scholarly journals Stand heterogeneity of total carbon and nitrogen, and C/N ratio in soil of mountain meadows

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vranová ◽  
P. Formánek ◽  
K. Rejšek ◽  
D. Janouš
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Mountain Meadows ◽  
Natural Difference

This study was aimed at monitoring the relative and absolute stand heterogeneity of total carbon, total nitrogen and C/N ratio in Ah-Ae-Btg-Bt horizons of Gleyic Luvisol on one mountain meadow divided into two study plots: one moderately (once a season) mown (plant community of the Nardo-Callunetea class) and one abandoned for about 12 years (plant community of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class). The heterogeneities were evaluated more than 2 months after the mowing of the moderately mown meadow at the end of July 2005. Relative stand heterogeneity was expressed using coefficient of variation (CV), absolute stand heterogeneity using the differences between maximum and minimum value. When both meadows were taken into account, the relative stand heterogeneity of total carbon in individual horizons was < 65%, < 73% (total nitrogen), and < 93% (C/N). Lower relative and absolute stand heterogeneity of these parameters was mostly on the abandoned meadow. Relatively higher differences of stand heterogeneity between the meadows were evident in deeper parts of the soil (horizon Btg) and the lowest mainly in horizon Ah (or Bt). The accelerated accumulation of dead organic matter in the autumn caused the natural difference of these inputs not to be substantially eliminated by the presence or absence of mowing. Accelerated eluviation of organic compounds of higher nitrogen content significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the C/N ratio in the Bt horizon (n = 6–8) of the abandoned meadow.

Carbon speciation and carbon isotopic characterization of agricultural soils in Emilia-Romagna Region (Northeastern Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Brombin ◽  
Gianluca Bianchini ◽  
Claudio Natali ◽  
Livia Vittori Antisari ◽  
Gloria Falsone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Northeastern Italy ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region ◽  
Isotopic Characterization

<p>The agricultural European Innovation Partnership (EIP-AGRI) Focus Group on Soil Organic Matter (SOM) content in Mediterranean regions highlighted the poor organic carbon (OC) content in the investigated soils, with some areas, especially in Southern Europe, showing low (≤2%) or even very low (≤1%) OC values. For this reason Emilia-Romagna Region (Northeastern Italy) invested heavily in the Rural Development Programme (RDP), which financed projects addressed to the needs of specific geographical areas. Among these, SaveSOC2 project (Save Soil Organic Carbon) aims to evaluate the quantity and quality of SOM in both conventional and organic farms from distinct pedo-climatic setting of Emilia-Romagna Region and with possible critical issues, in order to identify the best agricultural practices which could contribute to i) carbon conservation and sequestration in soil and ii) mitigation of SOM mineralization responsible for the greenhouses emissions. Here we report the data of the “Tassinari” organic farm located at Bondeno, near Ferrara city in Padania Plain, an area characterized by soil with very low amount of OC. In the selected organic farm, topsoil samples (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depth) were collected from strawberry fields and orchards converted from conventional to organic production since 1992. The soils have loam and silt loam texture, they are subalkaline (pH: 7.9-8.7) and nonsaline (EC: 0.1-0.2 dS m<sup>-1</sup>). To characterize the soil inorganic (SIC) and organic (SOC) carbon, for each sample, elemental and isotopic analyses were performed using the Thermally Based Separation protocol tested by Natali et al. (2018) with an EA-IRMS. As expected, the vertical distribution of carbon along each site showed a negative correlation between SIC and SOC contents, as IC slightly increase over depth while OC show a clear decline. Moreover, irrespectively of the sampling depth, the OC values (0.90-1.14 wt.%) are always lower than those of IC (1.04-2.50 wt.%). The relatively low negative δ<sup>13</sup>C values of the total carbon (from -12.1‰ to -9.0‰) reflect the predominance of SIC in the investigated topsoils. The low storage of organic matter in this area is also confirmed by the OC stock value in the topsoils, which is on average 42.6 Mg/ha. A Soli TOC Cube® was also used to discriminate the labile organic carbon (TOC<sub>400</sub>) and the residual oxidizable carbon (ROC) fractions, which are oxidized at temperature below and above 400°C, respectively. In all the investigated topsoils, the TOC<sub>400</sub> values (0.60-0.84 wt.%) are higher than those of ROC (0.21-0.28 wt.%), indicating large amount of “fresh” organic matter, and low amount of residual organic carbon. The high relative presence of labile OC pools, probably due to the soil fertilisation with easy available organic compounds, can be critical for SOM sequestration, preventing the accumulation of stabilised organic compounds.</p><p> </p><p>Natali C., Bianchini G., Vittori Antisari L. 2018. Thermal separation coupled with elemental and isotopic analysis: A method for soil carbon characterisation. Catena 164, 150-157.</p>

scholarly journals The Nitrogen Compounds of the Fundamental Rocks

1908 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Hall ◽  
N. H. J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Oxidation ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
London Clay

It has been shown that many rocks, when samples are taken from such a depth as precludes all possibility of weathering, contain nitrogen in amounts comparable to those present in soil, especially when the strata consist of indurated clays like the Lower Lias, Oxford, Kimmeridge or London Clay. Since the rocks also contain carbon the nitrogen is without doubt of organic origin; the carbon and nitrogen compounds represent the humus present in the clay when it was deposited, and are in fact the mineralised remains of that organic matter. When soil is produced by the weathering of such rocks these carbon and nitrogen compounds will remain wholly or in part in the soil and may there account for a considerable proportion of the total nitrogen they contain. It thus becomes of some importance to ascertain if this nitrogen is ever likely to become available for the plant by the normal processes of bacterial oxidation, or whether it has passed into such a state of combination as to be susceptible of no further change under such conditions as prevail in the soil. If the compounds are too mineralised or bituminised to be attacked by bacteria it would explain the fact that much of the nitrogen present in soils seems to remain permanently beyond the reach of plants. For example the soil of Broadbalk wheat field at Rothamsted, which had been cropped continuously with wheat for 50 years without the addition of any manure, still showed in 1893 very nearly 0·1 per cent. of nitrogen, equivalent to about 2500 lbs. per acre in the top 9 inches of soil; yet the average wheat crop on this plot only contains about 17 lbs. of nitrogen, of which 5 lbs. is supplied annually by the rain, without taking into account any further additions by the action of Azotobacter and kindred organisms.

Soil fertility changes in a red-brown earth under irrigated pastures. I. Changes in organic carbon/nitrogen ratio, Cation exchange capacity and pH

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Rixon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio

Organic matter and soil fertility changes under irrigated pastures were followed for 5 years at Deniliquin, N.S.W. The effects of three annual pastures and of three perennial pastures were studied. Four years after their establishment an organic matter layer (mat) had formed under all pastures, and after its formation there was no further accumulation of organic carbon in the 0–3 in. soil horizon. The mean annual increase in organic carbon was 625 lb/acre under annual pastures and 1146 lb/acre under perennial pastures. The carbon/nitrogen ratios of both soil and mats, and the relationships of both organic carbon and nitrogen to the cation exchange capacity of the mats, were similarly affected by the annual and perennial pastures. The heterogeneous nature of the mats obscured any differences in their carbon/nitrogen ratios, which ranged from 12.8 to 22.0. The cation exchange capacity of the 0–3 in. soil horizon remained unchanged. The cation exchange capacity of the organic matter of the mats was approximately 100 m-equiv./100 g. After mat formation the underlying soil had a pH of approximately 6.0 under clovers and 6.5 under ryegrasses. The pH values of the mats ranged from 5.9 to 6.6.

scholarly journals A CENTURY 5 model using for estimation of soil organic matter behaviour at predicted climate change

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sobocká ◽  
J. Balkovič ◽  
M. Lapin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

The trends of carbon sequestration behaviour have been estimated for the most fertile soil type of Slovakia based on the prognosticated regional climate change scenario. The processes were modelled and simulated by CENTURY 5 model to provide these inputs: predicted information about quantification of carbon and nitrogen fluxes, and primary net of organic matter production. Soil conditions were represented by the soil type calcareous Haplic Chernozem (Danubian lowland), and the climatic scenario was related to the meteorological station Hurbanovo modelled for the period of 2005&minus;2090. The dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen was assessed using a conventional cropping system, concretely for 5-years crop rotation winter wheat-maize-oats (feed)-alfalfa-alfalfa modified into two alternatives: with fertilisation and without irrigation (ALT1), and excluding fertilisation and irrigation (ALT2). The model CENTURY 5 provides the simulation of three soil organic matter pools: the active (labile) pool (C<sub>L</sub>), the slow (sequestration) pool (C<sub>S</sub>), and the passive (resistant) pool (C<sub>P</sub>). The results of the model simulation for the conventional crop rotation predict that the supplies of active and slow SOM pools (C<sub>L</sub>, C<sub>S</sub>) do not show any statistically significant decreasing tendency in relation to the expected climate scenario. A moderately linear decreasing trend is expected with the passive SOM pool (C<sub>P</sub>), however, this decreasing tendency is not recognised during total carbon running (C<sub>TOT</sub>). I.e., in the future conventional crop-rotation farming no significant climate change impacts on total carbon sequestration will be presumed. In the case of ALT1, the model shows a gradual but very moderate decrease mainly with CS pool, and in that of ALT2 a significant decreasing trend is recognised with all SOM pools, mainly with CS pool. Amazing is the finding that in the case of non-irrigated but fertilised cropping system (in dry weather), the anticipated significant decrease in carbon sequestration was not observed, however, more drastic changes can be predicted in the non-fertilised and non-irrigated alternative. The average aboveground live carbon and belowground live carbon in both alternative cropping systems in relation to the conventional one have been compared. It was, estimated: in ATL1, that the primary net of organic matter decreased by almost 38% (aboveground live C) and by 43% (belowground live C), and in ALT2 by 43% (aboveground live C) and 45% (belowground live C), respectively. All these findings can be considered as the modelling outputs at the given input data, not as a firmly confirmed prognosis. Nevertheless, the achieved results of CENTURY 5 modelling assume that in the case of sufficient fertilisation and irrigation with well-managed cropping rotation practice under fertile soil conditions of Slovakia, no serious changes in carbon supplies in all SOM pools can be expected.

A comparison of the organic matter, biomass, adenosine triphosphate and mineralizable nitrogen contents of ploughed and direct-drilled soils

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Powlson ◽  
D. S. Jenkinson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen

SUMMARYSoil samples were taken from four field experiments on the growth of cereals in direct-drilled and in mouldboard-ploughed soil. When sampled, one of the experiments had run for 5 years, one for 6, one for 8 and one for 10 years. Sampling was to just below plough depth and was done on an ‘equivalent depth’ basis, i.e. the more compact direct-drilled plots were sampled more shallowly than the ploughed plots in such a way that both samples represented the same weight of soil per unit area. No significant differences in total nitrogen or in total organic carbon were observed between cultivation treatments at any of the four sites.In three of the four sites, there was no significant difference in microbial biomass carbon, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), or mineralizable nitrogen between directdrilled and ploughed soils. In the fourth, which contained more clay than the others, there was slightly more biomass carbon and ATP in the direct-drilled soil. As microbial biomass carbon (or ATP, which is closely correlated with microbial biomass carbon) responds more rapidly to changes in management than do total carbon and nitrogen, a change in biomass carbon should provide early warning of changes in soil organic matter, long before changes in total carbon and nitrogen become measurable. That no such change was observed, with one partial exception, is evidence that a change from traditional methods of cultivation to direct drilling has little effect on soil organic matter other than altering its distribution in the soil profile.

Impacts on soil organic matter quantity and composition of a prescribed fire in a eucalypt forest (Sydney, Australia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Santin ◽  
Agustin Merino ◽  
Parvaneh Sayyad-Amin ◽  
Stefan H. Doerr
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sydney Australia

&lt;p&gt;In this presentation, we will assess the direct impacts of a prescribed fire on the quantity and composition of organic matter in oligotrophic soils of a dry eucalypt forest (Warragamba, Sydney, Australia). Samples of the litter layer and surface soils horizons (Oa and Ah) were collected immediately before and after the fire. The prescribed fire was carried out September 2014 and was classified of moderate to high severity. In addition to litter and soil, samples of ash (burnt litter) were also collected after the fire.&amp;#160; In order to monitor the temperatures reached by the different soil organic matter pools during the fire, we installed thermologgers at the litter layer (n=30), the surface of the Oa soil horizon (n = 9), and at 1 cm depth within the Ah soil horizon (n =4). All samples were characterized by elemental analysis (total carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen), thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry and, a selected subset by solid-state &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C nuclear magnetic resonance. The observed changes in quantity and characteristics of the different organic matter pools will be discussed and the relationships between these changes and the temperatures recorded during the burn explored.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Geochemical Properties of Peat Soil in Sarawak - A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 1417-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teong Ing Tong ◽  
Felix Ngee Leh Ling
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
The North ◽  
Geochemical Properties

In geotechnical field, peat soil is defined as soil which is formed by accumulation of purely one hundred percent organic matter and which the distinction between soil and vegetative accumulation is not clear. The main objectives of this review paper are to summarize and compare the geochemical properties of peat soil in different districts of Sarawak. Case studies that have been chosen covered central of Sarawak up to the North of Sarawak. Geochemical properties of peat soil that being observed are pH, total carbon, organic matter, bulk density and the total nitrogen. Geochemical properties are found to be governed by the types of material inside the soil and also strongly correlated with the engineering properties of soil. Notably showed that the types of organic matter, namely fibre and/or humidified organic inside the soil will influence the soil porosity. The findings of the studies showed that geochemical properties of the peat soil in different districts of Sarawak is site dependent and could be affected by the different land use or land activities. The differences in land use and land activities affected the bulk density, pH and types of organic matter in the soil. The result indicated that peat soil land in different district can categorized as acidic soil because of the pH range is between 3.3-3.75. For the bulk density, the lowest value is recorded at the Dalat sago plantation site, which is 0.14 g/cm3. For the value of the total carbon, peat soil from the Laogan Bunut National Park is the lowest, 47.6%. Furthermore, total carbon is related to the soil organic matter, coincidentally the value of soil organic matter in Miri found to be the lowest which is 74.59%. Result for the total nitrogen, there are little difference between the district. Range of the total nitrogen is from 0.9% to 2.4%, Sibu site is getting the lowest value in this case.

scholarly journals ORGANIC MATTER AND SOIL FERTILITY IN DIFFERENT SUCCESSIONAL STAGES OF SEASONAL SEMIDECIDUAL FOREST

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-188
Author(s):  
Deivid Lopes Machado ◽  
Marcos Gervasio Pereira ◽  
Lauana Lopes dos Santos ◽  
Anderson Ribeiro Diniz ◽  
Roni Fernandes Guareschi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Semideciduous Forest ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Transformation Of Organic Matter

ABSTRACT The accumulation and transformation of organic matter in the soil are fundamental for the maintenance and improvement of the chemical, physical, and biological attributes of the soil, and consequently, for the tropical forests functioning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of secondary forests with different successional stages on soil organic matter, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and soil fertility. Three areas of seasonal semideciduous forest, located in Pinheiral - RJ, with different successional stages were selected: initial stage forest - ISF, medium stage forest - MSF, and advanced stage forest - ASF. The values of total carbon and nitrogen, C and N stocks, δ13C (‰) isotope, chemical and granulometric fractionation of soil organic matter, and soil fertility were determined. Based on the values of δ 13C (‰), it was verified that most of the soil carbon of the different successional stages comes from forest species (C3 plants). The areas with the highest succession time (MSF and ASF) possess higher levels of carbon and nitrogen contents and stocks, and carbon associated with minerals compared to ISF. In addition, ASF showed increased phosphorus, fulvic acid, humic acid, whereas soil density exhibited reduced values when compared to that of other areas. The MSF showed, in general, greater fertility of the soil. This study emphasizes the importance of secondary forests that, even in the initial stages of succession, have great potential to store and stabilize organic carbon in the soil.

scholarly journals Transformation of organic substances in the conjugate series of surface waters of North Karelia

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Drozdova ◽  
S. M. Ilina ◽  
N. A. Anokhina ◽  
Yu. A. Zavgorodnyaya ◽  
V. V. Demin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Conjugate Series

In this study, compositions of organic matter were investigated in the conjugate series of natural waters, including that from soil water, wetlands, streams, and lakes. In determinations of compositions of aliphatic and benzoic acids and humic substances, humic substances comprised the bulk of dissolved organic carbon, with 28% in lake waters and 57% in waters of wetlands and a weighted average molecular mass of 1 kDa. Aliphatic and benzoic acids comprised ≤ 2% of the total carbon content of water-soluble organic compounds. Transformations of dissolved organic matter occurred in a series of surveyed waters. Specifically, compositions and specific characteristics are dynamic, and increases in the fraction with a molecular weight of < 1 kDa were associated with photo- and bio-degradation of macromolecular organic compounds.

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