete anthropometric data on height, weight, age, gender, socio-economic level and urban or rural area of residence. In addition to simple urban/rural comparisons, the population was stratified using a wealth index based on living conditions and asset ownership to compare the prevalence, mean Z-score and odds ratios for stunting and wasting.ResultsIn all cases, when using a simple urban/rural comparison, the prevalence of stunting was significantly higher in rural areas. However, when the urban and rural populations were stratified using a measure of wealth, the differences in prevalence of stunting and underweight in urban and rural areas of Angola ST, Central African Republic and Senegal disappeared. Poor children in these urban areas were just as likely to be stunted or underweight as poor children living in rural areas. The odds ratio of stunting in the poorest compared with the richest quintile was 3.4, 3.2 and 1.5 in Angola ST, Senegal and Central African Republic, respectively.ConclusionsThis paper demonstrates that simple urban/rural comparisons mask wide disparities in subgroups according to wealth. There is a strong relationship between poverty and chronic undernutrition in both urban and rural areas; this relationship does not change simply by living in an urban environment. However, urban and rural living conditions and lifestyles differ, and it is important to consider these differences when designing programmes and policies to address undernutrition.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Hedgerows in Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Paullyne Charllotte Gonçalves Celestino ◽  
Lúcia de Fatima de Carvalho Chaves ◽  
André Luiz Alves de Lima Galdino ◽  
Jéssica de Oliveira Souza ◽  
Uaine Maria Félix Dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
The People ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Homogeneous Composition ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The One

The research aimed to analyze the maintenance, composition, pruning, planting aspects and architectural elements on urban hedgerows. This study was carried out in an area of Imbiribeira, Recife, PE, Brazil, during six months. The survey was conducted in an area of 30 city blocks (37.024 hectares). The application of the questionnaire was directed to people residing, working, or owning real estate that contained hedgerows. Maintenance (person with the responsibility of pruning and maintenance of the hedge and types of maintenance performed on the hedges); Plant species aspects (species used were classified into groups of plant species: arboreal, shrub, herbaceous and climbing plants); Composition (homogeneous or heterogeneous); Pruning (maintenance or topiary); Planting aspects (planting alignment, spacing rhythm and dimensions of the hedge). In the study area, 30 blocks were sampled, where the presence of hedgerows was observed in 18 of them. The people responsible for the maintenance and management of hedgerows were mostly non-professional workers. The practice of watering hedgerows was found in 95.24% of the visited properties. The use fertilizer was found in 28.57% of the cases and only 4.76% of the properties use pesticide products due to phytosanitary problems. Most of the hedgerows had a homogeneous composition. Topiary pruning is the most practiced treatment on the hedgerows, with a frequency of 82.28% in the study area. The quincux planting with no definite spacing rhythm was the most found. The most observed Planting Alignment in the study area was in line. The most observed Spacing Rhythm was the one with no rhythm of planting. Although hedgerows are widely used in urban and rural areas, studies on their maintenance, composition, structure, ecological importance and relevance to biodiversity conservation are scarce.

scholarly journals Changing Food Consumption and Nutrition Intake in Kazakhstan

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Mengmeng Jia ◽  
Lin Zhen ◽  
Yu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Food resource is an important bond that connects human beings and nature. In this study, we investigated the changes in food consumption and nutrition intake in Kazakhstan from a spatial and temporal perspective, from 2001 to 2018. The data were obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, international organizations and our social interview work. After the start of the 21st century, it was found that per capita food consumption significantly increased; however, the consumption of crop, vegetables and milk decreased. Per capita meat consumption was similar in both urban and rural areas. However, some food consumption showed differences between urban and rural areas. Changes of food consumption quantity and structure also had some effects on nutrient intake and the proportion of nutrients. Per capita energy intake in the national, urban and rural areas all increased remarkably. The energy intake changes in eastern states increased much more than that in western states. Protein intake in rural and urban areas was similar; however, the gap between carbohydrates and fat intake in urban and rural areas increased. The intake of protein, carbohydrates and fat in different states showed the same trend. Food consumption and nutrition intake are affected by economic, social and ecological factors.

Mass Vaccination

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Augusta Brazelton
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The People ◽  
Global Health Policy ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Public Health Campaigns

While the eradication of smallpox has long been documented, not many know the Chinese roots of this historic achievement. This book examines the People's Republic of China's public health campaigns of the 1950s to explain just how China managed to inoculate almost six hundred million people against this and other deadly diseases. The book tells the story of the people, materials, and systems that built these campaigns, exposing how, by improving the nation's health, the Chinese Communist Party quickly asserted itself in the daily lives of all citizens. This crusade had deep roots in the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when researchers in China's southwest struggled to immunize as many people as possible, both in urban and rural areas. But its legacy was profound, providing a means for the state to develop new forms of control and of engagement. The book considers the implications of vaccination policies for national governance, from rural health care to Cold War-era programs of medical diplomacy. By embedding Chinese medical history within international currents, the book highlights how and why China became an exemplar of primary health care at a crucial moment in global health policy.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Food Nitrogen Footprint of Urban and Rural Residents in Shanghai

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1760
Author(s):  
Yuling Xia ◽  
Chengsong Liao ◽  
Dianming Wu ◽  
Yanzhuo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
N Management

The food nitrogen (N) footprint reflects the amount of reactive N emission and its impact on the environment as a result of food production and consumption to satisfy the basic food demands of an urban population. The N-Calculator model was used to estimate the food N footprint and its dynamic changes in Shanghai from 2000 to 2017, and the auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model was used to predict the food N footprint in Shanghai from 2018 to 2027. The results show that the food N footprint was higher in urban areas (15.3–18.8 kg N/capita/yr) than rural areas (12.6–17.4 kg N/capita/yr) of Shanghai from 2000 to 2017. The change in the food N footprint was consistent with changes in food consumption in urban and rural areas, and the total food N footprint of urban and rural residents was positively correlated with the per capita disposable income and population whereas it was negatively correlated with the Engel’s Coefficient and price index. It was predicted that the per capita food N footprint will gradually decrease in 2018–2027 in urban areas of Shanghai, but it will generally increase in the rural areas. This study will help to initiate policy interventions for sustainable N management and contribute to the achievement of key sustainable development goals (SDGs).

scholarly journals COVID-19 Impacts on Employment and Livelihood of Marginal People in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned and Way Forward

2021 ◽  
pp. 097152312199507
Author(s):  
Mohammad Imran Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Marginal Population ◽  
The People ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The Novel Corona Virus (COVID-19) has created tremendous negative impacts on the livelihood of the marginal population in Bangladesh. Many people working in the informal sector have lost their job and income due to the ongoing pandemic. Unemployment and poverty among the people in both urban and rural areas throughout the country have increased. The success in economic growth in the last few decades could not save poor people to become extreme poor because economic prosperity was not inclusive in Bangladesh. This study tries to identify some of the impacts that COVID-19 has imposed on the lives of marginal population. Then it indicates some of the serious limitations of the existing economic policies. This article suggests that only growth-oriented policy measures are not sufficient to reconstruct the economy in the post-COVID era. Rather Bangladesh needs to adopt employment-oriented economic policies that are capable to create more jobs and reduce poverty and inequality.

scholarly journals Food Diversification in Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-389
Author(s):  
Roeskani Sinaga ◽  
Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol ◽  
Sri Hartoyo ◽  
Nunung Nuryartono
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Capita Expenditure ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Differences in economic structure, differences in income levels, food price levels cause differences in household consumption patterns. This paper analyzes food diversification in Java. Households are grouped by income group to assess the level of food diversification of each group. Households whose income groups Q3 and Q4 have lower food diversification compared to households in groups Q1 and Q2. The study results show that the value of BI is greater than the value of MBI in both urban and rural areas. This indicates that the source of calories does not come from only one type of commodity. The increase in per capita expenditure does not increase food diversification (the dependent variable is BI) for households in groups Q1 and Q2, while it is positive for households in groups Q3 and Q4. Food prices generally affect diversification. An increase in the number of household members will reduce the level of diversification for Q1 households. In contrast, increasing the number of household members will increase food diversification for Q2, Q3 and Q4 households. The level of household diversification in urban areas is higher than in rural areas.

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