scholarly journals Efficiency development of Czech foreign trade in high-technology products and high-value agricultural products

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ševela
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Technology Products

High efficiency of foreign trade is achieved in export of the commodities that are not only price competitive. The high-technology manufactures usually have the highest value added. The same is true for high-value agricultural products. The article concentrates on the comparison of exports of the Czech economy and other selected transition economies of Central Europe with economies of the European Union members, the United States and Japan using the coefficient of transformation output and the relative specialisation ratio on high-technology intensive commodities and high-value agricultural products. We can conclude that the efficiency gap of Czech economy and of the selected economies of Central Europe increased in the first half of the nineties. The trends of the second half of the nineties are quite different. The gap in efficiency of foreign trade is slowly decreasing and the analysed transition economies overcame the weakest economies of the EU members.

scholarly journals To the issue of prospects and problems of organic production of agricultural products in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Salnikova ◽  
◽  
N. A. Makarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
State Certification ◽  
Certification System ◽  
Organic Products

Organizational production of agricultural products is used to preserve the natural environment and to preserve the quality of the products. The development of organic wines in the light of 100 years and over the course of the period has become insane, as for the correct organization of it, you can preserve ecological, social, and commercial transfers. The organizational structure has become a warehouse part of the bio-economy and circular economy, which is a priority for the economic development of the European Union, the USA, Great Britain, the Great Britain, the Republic of Korea, Japan, and the United States of America. For determining the prospects and problems of organic production of agricultural products, general scientific methods were used such as publicity, systematization, analysis, and synthesis, of the scientific literature and normative documents. For an additional analysis of regulatory documents, a procedure for certifying the authorities of the United States, the European Union and Ukraine has been established. Ukraine, in turn, began to take the first steps towards organic production in the late 1990s. It was at this time that she began to grow organic grain and opened export lines for its transportation to other countries, mainly Europe. Ukraine remains a leader in the production and export of organic cereals. Export competitive advantages of national agar products are lower production costs and logistics support. Ukraine continues to increase its organic production capacity - an increasing number of operators are appearing in this sector of agricultural production. As of 2019, the share of organic production of crop products in Ukraine is 1.4% (5th place in the world in terms of growth rate of organic agriculture), which is 467.9 thousand hectares of the total area of agricultural land in 32, 7 million hectares, as well as 470 operators of organic production. The dynamics of changes in organic agricultural production in Ukraine indicates a general trend of increasing their number, but in some periods, there is a decrease due to the economic and political situation in the country and changes in legislation in this area. Ukraine has significant advantages of organic production, which include a high level of soil fertility, favorable climatic conditions, traditional orientation as an agrarian state. Also, the price of Ukrainian products is lower than the minimum price of organic products of European countries. In the organic production of crops use methods that optimize the biological activity of soils, provide a balanced supply of nutrients to plants. At the same time, there are problems in Ukraine that hinder the development of organic production. In particular, the diversity of the territory in terms of the level of pollution of environmental components, lack of practical application of innovations and modern technologies of agricultural production. The lack of state support for organic producers and state certification system (including qualified specialists for its implementation). Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 21, 2020, № 1032 "On approval of the Procedure for certification of organic production and / or circulation of organic products and amendments to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 23, 2019, № 970" approved the stages of certification. Was made the comparison of approaches to the certification of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine shows that they meet European and American standards. However, the absence of a state certification body that certifies organic producers and accredits private certification bodies makes it impossible for state control over organic market operators and the functioning of state certification. The current certification system in Ukraine does not cover the issue of soil contamination or other components of environment, which may affect the quality and safety of organic products. In Ukraine, enterprises in various sectors of the economy use outdated technologies, which can cause soil contamination of agricultural lands, and, accordingly, affect the quality of organic products. Currently, the Laws of Ukraine and the Cabinet of Ministers do not require: the location of the organic agricultural enterprise; content of harmful substances in the soil (including the content of radionuclides and pesticide residues); content in the soil of nutrients that can ensure the production of quality agricultural products and confirm the activities of the farm aimed at maintaining soil fertility. To guarantee the quality of organic products, it is advisable in the certification procedure to consider the level of fertility and soil contamination of agricultural lands, as well as the availability of sources of environmental pollution in the location of the organic producer. Given the above, it is advisable to introduce criteria for assessing the compliance of soils with the requirements of organic production. This approach can guarantee the safety and quality of organic products. During the organization of organic production of agricultural products in Ukraine, the issues of criteria for assessing compliance with regulatory requirements, documentation to be kept by the operator of organic production, etc.

scholarly journals FOREIGN TRADE SPATIAL DYNAMICS AND PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (196) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
V.N. Minat ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

As part of the study of agricultural production, as one of the leading export-oriented sectors of the US economy, the dynamics of foreign trade in American agricultural products, which is objectively recognizable in the categorical and economic evolution of spatial patterns, is considered. The latter are considered in the context of the global regional structure of agricultural exports and imports of the United States in 1946–2019 and the features of stimulating the export of American agricultural products in the context of the main regions and countries of the world for the same period of time. Based on the synthesis of historical/evolutionary and spatial approaches, methodologically filled with methods of abstract-logical and statistical-economic analysis of official American statistics, the provisions on geo-economic conjuncture, expansionism and protectionism of US foreign trade in the world/global agricultural market are empirically proved.

scholarly journals TRADE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNDER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Mashkara-Choknadiy ◽  
Yuriy Mayboroda
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The pandemic of COVID-19 has influenced all sectors of social life, including the global economy and trade relations. The year of 2020 was marked with significant changes in internal and foreign economic policy of almost all nations. The purpose of the paper is to study the measures taken by the EU and the USA as the world's leading economies to regulate their foreign trade in the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The tasks of the study are to show the influence of the crisis on changes of global trade policy in front of the threat to national security. Methodology. The study is based on the results of statistical analysis of data provided the WTO and the UNCTAD. The authors show an analytical assessment of the foreign trade indicators of the EU and the USA. Methods of comparison and generalization were used to formulate conclusions on regulatory trends in foreign trade of the US and the EU. Results allowed identifying specific features and changes in the regulation of foreign trade of the EU and the US, assessing the impact of the pandemic on their foreign trade. It was found that both mentioned players of the world economy have actively introduced both deterrent and liberalization measures during 2020, which were aimed at providing the domestic market with scarce COVID-related goods. The study shows the transition from export restricting to import liberalizing measures in foreign trade policies from the start of pandemic to the late 2020. Practical implications. Understanding and predicting the possible actions of partners (the US and the EU in this case) in the field of foreign trade regulation is an important practical aspect, which has to be taken into account when developing Ukraine's foreign trade policy. Value/originality. The study of foreign trade policy of the world's leading countries allows us to understand the behavior of governments of the countries that are largely dependent on participation in international trade in their development, to draw conclusions about the most common instruments of foreign trade policy in the time of humanitarian and economic crises.

scholarly journals Industrial method of decontamination of dimethoate containing wastewater

2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Vasylenko ◽  
Marina Sidorenko ◽  
Saulius Mickevičius
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Wastewater Disposal

The problem of wastewater disposal affects not only third countries, but also world giants such as China or the United States of America. The European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States are no exception. The increasing use of organophosphate pesticides requires the search for new, more efficient and cheaper ways to dispose of their residual amounts. The existing methods of disposal of toxic waste are costly, ineffective, and environmentally hazardous. The optimal solution can be a chemical system for decontamination of wastewater directly at the place of their origin, for example, at the production of pesticide formulations and agro-industrial facilities. This article presents the results of studying the effectiveness of the chemical system for the destruction of organophosphorus compounds based on hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide in relation to dimethoate. The results of the scaling of the decontamination process are presented and an installation for the technological process of wastewater disposal is proposed. The research results show a high reactivity of the system under study and a high efficiency level of the described technological process.

scholarly journals Growing environmental footprint of plastics driven by coal combustion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Cabernard ◽  
Stephan Pfister ◽  
Christopher Oberschelp ◽  
Stefanie Hellweg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Socioeconomic Impacts ◽  
Carbon Footprints ◽  
Production And Consumption

AbstractResearch on the environmental impacts from the global value chain of plastics has typically focused on the disposal phase, considered most harmful to the environment and human health. However, the production of plastics is also responsible for substantial environmental, health and socioeconomic impacts. We show that the carbon and particulate-matter-related health footprint of plastics has doubled since 1995, due mainly to growth in plastics production in coal-based economies. Coal-based emissions have quadrupled since 1995, causing almost half of the plastics-related carbon and particulate-matter-related health footprint in 2015. Plastics-related carbon footprints of China’s transportation, Indonesia’s electronics industry and India’s construction sector have increased more than 50-fold since 1995. In 2015, plastics caused 4.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, 6% of global coal electricity is used for plastics production. The European Union and the United States have increasingly consumed plastics produced in coal-based economies. In 2015, 85% of the workforce required for plastics consumed by the European Union and the United States was employed abroad, but 80% of the related value added was generated domestically. As high-income regions have outsourced the energy-intensive steps of plastics production to coal-based economies, renewable energy investments throughout the plastics value chain are critical for sustainable production and consumption of plastics.

scholarly journals Foreign Trade of the European Union : Dominant Fluctuations

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Gladkov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
International Commodity ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the most important changes that have taken place over the past five years in the dynamics and geographical structure of foreign trade relations of the European Union (EU) as the largest entity in the system of modern international commodity trade. It is shown that, despite such rather unfavorable external factors as the increase in general turbulence in world commodity trade, the expansion of the zone of protectionist and sanctions measures, trade conflicts, the EU was able to maintain its dominant position in international commodity exchange. At the same time, the European Union has pushed the main competitors, as the latest statistics show a significant decrease in the share of the North American free trade Association (NAFTA, consisting of the United States, Canada, Mexico) and Japan in international exports. Continuing to pursue a balanced foreign trade policy, the EU used its traditional instruments not only to increase its activity in general and outside the European region, but also to maintain a positive balance of foreign trade. In addition, there are hopes for the resumption of goodneighbourly trade relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation, which have been complicated in recent years by the introduction and extension of sanctions measures by the EU and Russia's response. The author presents new statistical materials, numerous calculated data, for the first time introduced into the domestic scientific circulation.

scholarly journals Comparative advantages in Polish export to the European Union — food products vs selected groups of non-food products

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-308
Author(s):  
Iwona Szczepaniak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Food Products ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Research Period ◽  
The Eu

Research background: Globalisation and economic integration are the reasons for which the competitiveness of economic entities is analysed more and more often in the context of their relations with the international market. One of the ways to assess the competitiveness of the Polish food sector is an analysis of comparative (relative) advantages in the export of this sector’s products. Purpose of the article: The objective of this paper is to assess comparative advantages in Polish export of food products to the European Union against a background of selected groups of non-food products. Methods: The study used the B. Balassa’s revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index. The study is preceded by a brief review of foreign trade results. The source of data was the WITS-Comtrade commercial database. The analysis was carried out at the level of the HS sections (in commodity terms). The research period covered the years 2003–2015. Findings & Value added: In the years 2003–2015, export of food increased nearly six times and its import — more than 4.5 times. The major partners of Poland as regards trade in food were the EU countries. The food sector was one of few sectors of the economy with the positive trade balance. Polish export to the EU was characterised by a diversified level of comparative advantages. From among 20 HS sections, in 2015 Poland had comparative advantages in export to the EU countries for products from 10 sections (2 food and 8 non-food). Those products accounted for 11% and 70% of Polish export to the EU, respectively. The development of Polish foreign trade in food products during the Polish membership in the EU as well as fairly high comparative advantages in the export of these products to the EU indicate the competitiveness and significant importance of the Polish food sector for the national economy.

scholarly journals Foreign trade relations between the Republic of Korea and the United States in the context of the development of integration processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-841
Author(s):  
Inna V. Andronova ◽  
Natalia V. Dyuzheva ◽  
Kirill A. Andronov
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liberal Trade

The article examines the process of concluding, implementing and updating the Free Trade Agreement between the USA and South Korea, highlights the main problematic aspects of the functioning of the free trade area and the consequences for the bilateral trade of countries. The study found that South Korea benefited significantly from the negotiated liberal trade regime with the USA. The trade balance surplus of South Korea with the USA sharply increased - to a historic maximum of 25 billion dollars (in 2015), also South Korean exports of high-tech goods and high value-added goods increased significantly. For the USA, participation in the agreement led to an increase in the trade balance deficit and in the export of resources, agricultural goods and low value-added products. The observed consequences led to the use of a tough discriminatory policy by the USA, to the revision of the provisions of the Free trade agreement and to the military and political concessions from South Korea. As a result, the deficit of the US trade balance with South Korea decreased by 17.3% over the year, changes in the commodity structure of the countries' mutual trade are expected. The analysis proves the formation of a unified approach in US foreign trade policy towards partner countries within the framework of Free trade agreements, which lies in the mainstream of new protectionism and aimed at ensuring American geopolitical and economic interests.

scholarly journals Long-term retrospective trends in the EU foreign trade development with the UK, USA and China

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
L. L. Razumnova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Foreign Trade Turnover ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
Changing Role

Based on the latest data, the article examines the quantitative indicators of foreign trade in goods of the European Union (EU27) over the past 15 years with states that are not part of this economic grouping. Trends in the structure and dynamics of foreign trade turnover are revealed, including those determined by changing role of Great Britain and the United States in connection with Britain's secession from the Union (Brexit) in January 2020. In particular, there is a convergence in the growth rates of the studied countries group and an increase in its share in EU imports while reducing the share in merchandise exports. The quantitative trends of changes in the trade balance and commodity structure are analyzed. The author identifies the most significant factors determining the development of EU commodity exchange, comprising the role of US oil exports and anti-Russian sanctions. Some promising areas of research on this issue are determined with consideration of the results obtained by Russian and foreign scientists, such as competitiveness and the formation of the global value chains.

The Socioeconomic and environmental effects of free trade agreements: a dynamic CGE analysis for Chile

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAÚL O'RYAN ◽  
CARLOS J. DE MIGUEL ◽  
SEBASTIAN MILLER ◽  
MAURICIO PEREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Unskilled Labor ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pm 10 ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
The Eu

ABSTRACTThis paper undertakes a quantitative analysis of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of different trade agreements for Chile. A dynamic general equilibrium model is used to compare the consequences of unilateral liberalization and trade agreements with the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA). The results show that economic gains under the trade agreements are only significant if foreign investment increases or value added taxes are modified. Winners and losers depend on the agreement; however, unskilled labor-intensive sectors always progress. Consequently, these agreements seem to be good for the poorest groups. Some natural resource intensive sectors significantly increase their production with the EU and the US agreements, also increasing the environmental pressures. CO2 and PM-10 emissions are not very different under these agreements as compared to business as usual – under which environmental pressures increase significantly. The results show the importance of economy-wide analysis of trade agreements in developing contexts.

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