Dualism and Buddhism. Parallels and Points of Convergence with Neuroscience

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-1) ◽  
pp. 57-74
Author(s):  
Daniil Balovnev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Animal World

The article is devoted to one of the most relevant problems of modern philosophy, the philosophy of consciousness in light of the latest discoveries of neurobiology. The most poorly studied aspects; the problem of free will, the problem of consciousness of the animal world and the problem of psychophysical parallelism are considered in this article. Some ethical and ideological issues related to the problems are also considered. The classic dispute about the nature of consciousness by E.V. Ilyenkov and D.I. Dubrovsky, which ended essentially in a stalemate precisely because of the ignorance of the importance of the above issues, is considered as an example of why these questions are relevant. The article also views the paradox of free will and responsibility for one's actions, which inevitably arises with a materialistic understanding of the nature of consciousness. The article briefly analyzes the key ideas for this topic by a number of prominent neuroscientists (Wilder Penfield, John Eccles, Oleg Kryshtal (Krishtal), Christoph Koch), devoted to the problem of the nature of consciousness in the time from the 1970s to the present, as well as the philosophical foundations of ideas about consciousness, formed in the European philosophy of modern times. The concept of dualism and its possible foundations, which are relevant at the present time, are examined separately, but the dualistic concept of consciousness proposed by Descartes is criticized as incompatible with the modern conclusions of neurobiology. Also, the evidence of world-renowned neuroscientists destroying the "human monopoly" on the possession of consciousness and indicating the presence of consciousness in the animal kingdom is presented. Ultimately, the philosophy of Buddhism is considered as one of the possible and most promising topics for studying in this direction. The strengths of the Buddhist concept of consciousness, which are hardly noticeable in this time, are summarized, thus giving an advantage over the ontological foundations of the concept of consciousness that prevailed in Europe in the modern era. In general, the convergence of traditional Buddhist views on the nature of consciousness with the latest achievements of neurobiology is noted.

scholarly journals Jewish philosophy as a Direction of the World philosophy of Modern and Contemporary Times

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-442
Author(s):  
I Dvorkin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Leo Strauss ◽  
Franz Rosenzweig ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Jewish Thought ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
The World ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
Jewish Philosophy

This article represents an analysis of the Jewish philosophy of the Modern and Contemporary as the holistic phenomenon. In contrast to antiquity and the Middle Ages, when philosophy was a rather marginal part of Jewish thought, in Modern Times Jewish philosophy is formed as a distinct part of the World philosophy. Despite the fact that representatives of Jewish philosophy wrote in different languages and actively participated in the different national schools of philosophy, their work has internal continuity and integrity. The article formulates the following five criteria for belonging to Jewish philosophy: belonging to philosophy itself; reliance on Jewish sources; the addressee of Jewish philosophy is an educated European; intellectual continuity (representatives of the Jewish philosophy of Modern and Contemporary Periods support each other, argue with each other and protect each other from possible attacks from other schools); working with a set of specific topics, such as monism, ethics and ontology, the significance of behavior and practical life, politics, the problem of man, intelligence, language and hermeneutics of the text, Athens and Jerusalem, dialogism. The article provides a list of the main authors who satisfy these criteria. The central ones can be considered Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza, Moshe Mendelssohn, Shlomo Maimon, German Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, Josef Dov Soloveichik, Leo Strauss, Abraham Yehoshua Heshel, Eliezer Berkovich, Emil Fackenheim, Mordechai Kaplan, Emmanuel Levinas. The main conclusion of the article is that by the end of the 20th century Jewish philosophy, continuing both the traditions of classical European philosophy and Judaism, has become an important integral part of Western thought.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUSTICE AND RATIONALITY IN ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL AND MODERN ERA: A CRITICAL INVESTIGATION OF MACINTYRE’S CONCEPTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-259
Author(s):  
Anila Yasmin ◽  
Riffat Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Modern Times ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Strong Relation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Critical Investigation

The present study aims to explore the nature of justice and rationality and a relationship between them that how it has become a base for any society and culture in ancient, medieval and modern age. And how different thinkers present rival and compatible views about justice and rationality and how they both impact in our society. Any society benefits from having justice as a prevailing virtue. This helps ensure that wrongs will be ended and rights will be upheld thereby leading to a safer society for everyone. Its strong relation with virtues maintains that it cannot uphold without the presence of virtues. The most basic virtue is rationality without which no justice is possible. Different thinkers in ancient medieval and modern times give different views about the relationship between justice and rationality. But Macintyre holds that there is no neutral conception of justice but there are different standards of justice and rationality in every society.

Artistic solution of aesthetic aura in the works of batik masters of modern Azerbaijan

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (05) ◽  
pp. 154-159
Author(s):  
Asiya Xasay qızı Osmanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Intangible Cultural Heritage ◽  
Creative People ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The People ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Individual Style ◽  
Over Time

The people of Azerbaijan have created a rich and different culture, an important part of which is decorative and applied art. It can be said that the growing interest of young creative people in batik over time is the greatest support for the preservation of our national customs and traditions. Continuing the traditions of this art in their future activities is an indication that Azerbaijani national art and batik will always be in the center of attention. Considering that the art of kalagai is a UNESCO non-profit organization under the title "Traditional kalagai art and symbolism, preparation and use of women's silk headdresses". The Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage was included in the 9th session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Paris on November 24-28, 2014, and therefore in modern times batik and kalagai are already of interest to local scholars as well as foreign scholars. was. As we know, the breadth of opportunities created by art in the modern era, many artists express their individual style in different ways. Among such artists there are currently working batik masters. Key words: Batik, kalagai, modernity, tradition, plot, composition, color

De werkelijkheid van de verbeelde natie

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 7-33
Author(s):  
Louis Vos
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Time History ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Content ◽  
The People ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Symbolic Perspective

National identity emerges as an interaction between identity-formationon an individual and a collective level, wherein time (history),space (territory as place of living and as transcendental symbol) andgeneration play a role. An identity manifests itself mainly through action,and is also represented in symbols. Not the core content, which hasto be reinterpreted continuously, but the boundaries towards the outerworld serve as markers of the we-feeling of the community. In the paradigmdebate on nationalism during the last three decades, three mainquestions were at stake. At first the discussion whether an ethnic-culturalor a voluntary dimension is more important. Secondly the questionwhether the nation is a modern phenomenon or goes back to thepre-modern era. And finally the debate between postmodernists consideringthe nation as merely existing in the minds of the people, and othersconsidering the nation as a social reality as well, but to be understoodfrom an ethno-symbolic perspective. This article argues that a nation isboth voluntary and organic, can also exist in pre-modern times, and isalthough imagined at the same time also a social reality. It gives a panoramaof the shifting paradigms of nationalism and their representatives,and suggests that we are already approaching a post-postmodernistsynthesis. Finally it discusses the question of nationalism and democracyin defending even the thesis that, as history doesn’t show examplesof democracies outside a national setting, a living nation is a prerequisitefor a fully fledged democracy.

СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ ПРОТИВ ЯЗЫЧЕСТВА КАК ИСТОЧНИК ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ИГРОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Ирина Семеновна Слепцова
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Gaming Culture ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church

Статья посвящена рассмотрению произведений литературы Древней и Средневековой Руси и раннего Нового времени, направленных против языческих верований и практик, как источника для описания игровой культуры. Привлекаются главным образом нормативные, канонические и дидактические сочинения, а также исповедные тексты, в которых содержатся сведения о развлечениях и играх. Основное внимание уделено играм в узком смысле слова (играм с правилами), как наименее изученному феномену культуры данного исторического периода. Это расширяет представления об игровом репертуаре, месте и статусе игры в празднично-обрядовой и повседневной жизни, а также дает возможность проследить процесс десакрализации игры, ее переход в сферу «мирского». Выявленные в письменных памятниках сведения об игровой культуре Средневековья и раннего Нового времени раскрывают их включенность в языческую обрядность и демонстрируют связь с магическими практиками, что было основанием для их преследования и запрещения. Это обстоятельство определяет ограниченность использования данных источников для реконструкции игрового репертуара. В список игр попадают только те, которые расценивались церковью как языческие или нарушавшие социальный порядок и нравственные правила. Упомянутые в древнерусских и средневековых источниках формы народного веселья обнаруживают истоки ряда народных игр, бытовавших в XIX–ХХ вв., и объясняют их включенность в календарную обрядность. The article is devoted to the consideration of the works of literature of Ancient and Medieval Russia and the early modern era, directed against pagan beliefs and practices, as a source for describing the game culture. Mainly normative, canonical and didactic compositions are used, as well as confessional texts, which contain information about entertainment and games. The main attention is paid to games in the narrow sense of the word (games with rules), as the least studied cultural phenomenon of this historical period. This expands the understanding of the game repertoire, the place and status of the game in festive and ceremonial and everyday life, and also makes it possible to trace the process of desacralization of the game, its transition into the sphere of the «worldly». The information about the gaming culture of the Middle Ages and the early modern times revealed in written monuments reveals their involvement in pagan rituals and demonstrates a connection with magical practices, which was the basis for their persecution and prohibition. This circumstance determines the limited use of these sources for the reconstruction of the playing repertoire. The list of games includes only those that were regarded by the church as pagan or violating social order and moral rules. The forms of folk fun mentioned in ancient Russian and medieval sources reveal the origins of a number of folk games that existed in the 19th – 20th centuries and explain their inclusion in calendar rituals.

Jewish Reproduction and Children in the Modern Era

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
Uzi Rebhun
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Spatial Variations ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Different Sources

This chapter depicts some major aspects of Jewish reproduction and children in modern times. Integrating data from different sources, I discuss changes in the numbers and share of children out the total Jewish population from 1700 through today. I provide statistics on Jewish birth rate and proportion of children out of the total number of Jews from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century for selected Jewish communities in Europe, the Americas, and North Africa and Palestine. Spatial variations in levels of fertility have resulted in the concentration of a majority of Jewish children in Israel. Still, within Israel, fertility patterns for Jews have evolved in different trajectories according to ethnic extraction and religiosity. Fertility and number of children in the population have many social and economic implications, which I touch upon in my concluding remarks.

The Jewish Book and Beyond in Modern Times

AJS Review ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-384
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Shandler
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Life ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Modern Era

How might one begin to think about the Jewish book in the modern era? The period is defined by unprecedented proliferation—not only of many new books, but also of an array of new kinds of books, as well as a plethora of new print and other communications technologies, new professions and institutions associated one way or another with books, and new text practices. This burgeoning volume of material, as well as the expansive range of possibilities for books and how they figure in Jewish life, demand that those who would study the place of the book in modern Jewish life (up to and including contemporary phenomena) would do well to begin with reconnaissance, casting the net wide and considering which larger issues this wealth of materials and practices suggests for further study. This survey not only yields an impressive roster of potential subjects of inquiry; the information itself suggests possibilities for understanding Jewish books and book practices as a defining feature of modern Jewish life.

scholarly journals Analytical Anthropology of Peter Hacker

2021 ◽  
pp. 142-149
Author(s):  
V. Y Popov ◽  
Е. V Popova
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Ordinary Language Philosophy ◽  
Language Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
European Philosophy

Purpose. The article is an explication of the features of the anthropological teaching of Peter Hacker in the context of analytical philosophy with consideration to the context of European philosophy within the framework of the Oxford School of ordinary language philosophy. The theoretical basis of the research is determined by the latest research in the English-language analytical philosophical tradition, rethinking the place of anthropological problems in the system of philosophical knowledge. Originality. Referring to primary sources, we reconstructed the philosophical and anthropological teaching of Peter Hacker in the unity of its basic principles and theoretical and practical results. We determined philosophical origins of the key ideas of his philosophical anthropology and substantiated their originality, systematicity and logical argumentation. His philosophical position is defined as anthropological holism, synthesizing the reinterpreted ideas of Aristotle and Wittgenstein. Conclusions. Peter Hacker is the creator of the original version of Analytic Philosophical Anthropology. His anthropology is based on criticism of Cartesian dualism and physicalism, which underlie modern neurosciences and which he tries to overcome on the basis of Wittgenstein’s philosophical "logotherapy". The conceptual framework of his holistic anthropology is a rethought conceptual scheme of the Ordinary language philosophy. Hacker considers consciousness not as a separate mental reality, but one of the powers of human nature – an intellectual ability, which, along with emotional (passionate) and moral, belongs to a person as an integral socio-biological being. Asserting the free will of man, the Oxford thinker criticizes various forms of determinism, especially its most common form in modern science – neurobiological determinism, which is built on false philosophical foundations. This criticism allows the modern British philosopher to build an original, systematic and logically consistent anthropological concept that asserts the immutability of the highest human values – goodness, love and happiness.

scholarly journals The Origins of the Division of Labor in Pre-Industrial Times

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Depetris-Chauvin ◽  
Ömer Özak
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Economic Specialization ◽  
Modern Era

This research explores the historical roots of the division of labor in pre-modern societies. Exploiting a variety of identification strategies and a novel ethnic level dataset combining geocoded ethnographic, linguistic and genetic data, it shows that higher levels of intra-ethnic diversity were conducive to economic specialization in the pre-modern era. The findings are robust to a host of geographical, institutional, cultural and historical confounders, and suggest that variation in intra-ethnic diversity is a key predictor of the division of labor in pre-modern times.

scholarly journals Makam Seniman: Perkembangan Identitas Pemakaman di Era Modern

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Benny Afwadzi
Keyword(s):  
Identity Development ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Collecting Techniques ◽  
Development Of Identity ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Art Elements

The paper examines the development of grave identity in the modern era, which focuses on Taman Makam Seniman dan Budayawan Giri Sapto, which is located on Gajah hill, Giri Rejo village, Imogiri sub-district, Bantul district, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. The grave that full of art elements is very interesting because it is devoted to artists and cultural observers and also does not recognize the exclusivity of certain religions, becomes a tourist destination in Yogyakarta, and is mentioned as the only one in the world. This study used field research, with qualitative-descriptive methods and data collecting techniques in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation. The author finds that the artists’ grave (Makam Seniman) are grave with a characteristic exclusivity of certain professions (artists) and also store interesting artistic elements, namely the existence of several gravestones with unique shapes which symbolizes the art field of the deceased when it was still alive, the artwork displayed on the grave, and the funeral ceremony combined with art. Seeing the phenomena that created from this grave, it can be said that there has been a form of grave identity development in modern times due to the development of human culture, which in the context of the artists’ grave is realized by art. Artists’ grave essentially contains the development of identity as a grave place, which previously had appeared a grave with a model of religious identity, Pancasila (multi religions), heroes, kingdoms, and even pesantren. This type of grave identity with the model that is following a profession or a field that occupied by someone can be said to become a characteristic of the modern grave culture.

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