scholarly journals Evaluation of Glycosyl-Hydrolases, Phosphatases, Esterases and Proteases as Potential Biomarker for NaCl-Stress Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Varieties

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Reyes-Pérez ◽  
Francisco Higinio Ruiz-Espinoza ◽  
Luis Guillermo Hernández-Montiel ◽  
Barbara de Lucía ◽  
Giuseppe Cristiano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Nacl Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Potential Biomarker

Salinity stress limited the production in over 30% of irrigated crops and 7% of dryland agriculture worldwide. The objective was to evaluate the effects of NaCl-stress on the enzymatic activity in tomato. Two experiments were carried out in germination and early vegetative growth stages. The activity of proline and peroxidase of eight varieties (Missouri, Yaqui, Vita, Feroz, Rio Grande, Tropic, Ace, and Floradade) submitted to NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM de NaCl) and the semi-quantitative activity of 19 enzymes APY ZYM® were measured under a completely randomized design with four replications. Data were analyzed using univariate-multivariate analysis of variance, Tukey’s HSD (p = 0.05), canonical discriminant and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences between varieties and NaCl in proline content. Proline increased as the NaCl concentration increased. Peroxidase did no show significant differences. Eight enzymes were included within the model to properly classify the varieties and NaCl. In shoots, varieties and NaCl showed that enzymatic activity was higher in the order of alkaline-phosphatase > leucine arylamidase > acid phosphatase > naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase > n-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase > β-galactosidase, while in roots was higher in the order of alkaline-phosphatase > naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase > acid phosphatase > n-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. Acid and alkali phosphatase, lipase, esterase, β-galactosidase, and trypsin can be a potential biomarker for NaCl-stress tolerance in tomato.

scholarly journals The effect of different copper doses and organic fertilisation on soil’s enzymatic activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Beata Kuziemska ◽  
Andrzej Wysokiński ◽  
Joanna Trębicka
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Organic Fertilisation

A three-year pot experiment carried out in the vegetation hall in 2014–2016 included studying the enzymatic activity of soil, into which various amounts of copper: (100, 200 and 300 mg Cu/kg soil) and organic materials (cattle manure, chicken manure, post-mushroom substrate) were introduced, used separately, at a soil-introduction dose of 2 g C<sub>org</sub>/kg. Copper and organic materials were used once, only in the first year of the study, before sowing test plant orchard grass. In soil collected after the last (fourth) swath of grass in each year of the study, the activity of urease, dehydrogenases, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was determined. Applications of copper to the soil, regardless of its dose, resulted in a decrease in urease, dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase and an increase in acid phosphatase activity. The inactivating effect of this metal on the activity of urease, dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase increased with the increase of its dose. Organic fertilisation generally increased the enzymatic activity of the analysed soil. In subsequent years of the study, urease and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased, while acid phosphatase activity increased. Dehydrogenase activity did not change significantly in subsequent years of the study.  

Mercury and other potentially toxic elements in the Sierra Gorda (Queretaro area, Mexico): affection to enzymatic activity in soils.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Higueras ◽  
Karen Arroyo ◽  
JuanAntonio Campos ◽  
Jesus Peco ◽  
JoseMaria Esbrí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Study Sites

&lt;p&gt;Cinnabar mining, to obtain mercury, is still an important activity for the residents of the Sierra Gorda in Mexico, so this activity is currently source of mercury emission and possibly of other potentially toxic elements (PTE). In this work, seven study sites, located in areas with presence of exploitations of active or decommissioned mercury mines, have been studies with the aim of characterizing its occurrence and their effects on soil health.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Biogeochemical analyses have been carried out with the purpose of identifying the key factors related with nutritional and toxicological status of these soils, looking for possible relationships between mercury, PTEs and their impact on the enzymatic activity of the soil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The values &amp;#8203;&amp;#8203;obtained for total mercury ranged from 5 to 159 ppm; comparing these values with those from an uncontaminated area, we observe that all zones are above reference range (0.01 to 0.03 mg/kg) and that four of them exceed the maximum permissible limits (23 mg/kg), according to Mexican regulations. Other measured PTE elements were Pb, with a range between 18.7 to 814.1 mg/kg; Cu between 45.4 to 94.2 mg/kg; Zn between 145.1 to 555.8 mg/kg; As between 30.5 to 1590 mg/kg; and Sb between 18.3 to 169.6 mg/kg. &amp;#160;Comparing with other areas, anomalous concentrations of trace elements in soils with the following values are considered: Pb up to 10,000 mg/kg, Cu up to 2,000 mg/kg, Zn up to 10,000 mg/kg and As up to 2500 mg/kg; none of the determined elements exceeds these reference values. In the case of enzymatic activities, a range between 111.36 and 332.38 &amp;#181;gTPF g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; was obtained with dehydrogenase. These values are slightly higher compared to other Hg contaminated soils (110 &amp;#181;gTPF g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) described by this team. For the acid phosphatase, a range between 516.72 to 1606.34 &amp;#181;gPNF g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;; and for alkaline phosphatase a range between 1624.92 to 4070.82 &amp;#181;gPNF g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. These values correspond to those measured in Sokolov, Czech Republic, ranging from 381 to 1510 &amp;#181;gPNF g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for acid phosphatase and 455 to 4820 &amp;#181;gPNF g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for alkaline phosphatase measured in topsoil layer from spoil heaps after brown coal mining.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our results show that the soil has contents of PTE elements indicating low pollution degree, except for Hg, registering concentrations above the maximum permissible limits for non-industrial soils; however, the results of the enzymatic activity reflect a &quot;good&quot; activity. Therefore, the incidence of the presence of these metals in the soil health, as measured through enzymatic activity, does not have a significant impact and the studied soils can be considered as suitable for commercial, residential or agricultural uses.&lt;/p&gt;

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNE RESPONSE AND HYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN RAT MONONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 795-803
Author(s):  
Fred S. Shults ◽  
John M. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Hydrolase Activity ◽  
Cytoplasmic Granules ◽  
Mononuclear Leucocytes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stimulation Of

Studies of differences in hydrolase activity of peritoneal mononuclear leucocytes from normal rats and rats given three injections of killed Francisella tularensis vaccine demonstrated increases of 37–69% in ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in lysates of cells obtained from vaccinated animals. No deviation from normal was observed for B-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase, or cathepsin. Following a single injection of vaccine the activity of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase decreased slightly and then increased, reaching a maximum of 96 h and returning to normal levels after 30 d. Stimulation of the animals with a second injection of vaccine at 96 h resulted in an immediate and pronounced depression in activity of deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase which also was followed by an increase similar to that observed initially. Analysis of the various leucocytic fractions revealed 52.2–56.4% of the total enzymatic activity to be associated with the cytoplasmic granules.

scholarly journals Histological structure of the digestive tract and digestive enzymatic activity of juvenile Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens)

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-575
Author(s):  
Daniela Corona-Rojas ◽  
Renato Peña ◽  
Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo ◽  
Dariel Tovar-Ramírez ◽  
Patricia Hinojosa-Baltazar
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Acid Mucins

The histological structure, histochemical features, and enzymatic activity of the digestive tract of juvenile Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) are described to provide information during the cultivation of this species. Serial histological sections were stained with either hematoxylin-eosin, alcian blue-PAS, toluidine blue, Sudan black, Masson's trichome, and ninhydrin-Schiff to describe the general features and the presence of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, lipids, muscle layers, and proteins, respectively. The enterocytes height and the mucosal villi height in the esophagus and intestines were measured. Additionally, the digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were recorded. The esophagus showed two distinctive regions, the anterior with numerous mucous cells secreting acid mucins and the posterior with longitudinal folds and no mucous cells. The intestine was differentiated into three regions. The anterior showed goblet cells secreting acid and neutral mucins, while the middle and posterior regions presented goblet cells secreting only acid mucins. The activity of aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, and amylase showed low levels, while the trypsin and acid phosphatase activity levels were intermediate. Lipase and alkaline phosphatase showed the highest activities. The results point that juvenile H. ingens presents a digestive structure similar to other teleost species. The high levels of lipase suggest that juvenile H. ingens have high requirements for lipids during this stage.

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION. XVII. HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DECIDUALIZATION IN THE RAT

1965 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertha L. Lobel ◽  
Liliane Tic ◽  
M. C. Shelesnyak
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Histochemical Analysis ◽  
Metrial Gland ◽  
Histochemical Changes

ABSTRACT Histochemical changes in the activities of acid phosphatase, considered to be characteristic of lysosomes, and of alkaline and adenosinetriphosphatase, were studied during the period of regression of deciduomata in the uterus of the pseudopregnant rat. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosinetriphosphatase declined rapidly prior to and during the period of involution. A rise in the activity of acid phosphatase began antimesometrially at the periphery of the deciduomata, before shrinkage was evident in the histological preparations. Acid phosphatase activity remained high during the period of regression and subsequently declined. Enzymatic activity was also high in the metrial gland cells, and in the macrophages which appeared in the uterus and apparently contributed to the breakdown and removal of the deciduomata. Changes were also demonstrated in the amount of free lipids and connective tissue components of the uterus. Great variability was noted in the appearance of uteri from animals killed at the same time intervals following stimulation during the period of regression of deciduomata and this variability was related to the time of occurrence of the first ovulation terminating the period of pseudopregnancy in deciduomata bearing rats.

scholarly journals Dehydrogenases, urease and phosphatases activities of soil contaminated with fungicides

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jastrzębska ◽  
J. Kucharski
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Soil Enzymes ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Dose Method ◽  
Negative Effect

A greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of the fungicides containing cyprodinil as well as dimoxystrobin and epoxiconazole on the activity of soil enzymes: dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, depending on fungicide dose (0 &minus; control, 1 &minus; recommended dose, 10-fold dose and 100-fold dose), the method of soil management (soil cropped with spring barley cv. Start, and uncropped soil) and the time of fungicide action (14, 28, 42 and 56 days). The experiment was established on Eutric Cambisols with pH<sub>KCl</sub> = 6.7. It was found that the enzymatic activity of the soil was affected primarily by such factors as fungicide dose, method of soil management and time of fungicide action, and to a much lesser degree by the type of fungicide. Fungicide contamination of the soil significantly inhibited the activity of dehydrogenases and urease, and produced a significant negative effect (100-fold dose) on spring barley yield. A higher activity of dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was recorded in the soil cropped with spring barley cv. Start.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF LYO- AND DESMOENZYMES IN TISSUE SECTIONS WITH AND WITHOUT FIXATION

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin M. Nachlas ◽  
William Prinn ◽  
Arnold M. Seligman
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Tissue Section ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Tissue Sections

1. Tissue sections eight microns thick were exposed to various experimental conditions used in histochemistry, and the effect upon the activities of esterase, the phosphatases, leucine aminopeptidase, ß-glucuronidase, and arylsulfatase was determined colorimetrically. 2. Significant differences were found in the amounts of the lyo and desmo fractions of these enzymes. The desmo components were found to be for esterase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, ß-glucuronidase, and arylsulfatase, ⅓, 2/3, 2/3, ½, ⅛, and ⅛ of the total enzymatic activity respectively. 3. Variations in the time and in the temperature at which diffusion was studied and of the pH and salt concentration of the solution into which the sections were placed, resulted in differences in the amount of enzymatic activity which remained in the tissue section. Some enzyme loss by diffusion was noted even after fixation of the tissue section. 4. The significance of the findings with respect to some of the concepts of localization of enzymes in tissue sections was discussed.

scholarly journals Further Studies on the Lyo and Desmo Components of Several Hydrolytic Enzymes and Their Histochemical Significance

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Hannibal ◽  
Marvin M. Nachlas
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
And Diffusion

This report describes additional studies of the lyo and desmo components of esterase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and ß-glucuronidase. The techniques used have already been reported (7). Enzyme diffusion occurs to different degrees in different fixatives, and varies somewhat with each enzyme. Loss of enzymatic activity during fixation occurs as a result of both inactivation due to the chemical reaction of the fixative with the enzymic protein, and diffusion of the lyo component into the fixative. The amount of diffusion into formalin can be reduced by the addition of salts, sucrose, or methocel. The pH of the aqueous medium significantly influences the removal of the lyo fraction from the tissue section. A striking similarity can be noted in the proportions of each fraction of enzyme present in the kidney of the rat, dog, and man. The procedure of fixation and paraffin embedding of tissue blocks does not wholly prevent the diffusion of the lyo component from the tissue sections when they are subsequently immersed in the aqueous incubation medium.

scholarly journals Microbial Activity of a Plinthosol With Application of Thiamethoxam Insecticide and Biochar

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Fernanda Salles Cunha Peres ◽  
Fabiano André Petter ◽  
Daniela Tiago da Silva Campos ◽  
Heiriane Martins Sousa ◽  
Larissa Borges de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Soil Microbiology ◽  
Multivariate Statistical

Although thiamethoxam is an insecticide widely used in agriculture, its high mobility and persistence in the soil can result in contamination of groundwater and alteration in biogeochemical cycles. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of biochar, NPK fertilizer and thiamethoxam insecticide on soil microbial properties. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design composed of the doses combination of mineral fertilizer NPK (0 and 300 kg ha-1 of the formulated 05-25-15), and biochar (0, 8, 16 and 32 t ha-1) in the absence and presence of thiamethoxam. Deformed soil samples were collected in all plots in the 0 to 0.10 m layer to determine the activity of the enzymes: acid and alkaline phosphatase, beta glucosidase and urease, beyond the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration rate (C-CO2) and metabolic quotient (qCO2). To compare soil microbiology before and after the application of thiamethoxam, multivariate statistical techniques were used. The application of biochar resulted in increased enzymatic activity of urease, acid phosphatase, increase of qCO2 and basal respiration and reduction of MBC. In contrast, the application of the thiamethoxam insecticide suppressed the enzymatic activity of urease, acid phosphatase, resulting, however, in the elevation of alkaline phosphatase and basal respiration of the soil. Biochar application at doses greater than or equal to 16 t ha-1 resulted in elevation of qCO2 and reduction of MBC, regardless of the absence or presence of NPK chemical fertilization. Biochar effect on soil microbiological attributes is less significant than the effect of thiamethoxam application.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Activity of Prototheca zopfii Strains Isolated from Cows with Mastitis

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRYK KRUKOWSKI ◽  
ANDRZEJ LISOWSKI ◽  
BOŻENA NOWAKOWICZ-DĘBEK ◽  
ŁUKASZ WLAZŁO
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Prototheca Zopfii ◽  
Leucine Arylamidase

Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. can be a disease of high significance because of economic losses and the potential risk to public health. The aim of our study was to evaluate enzymatic activity of Prototheca zopfii. For this study, we used 15 P. zopfii strains previously isolated from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis in Poland. We determined enzymatic profile of Prototheca species using the API ZYM system. Of the enzymatic activities detected during the study, acid phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, naphthol-as-bi-phosphohydrolase, esterase, lipase esterase, valine arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase C14 were found in high percentage of strains.

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