scholarly journals The South African Rugby Injury and Illness Surveillance and Prevention Project (SARIISPP): SARU Girls’ Youth Week Injury Surveillance Report 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Paul ◽  
Clint Readhead ◽  
Wayne Viljoen ◽  
Mike Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
South African ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
The South ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Injury Data ◽  
Prevention Project ◽  
Recurrent Injuries ◽  
Over Time

As part of the South African Rugby Injury and Illness Surveillance and Prevention Project (SARIISPP), the annual SARU Youth Week tournaments’ injury data are recorded and investigated by SA Rugby. The BokSmart National Rugby Safety Programme has been collecting and analysing these data annually since 2011 for the SARU Boy’s Youth Week tournaments. In 2015, the SARU Girls’ Youth Week data collection began; this report being the first to analyse the Girls’ Youth Week data. The analysis shows injury patterns over time between tournaments, and collectively, for the girls’ u16 and u18 SARU Youth Weeks. Additionally, the analysis compares the profiles of injured players at each individual tournament. When investigating these patterns, areas of concern are identified, changes in the game, tournament structure or medical support services are considered or contested against the evidence, and injury specific interventions can be created and implemented, where the evidence indicates such a need. Each medical facility at the SARU Youth Week tournaments has a designated researcher onsite, who together with the tournament medical doctors, records the tournament injury data daily. Three injury cases were removed from the analysis. These data were recorded but did not appear to be accurate on follow-up and were therefore removed. Unfortunately, inaccuracy can occur during data collection and measures have been implemented to ensure that this is limited. This 2019 SARU Girls’ Youth Week report focuses on the Girls’ tournaments, comprising of the Girls u16 Week (Gu16W) and Girls u18 Week (Gu18W) held in 2019. The tournaments consisted of 32 teams and 48 matches. Comparisons are made between SARU Girls’ Youth Week tournaments and over time between 2015 and 2019. It must be noted that no Gu16W tournament was held in 2017. In 2019, the Gu16W recorded a higher Time-Loss injury incidence at 22 (11 - 33) [mean (95% confidence intervals)] injuries per 1000 player hours. Gu18W recorded slightly lower Time-Loss injury incidence at 19 (10 – 28) injuries per 1000 player hours. The collective tournament average was measured at 21 (13 to 28) injuries per 1000 player hours. When combining the injury incidence data collected over the five years, Gu18W had a lower Time-Loss injury incidence. In 2019, the Tackler and Open Play, followed by the Ball Carrier, were the most frequent injury-causing events in that order. Tackling front-on (regulation), Tackling LOW side-on, and Tackling LOW front-on, were the most frequent injury causing mechanisms involved in the Tackler phases of play. While Collision in Open Play was the most frequent injury causing mechanism in Open Play. The most common injury type was Central Nervous System injuries, where Gu18W recorded a higher incidence. Head and Neck were the most common injury locations in 2019, accounting for 69% of the injuries, with most of these injuries occurring in the Gu18W. Scrumhalves and flyhalves were the player positions with the highest normalised injury incidence per player per position across all tournaments. As expected, the injury incidence of ‘New’ injuries was higher than subsequent ‘Recurrent’ injuries. The majority of ‘New’ injuries were injuries to the joint, while most ‘Recurrent’ injuries were ligament and joint injuries. Fourteen concussions occurred across the two tournaments in 2019, which has dropped since the spike recorded in 2018. The Gu18W had the higher concussion incidence of the two tournaments. Furthermore, the act of Tackling contributed to 50% of the events causing concussions. The tackle contest is clearly an event that requires additional injury prevention focus for coaches on preparing their younger female players better for rugby, and requires more time spent on teaching them safer techniques and body positions in the tackle contest.      

The Earliest South African Hominids

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Clarke ◽  
Travis Rayne Pickering ◽  
Jason L. Heaton ◽  
Kathleen Kuman
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
The South ◽  
Taxonomic Assignment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Over Time

The earliest South African hominids (humans and their ancestral kin) belong to the genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Homo, with the oldest being a ca. 3.67 million-year-old nearly complete skeleton of Australopithecus (StW 573) from Sterkfontein Caves. This skeleton has provided, for the first time in almost a century of research, the full anatomy of an Australopithecus individual with indisputably associated skull and postcranial bones that give complete limb lengths. The three genera are also found in East Africa, but scholars have disagreed on the taxonomic assignment for some fossils owing to historical preconceptions. Here we focus on the South African representatives to help clarify these debates. The uncovering of the StW 573 skeleton in situ revealed significant clues concerning events that had affected it over time and demonstrated that the associated stalagmite flowstones cannot provide direct dating of the fossil, as they are infillings of voids caused by postdepositional collapse.

RACIAL ATTITUDES AMONG SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY AFTER FOUR YEARS

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1061-1062
Author(s):  
Neeshi Singh Pillay ◽  
Steven J. Collings
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
South African ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Modern Racism ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Over Time

In 2002, moderately high levels of modern and old-fashioned racism were documented in a representative sample of 433 students registered in undergraduate courses at a South African university (Pillay & Collings, 2004). In 2006, this survey was replicated using identical methods of data collection and a sample which was representative of university enrolments for 2006 in terms of gender and race: N = 543, gender = 50% female; race = black (40%), Indian (40%), white (17%), colored (3%). Over the four-year period, there was a significant increase in mean item-scores for old-fashioned racism [M = 1.95 vs. 2.15; F(1,971) = 15.16, p < .01], and this finding was supported by a significant study x race interaction, F(3,971) = 6.33, p < .05. Mean item scores increased significantly over time among Indians (2.11 vs. 2.29) but not among blacks (1.74 vs. 1.76), coloreds (2.01 vs. 2.04), or whites (2.33 vs. 2.35). A significant increase in levels of modern racism over the four-year period [M = 2.74 vs. 3.10; F(1,971) = 8.48, p < .01] was indicated by a significant study x race interaction, F(3,971) = 7.31, p < .05, with mean item scores increasing significantly over time among Indians (2.94 vs. 3.62) and whites (3.00 vs. 3.58) but not among blacks (2.04 vs. 2.06) or coloreds (2.47 vs. 2.49). Together these findings suggest that both overt and covert forms of racism persist, with levels of racism varying as a function of racial group membership.

scholarly journals Injury epidemiology in professional football in South America compared with Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e001172
Author(s):  
Håkan Bengtsson ◽  
Pablo Alfredo Ortega Gallo ◽  
Jan Ekstrand
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
South American ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
The South ◽  
Ligament Injuries ◽  
Injury Epidemiology ◽  
Injury Data

ObjectiveTo describe the injury epidemiology in professional football in South America and compare it with European professional football.MethodsData about football exposures and injury occurrences were registered in Six teams participating in Copa Libertadores in 2016. These teams’ exposure and injury data were compared with teams participating in the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study during the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons.ResultsA total of 271 injuries were reported in the South American cohort representing a training injury incidence of 3.2 (95% CI=2.7 to 3.7) injuries/1000 hours of training exposure and 20.9 (95% CI=17.3 to 25.1) injuries/1000 hours of match exposure. While no differences in muscle injury incidence were observed between South American and European teams, the ligament injury incidence in training among South American teams was significantly higher than European teams (0.6 vs 0.3, RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.87). In addition, a significantly higher proportion of all reported injuries among South American teams than European teams occurred in training.ConclusionsA larger proportion of injuries occur in training in South American compared with European professional football. Specifically, ligament injuries in training were more frequent among South American teams.

scholarly journals Is the South African business cycle time dependent?

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley G. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
South African ◽  
Cycle Time ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Hazard Function ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The South ◽  
Over Time

This study is concerned with the South African business cycle and makes use of the hazard function to determine the importance of duration for its analysis. This function gives the conditional probability that a state sustained through a previous period will end in the current one. The study estimates this probability for both economic downturn and expansion. At the 95 per cent confidence level, there is no statistical underpinning found for conventional ideas about the likelihood of an upturn or downturn in the economy over time. The duration of a business cycle does not help predict the turning point

scholarly journals The evolution of early symbolic behavior inHomo sapiens

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 4578-4584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Tylén ◽  
Riccardo Fusaroli ◽  
Sergio Rojo ◽  
Katrin Heimann ◽  
Nicolas Fay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
The South ◽  
Rock Shelter ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Symbolic Communication ◽  
Blombos Cave ◽  
Over Time

How did human symbolic behavior evolve? Dating up to about 100,000 y ago, the engraved ochre and ostrich eggshell fragments from the South African Blombos Cave and Diepkloof Rock Shelter provide a unique window into presumed early symbolic traditions ofHomo sapiensand how they evolved over a period of more than 30,000 y. Using the engravings as stimuli, we report five experiments which suggest that the engravings evolved adaptively, becoming better-suited for human perception and cognition. More specifically, they became more salient, memorable, reproducible, and expressive of style and human intent. However, they did not become more discriminable over time between or within the two archeological sites. Our observations provide support for an account of the Blombos and Diepkloof engravings as decorations and as socially transmitted cultural traditions. By contrast, there was no clear indication that they served as denotational symbolic signs. Our findings have broad implications for our understanding of early symbolic communication and cognition inH. sapiens.

The Dynamics of a South African Law Library

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Stiebel
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
The South ◽  
High Court ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Library ◽  
Over Time

The South African law library holds a similar function to that of its English counterpart. It provides a primary source to describe the law and how it has changed and grown over time. South African attorneys fulfil a similar role to solicitors and South African advocates can be equated with barristers. While attorneys have recently gained rights of audience in the High Court, most attorneys continue to brief advocates in complex matters due to their specialised knowledge and skills.

scholarly journals Injury incidence and burden during senior inter-provincial field hockey tournaments

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Pereira ◽  
Theresa Burgess ◽  
Lieselotte Corton
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Field Hockey ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive

Background: Field hockey is an Olympic sport played internationally and in which South Africa is a participating nation. It also has its own world cup. Few injury studies have been published on South African field hockey. Research efforts should increase within the sport to ensure safe participation and mitigate the inherent injury risks. Objectives: The objective of the study was to attend the male and female inter-provincial field hockey tournaments in South Africa and determine the incidence of injury and burden of acquired sport injuries (time-loss and medical attention). Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, longitudinal study, including 133 females and 139 males, was conducted. Participants completed baseline questionnaires prior to the tournament and post-match questionnaires detailing injuries during the tournament. Results: The recorded injuries were 77.9 (females) and 99.5 (males) per 1 000 player match hours. Medical attention was 51.9 (females) and 70.3 (males) injuries per 1 000 player match hours. The result for time-loss injuries was 4.3 (females) and 7.5 (males) injuries per 1 000 player match hours. Discussion: The study found high incidence rates of all injuries and medical attention injuries; however, the incidence of time-loss injuries was low in comparison to existing literature. Comparing current results to existing literature is challenging due to the heterogeneity of methodologies and injury definitions in field hockey research. Conclusion: This was the largest observational study in field hockey conducted in South Africa. The international sporting body should establish a consensus for future research and the South African Hockey Association explore long-term surveillance in South Africa to mimic similar national codes.

scholarly journals So Close Yet So Far: Perspectives on the South African Police Service’s Response to Murder Cases in the Wallacedene Policing Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 409-423
Author(s):  
Nthabiseng Patricia Tsoho ◽  
Jacob Tseko Mofokeng ◽  
Khosa Dorcas
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
South African ◽  
Current Problem ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Data Collection Tool ◽  
The South ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Conviction Rate ◽  
South African Police

The aim of this study was to determine views of the South African Police Service’s (SAPS) response to murder cases in the Wallacedene policing area; the contributing factors that lead to the failure of the police to prosecute offenders; the effectiveness of strategies to reduce murder-related incidents in the study area; the contributing factors to murder in the Wallacedene policing area; and to make recommendations to improve the conviction rate. Twenty-five participants were selected for this study. A qualitative approach was used, with semi-structured interviews as the data-collection tool. The findings highlighted that there is a lack of partnership between SAPS detectives and the community. The contributing factors for the police to fail prosecuting offenders. Reasons for the current problem include inexperienced detectives and lack of resources. In order to increase the performance of the detectives and the first responders to the scene, the research explored the challenges encountered by the SAPS detectives and makes suggestions and recommendations to increase their efficiency.

scholarly journals Stress and coping of police officers in the South African Police Service

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariami Wassermann ◽  
Deon Meiring ◽  
Jurgen Renier Becker
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
South African ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Positive Reappraisal ◽  
The South ◽  
Police Service ◽  
Coping Responses ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
South African Police ◽  
Over Time

Working in the police service can be physically and emotionally demanding. Officers use various coping methods to deal with the stressors. The main aim of this study was to investigate which coping responses are used most by police officers in the South African Police Service and to investigate how the prevalence of these coping responses changes over time. A longitudinal approach was used where data were collected at three different points in time. The final sample ( n = 120) was used for this study. The results indicate that police officers predominantly use planful problem-solving, positive reappraisal, and confrontive coping to deal with their daily stress. Planful problem-solving and positive reappraisal are seen as adaptive ways of dealing with stress, while the outcomes of confrontive coping are context dependent. The coping responses of seeking social support, escape avoidance, and accepting responsibility were used less frequently. The results indicate that coping styles change over time as police officers accepted significantly less responsibility, made less use of confrontive coping, and relied more on planful problem-solving, positive reappraisal, and escape avoidance. The findings of this study have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of stress of active police officers. It is recommended that interventions such as emotional competence training be used to reinforce and refresh positive coping strategies to enhance the emotional well-being of police officers.

scholarly journals The relevance of industrial psychology as a Profession and discipline in South Africa

2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepen D. Renecle
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Industrial Psychology ◽  
The South ◽  
Important Impact ◽  
Over Time

In exploring whether or not Industrial Psychology is relevant, it is proposed that while the discipline has an important impact on the South African economy, the profession in this country has little relevance. The view is offered that it is more important that the discipline of Industrial Psychology remains relevant over time than for the profession to become relevant. Proposals are put forward in terms of how to maintain the relevance of Industrial Psychology as a discipline in a changing organisational environment. Opsomming Daar word voorgestel dat terwyl Bedryfsielkunde as dissipline ‘n belangrike rol in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie speel, die professie in ons land irrelevant is. Die standpunt word gestel dat dit belangriker is dat Bedryfsielkunde as dissipline tersaaklik bly, as wat dit is vir die professie om op datum te kom. Voorstelle word gemaak oor hoe om die tersaaklikheid van die dissipline te handhaaf in ‘n veranderende organisatoriese omgewing.

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