scholarly journals Available nitrogen in the surface mineral layer of Serbian forest soils

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dželetović Ž ◽  
N. Pivić R ◽  
L. Djurović N J
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Aerobic Incubation ◽  
Mineral Layer ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Initial Content ◽  
Surface Mineral ◽  
Total Organic C

Based on a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated nitrogen availability in the surface mineral layer of soil under various deciduous forest stands by analysing the following soil characteristics: total organic C, total N, initial content of easily available N inorganic forms, mineralized N content obtained by aerobic and anaerobic incubations and A-value. The experiment was performed on a test plant and through the application of urea enriched with 5.4% 15N.<br />The studied forest soils are characterized by high mineralization intensity and high N availability indices. Aerobic incubation appears to be the most appropriate method for evaluating the available N content. The amounts of mineralized and nitrified N, obtained by aerobic incubation, with subtraction of the initial content of available mineral N forms are in correlation (P &le; 0.05) with total organic C content (r = 0.916) and total soil N (r = 0.903) while the correlation with the C/N ratio is poor (r = 0.645).

scholarly journals Available Nitrogen in the Surface Mineral Layer of Natural Meadows

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1483-1492
Author(s):  
Željko S. Dželetović ◽  
Nevena Lj. Mihailović
Keyword(s):  
N Availability ◽  
Aerobic Incubation ◽  
Mineral Layer ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Surface Mineral ◽  
Total Organic C

Based on a greenhouse experiment, we evaluated nitrogen availability in the surface mineral layer of soil under various natural meadow stands by analyzing the following soil characteristics: total organic C, total N, initial content of easily available N inorganic forms, mineralized N content obtained by aerobic and anaerobic incubations and A-value. The experiment was performed on a test plant and through the application of urea enriched with 5.4 % 15N. The investigated soils under natural meadows are characterized with comparatively high mineralization intensity and high N availability indices. Contents of mineral N produced by aerobic incubation and the intensity of the mineralization correlate with the total organic C in the soil and the total N in the soil. Correlation of the availability index of the soil N produced by aerobic incubation with the total organic C and the total N in the soil under natural meadows is almost linear (r = 0.9981 and r = 0.9997, respectively). Contents of mineral N produced by anaerobic incubation, as well as the corresponding N availability and mineralization intensity indices correlate poorly with the mentioned parameters. Efficiency of nitrogen utilization from the applied N-fertilizer by the test crop varies within a wide range of values and correlates with the biomass yields of the test crop.

scholarly journals Distribution and vertical stratification of carbon and nitrogen in soil under different managements in the pampean region of Argentina

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1985-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Rosa Álvarez ◽  
Alejandro Oscar Costantini ◽  
Alfredo Bono ◽  
Miguel Ángel Taboada ◽  
Flavio Hernán Gutiérrez Boem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Pools ◽  
No Till ◽  
Total Organic C

One of the expected benefits of no-tillage systems is a higher rate of soil C sequestration. However, higher C retention in soil is not always apparent when no-tillage is applied, due e.g., to substantial differences in soil type and initial C content. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of no-tillage management to increase the stock of total organic C in soils of the Pampas region in Argentina. Forty crop fields under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems and seven undisturbed soils were sampled. Total organic C, total N, their fractions and stratification ratios and the C storage capacity of the soils under different managements were assessed in samples to a depth of 30 cm, in three layers (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm). The differences between the C pools of the undisturbed and cultivated soils were significant (p < 0.05) and most pronounced in the top (0-5 cm) soil layer, with more active C near the soil surface (undisturbed > no-tillage > conventional tillage). Based on the stratification ratio of the labile C pool (0-5/5-15 cm), the untilled were separated from conventionally tilled areas. Much of the variation in potentially mineralizable C was explained by this active C fraction (R² = 0.61) and by total organic C (R² = 0.67). No-till soils did not accumulate more organic C than conventionally tilled soils in the 0-30 cm layer, but there was substantial stratification of total and active C pools at no till sites. If the C stratification ratio is really an indicator of soil quality, then the C storage potential of no-tillage would be greater than in conventional tillage, at least in the surface layers. Particulate organic C and potentially mineralizable C may be useful to evaluate variations in topsoil organic matter.

Autumn and spring applications of ammonium nitrate and urea to bromegrass influence total and light fraction organic C and N in a thin Black Chernozem

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S S Malhi ◽  
J T Harapiak ◽  
M. Nyborg ◽  
K S Gill ◽  
N A Flore
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Light Fraction ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Light Fraction Organic C ◽  
Total Organic C

An adequate level of organic matter is needed to sustain the productivity, improve the quality of soils and increase soil C. Grassland improvement is considered to be one of the best ways to achieve these goals. A field experiment, in which bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) was grown for hay, was conducted from 1974 to 1996 on a thin Black Chernozemic soil near Crossfield, Alberta. Total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN), and light fraction organic C (LFOC) and light fraction N (LFN) of soil for the treatments receiving 23 annual applications of 112 kg N ha-1 as ammonium nitrate (AN) or urea in early autumn, late autumn, early spring or late spring were compared to zero-N check. Soil samples from 0- to 5- cm (layer 1), 5- to 10- cm (layer 2), 10- to 15- cm (layer 3) and 15- to 30-cm depths were taken in October 1996. Mass of TOC, TN, LFOC and LFN was calculated using equivalent mass technique. The concentration and mass of TOC and LFOC, TN and LFN in the soil were increased by N fertilization compared to the zero-N check. The majority of this increase in C and N occurred in the surface 5-cm depth and predominantly occurred in the light fraction material. In layer 1, the average increase from N fertilization was 3.1 Mg C ha-1 for TOC, 1.82 Mg C ha-1 for LFOC, 0.20 Mg N ha-1 for TN and 0.12 Mg N ha-1 for LFN. The LFOC and LFN were more responsive to N fertilization compared to the TOC and TN. Averaged across application times, more TOC, LFOC, TN and LFN were stored under AN than under urea in layer 1, by 1.50, 1.21, 0.06 and 0.08 Mg ha-1, respectively. Lower volatilization loss and higher plant uptake of surfaced-broadcast N were probable reasons from more soil C and N storage under AN source. Time of N application had no effect on the soil characteristics studied. In conclusion, most of the N-induced increase in soil C and N occurred in the 0- to 5-cm depth (layer 1) and in the light fraction material, with the increases being greater under AN than urea. Key words: Bromegrass, light fraction C and N, N source, soil, total organic C and N

Co-composting of distillery and winery wastes with sewage sludge

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bustamante ◽  
C. Paredes ◽  
R. Moral ◽  
J. Moreno-Caselles ◽  
M.D. Pérez-Murcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Total Organic C

The winery and distillery wastes (grape stalk and marc (GS and GM, respectively), wine lees (WL) and exhausted grape marc (EGM)) are produced in great amounts in the Mediterranean countries, where their treatment and disposal are becoming an important environmental problem, mainly due to their seasonal character and some characteristics that make their management difficult and which are not optimised yet. Composting is a treatment widely used for organic wastes, which could be a feasible option to treat and recycle the winery and distillery wastes. In this experiment, two different piles (pile 1 and 2) were prepared with mixtures of GS, GM, EG and sewage sludge (SS) and composted in a pilot plant by the Rutgers static pile composting system. Initially, GS, GM and EGM were mixed, the pile 1 being watered with fresh collected vinasse (V). After 17 days, SS was added to both piles as a nitrogen and microorganisms source. During composting, the evolution of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C, total N, humic acid-like C and fulvic acid-like C contents, C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity and germination index of the mixtures were studied. The addition of V in pile 1 produced higher values of temperature, a greater degradation of the total organic C, higher electrical conductivity values and similar pH values and total N contents than in pile 2. The addition of this effluent also increased the cation exchange capacity and produced a longer persistence of phytotoxicity. However, both piles showed a stabilised organic matter and a reduction of the phytotoxicity at the end of the composting process.

Evolution of enzyme activities during composting of tobacco waste

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1124-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Hüsnü Kayikçioğlu ◽  
Nur Okur
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Olive Pomace ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tobacco Waste ◽  
Total Organic C

Main characteristics of tobacco waste generated during the processing of tobacco for cigarette manufacture are a high content of nicotine and total organic C. Composting is a way for decreasing the levels of nicotine and total organic C in tobacco waste and for disposal of this kind of agro-industrial waste. Changes in pH and electrical conductivity and activities of dehydrogenase, protease, alkaline phosphatase and β-glucosidase were determined during composting of tobacco waste (TW) and mixtures of TW + grape pomace (GP) and TW + olive pomace (OP). The nicotine in the tobacco waste was completely decomposed by composting. In the final composts, total organic C content and C : N ratio decreased, whereas the contents of total N, P and K increased. The pH of the composts increased rapidly at first and then more slowly and the electrical conductivity first decreased and then increased during composting. Mixing the tobacco waste with the other compost materials decreased the electrical conductivity level by 32 and 46% in the final TW + GP and TW + OP composts, respectively. The highest activities of the studied enzymes were observed on the third week of the composting process for dehydrogenase, the fifth week for protease and β-glucosidase and the ninth week for alkaline phosphatase. All enzyme activities stabilized about in 4 months.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in the Carbohydrate Pool of an Atlantic Forest Soil under Different Vegetation Types .

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela Martín ◽  
Tarsy Carballas ◽  
Montserrat Díaz-Raviña
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Total Organic C

The seasonal variations of the content and composition of soil carbohydrates, a labile pool of the soil organic matter, were studied in a Humic Cambisol located within the Atlantic temperate-humid zone (Galicia, N.W. of Spain) and developed over basic schists and under different type of vegetation: Quercus robur (climax forest), Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus. Soil samples from the A horizon (0-15 cm depth) of the three different forests were collected in spring, summer, autumn and winter. The carbohydrate content was estimated by colorimetry after their extraction by a sequential two-step acid hydrolysis method and further purification of the hydrolysates (first hydrolysis fraction, FA, non-cellulosic polysaccharides; second hydrolysis fraction, FB, cellulosic polysaccharides). The total amount of neutral sugars (hexoses and pentoses) from the three forests was in the range of 2.9-27.4 g kg<sup>-1</sup> d.w., and represented between 5 and 12 % of the total organic C. The carbohydrate content was much higher in the FA fraction than that in the FB fraction, hexoses predominating over pentoses in both fractions. Seasonal variations of hexoses and pentoses exhibited the same behaviour pattern, showing that for FA and FB fractions higher concentrations of both neutral sugars were found in spring and winter (mean values: 12 and 14 g total neutral sugars kg<sup>-1</sup> d.w., respectively) than in summer and autumn (7 and 8 g total neutral sugars kg<sup>-1</sup> d.w., respectively). Likewise, for each year’s season, the total content of both hexoses and pentoses in both fractions varied in the order: Quercus (16 g neutral sugars kg<sup>-1</sup> d.w.) &gt; Pinus (9 g neutral sugars kg<sup>-1</sup> d.w.) &gt; Eucalyptus (5 g neutral sugars kg<sup>-1</sup> d.w.) forests. Vegetation type clearly affected soil organic carbon, carbohydrate content and aggregate stability, while the ratio neutral sugar C / total organic C was mostly affected by season. Compared to the climax oak forest, the pine and eucalyptus stands exhibited a significant reduction in the content of carbohydrates, total organic C, total N and in aggregate stability, showinga decrease in soil quality.

EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER AND AVAILABLE MOISTURE ON THE YIELD AND N AND P CONTENT OF WHEAT AND ON SOIL NUTRIENTS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. HINMAN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
P Content ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Soluble P

Thatcher wheat was grown in tank-type lysimeters over a 7-yr period to determine the effect of fertilizer, two levels of available water and two cropping systems on the yield and nutrient content of grain and on some soil nutrients. Fertilizer did not change the yield of grain materially under natural rainfall. Added water only increased the yield by one-half and three-quarters of continuous wheat and fallow, respectively. Fertilizer with added water nearly doubled the yield of continuous wheat and increased by one-third the yield from the wheat-fallow rotation. The P content of the grain was not affected by fertilization, but was higher in the treatments to which additional water was applied than in those receiving natural rainfall only. It was also higher in continuous wheat than in fallow wheat. There was an interaction between the N and P uptake ratio and the N content of the grain. Fertilizer or additional water or both increased or decreased the N content, depending upon which way the N or P balance was shifted. Surplus available N not utilized by the crop grown with natural rainfall accumulated as nitrates at lower soil depths, particularly under the wheat-fallow system. All the NO3-N produced where supplemental water or water and fertilizer were applied was utilized and none accumulated. The organic N content of the surface soil increased along with a reduced loss in organic C where water and fertilizer were applied, as compared to the other treatments. Fertilizer application resulted in a sharp increase in NaHCO3 soluble P, particularly following the supplemental water plus fertilizer treatments where an excess of P was supplied with the fertilizer over that removed by the crop. There was an increased demand on soil P where water only was applied, and the soluble P content was appreciably reduced.

Soil properties following long-term application of stockpiled feedlot manure containing straw or wood-chip bedding under barley silage production

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
B. W. Beasley ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
X. Hao ◽  
F. J. Larney
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Total Organic C

Miller, J. J., Beasley, B. W., Drury, C. F., Hao, X. and Larney, F. J. 2014. Soil properties following long-term application of stockpiled feedlot manure containing straw or wood-chip bedding under barley silage production. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 389–402. The influence of long-term land application of stockpiled feedlot manure (SM) containing either wood-chip (SM-WD) or straw (SM-ST) bedding on soil properties during the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage growing season is unknown. The main objective of our study was determine the effect of bedding material in stockpiled manure (i.e., SM-WD vs. SM-ST) on certain soil properties. A secondary objective was to determine if organic amendments affected certain soil properties compared with unamended soil. Stockpiled feedlot manure with SM-WD or SM-ST bedding at 77 Mg (dry wt) ha−1 yr−1 was annually applied for 13 to 14 yr to a clay loam soil in a replicated field experiment in southern Alberta. There was also an unamended control. Soil properties were measured every 2 wk during the 2011 and 2012 growing season. Properties included water-filled pore space (WFPS), total organic C and total N, NH4-N and NO3-N, water-soluble non-purgeable organic C (NPOC), water-soluble total N (WSTN), denitrification (acetylene inhibition method), and CO2 flux. The most consistent and significant (P≤0.05) bedding effects on soil properties in both years occurred for total organic C, C:N ratio, and WSTN. Total organic C and C:N ratio were generally greater for SM-WD than SM-ST, and the reverse trend occurred for WSTN. Bedding effects on other soil properties (WFPS, NH4-N, NO3-N, NPOC) occurred in 2012, but not in 2011. Total N, daily denitrification, and daily CO2 flux were generally unaffected by bedding material. Mean daily denitrification fluxes ranged from 0.9 to 1078 g N2O-N ha−1 d−1 for SM-ST, 0.8 to 326 g N2O-N ha−1 d−1 for SM-WD, and 0.6 to 250 g N2O-N ha−1 d−1 for the CON. Mean daily CO2 fluxes ranged from 5.3 to 43.4 kg CO2-C ha−1 d−1 for SM-WD, 5.5 to 26.0 kg CO2-C ha−1 d−1 for SM-ST, and from 0.5 to 6.8 kg CO2-C ha−1 d−1 for the CON. The findings from our study suggest that bedding material in feedlot manure may be a possible method to manage certain soil properties.

The Effects of N and P Addition on the Soil Properties of a Eucalyptus urophylla Stand

2014 ◽  
Vol 700 ◽  
pp. 314-322
Author(s):  
Qiu Jing Li ◽  
Li Xue ◽  
Hong Yue Chen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
N Addition ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Biochemical Indices ◽  
P Addition ◽  
Total P

The effects of N and P addition on soil organic matter and nutrients, microbe and enzyme were investigated in a Eucalyptus urophylla stand to provide basis for soil management. Contents of organic matter, available P of N, P and N + P addition was significantly greater than the control, total N content of N and N+P addition was significant greater than the control, contents of total P, total K and available K of P and N + P addition was significantly greater than the control, available N content of N addition was significantly greater than the control, whereas that of P addition was significantly smaller than the control. N addition significantly increased the soil actinomyces number and urease activity, but had no significant effect on the number of soil bacteria and fungus, activities of phosphatase and catalase. Number of soil bacteria, fungus and actinomyces, activities of urease, phosphatase and catalase significantly increased after P addition, and biochemical indices except for bacteria number significantly increased after N + P addition.

scholarly journals Nitrogen availability effects on gas exchange measurements in field-grown maize (Zea mays L.) under irrigated Mediterranean conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e0806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Isla ◽  
Mónica Guillén ◽  
Montserrat Salmerón
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Leaf N

There are limited studies about the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency on leaf growth, N status, and photosynthetic capacity of maize grown under field conditions in a Mediterranean climate. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different levels of mineral N availability on leaf gas exchange parameters of sprinkler irrigated maize. The experiment was conducted in a conventional maize field located in the central part of the Ebro valley (Spain) during two seasons. Using a portable LICOR-6400 equipment, instantaneous measurements and light response curves to gas exchange were conducted in plots with different levels of N supply ranging from deficient (no fertilized) to over-fertilized (300 kg N/ha). In addition to gas exchange measurements, mineral soil N content, chlorophyll meter readings (CMR), leaf N content, and grain yield were measured in the different plots. Results showed that grain yield reached a plateau (14.5 Mg/ha) when the mineral N available was about 179 kg/ha. CMR were linearly and highly related to total N in ear leaves. The relationship between light-saturated leaf photosynthesis measurements and CMR was significant but very weak (R2=0.13) at V8 and V14 stages but increased later in the growing season (R2=0.52). Plants with intermediate levels of N supply (48<CMR<54) tended to have slightly higher assimilation rates than plants with higher CMR readings. As the available N increased, the saturation point, the light compensation point and significant increases of dark respiration rate were observed. Under the conditions of the study, leaf N contents of 1.9% in the ear leaf were enough to maximize leaf assimilation rates with no need to over-fertilize the maize crop.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document