Characterization of proteins in feeds according to the CNCPS and comparison to in situ parameters

Several methods were used for the evaluation of feed protein for rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein (RUP). The aim of this work was to explore the possibility of using the Cornell method of predicting the fraction RUP. An in situ method was adopted for estimation of degradability parameters (a, b, c) and effective degradable crude protein (EDCP), and five nitrogen fractions (A, B1, B2, B3, and C) were determined according to the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). Fifty-one feedstuffs – 13 cereals grains, 5 legume seeds, 3 oilseeds, 11 oilseed by-products, 4 distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and 15 silages (maize, lucerne, grass, and grass-clover) – were used in this work. The examined feedstuffs varied widely in nutrient composition. Fraction B1 (soluble true protein) in forages was small (2.5–5.7% of total N), but it varied to a large extent in concentrates (DDGS 0.9–1.2, legumes 46.5–63.7, oilseeds meal 17.1–51.8% of total N). Fraction B2 represented a large proportion of the total protein in oil seed meals (44.3–82.6% of total N) and in DDGS (55.8–77.8% of total N), too. Fraction B3 was relatively small (less than 10% of total N) in all feedstuffs and declined with increasing acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) concentration. The concentration of ADIN fraction in feeds affected ruminal degradability. Lucerne silage, with a high content of ADIN (30.9% of total N), had a low effective crude protein (CP) degradability (57%). Correlation between EDCP and fraction A was r = 0.76. A weaker correlation (r = 0.67) was found between in situ parameter “b” and fractions B2 and B3 (r = 0.59), respectively. The results show that much more samples of all feed types should be analyzed to obtain results allowing a more exact prediction of CP degradability and RUP.

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Characteristics and in situ degradability of whole crop faba bean, pea, and soybean silages

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a03-065 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 793-799 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

A. F. Mustafa ◽

P. Seguin

Keyword(s):

Faba Bean ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

True Protein

The objective of this study was to determine the ensiling characteristics and ruminal nutrient degradabilities of faba bean (FS, Vicia faba L.), soybean (SS, Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and pea (PS, Pisum sativum L.) silages. Forages were harvested between the beginning- and full-seed stages and ensiled in mini-silos for 0, 2, 4, 16, and 45 d. Two lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal fistulae were used to determine ruminal nutrient degradabilities. Results showed that all silages went through a rapid fermentation as indicated by rapid decline in pH and sharp increase in lactic acid concentration within the first 2 d of ensiling. Extensive proteolysis took place between day 0 and day 4 post-ensiling as indicated by a significant reduction in true protein (TP) and a significant increase in non-protein nitrogen (NPN). During the 45 d of ensiling, TP decreased (P < 0.05) by 26, 31, and 45% while NPN increased (P < 0.05) by 82, 54, and 47% for FS, SS, and PS, respectively. Chemical analysis showed that the three 45-d silages contained a similar level of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, average 421 g kg-1). Crude protein (CP) was highest (P < 0.05) for FS, intermediate for SS, and lowest for PS. Distribution of protein fractions showed that soluble protein and NPN were highest (P < 0.05) for PS, intermediate for SS, and lowest for FS. Neutral (NDICP) and acid (ADICP) detergent insoluble protein levels followed an opposite order to that observed for soluble crude protein (SCP) and NPN. Results of the in situ study showed that SS and PS had a similar ruminal degradability of dry matter (average 68.8%) and CP (82.9%), which were higher (P < 0.05) than those of FS (66.2 and 79.4%, respectively). However, no differences in ruminal degradability of NDF (average 34.7%) were observed between the three legume silages. Key words: Silage, ensiling, forage quality, nutrient degradability

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Crude protein fractionation, in situ ruminal degradability and FTIR protein molecular structures of different cultivars within barley, corn and sorghum cereal grains

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114855 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 275 ◽

pp. 114855

Author(s):

Hojjat Gholizadeh ◽

Abbas A. Naserian ◽

Mojtaba Yari ◽

Arjan Jonker ◽

Peiqiang Yu

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Protein Fractionation ◽

Ruminal Degradability

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Factors influencing composition and ruminal degradability of barley straw

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a99-012 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 343-351 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

G. W. Mathison ◽

R. Soofi-Siawash ◽

E. K. Okine ◽

J. Helm ◽

P. Juskiw

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Medium Length ◽

Key Words Barley ◽

Ruminant Animals ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Barley Genotypes

Chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradability characteristics for 25 and 40 genotypes of barley straw were measured for crops grown in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Straw from semidwarf genotypes contained more crude protein and less neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than that from genotypes with medium straw length and effective ruminal degradability was 9% higher (P < 0.01). Straw from two-row genotypes contained 19% more crude protein (4.4 vs. 3.7%) and 3% less NDF (75.2 vs. 77.6%) than that from six-row genotypes and effective ruminal degradability was 6% higher (P < 0.01) when genotypes with medium-length straw only were considered. Genotypes with smooth awns had higher rates of degradation but contained less of the slowly degraded fraction than straw with rough awns when straws of medium straw length were compared (P < 0.05). Straw from hulless genotypes contained more (P = 0.006) NDF than that from covered varieties. Both ambient and soil temperature were positively related (P < 0.05) to effective ruminal degradability of straw, possibly because of associated greater leafiness when temperatures were higher and there was more light. It was concluded that it is possible to select barley genotypes that have superior straw nutritive value for ruminant animals. Key words: Barley, straw, degradability, cattle, genotype, environment

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A new in situ method for the characterization of membranes in a wet state in the environmental scanning electron microscope

Journal of Membrane Science ◽

10.1016/j.memsci.2012.01.031 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 399-400 ◽

pp. 86-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

H. Reingruber ◽

A. Zankel ◽

C. Mayrhofer ◽

P. Poelt

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Environmental Scanning ◽

In Situ Method ◽

Scanning Electron

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EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND POTASSIUM SULFATE FERTILIZATION ON RATES OF RUMINAL IN SITU DISAPPEARANCE OF TALL FESCUE AND ORCHARDGRASS NITROGEN AND SULFUR

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas85-075 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 631-645 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. P. GLENN ◽

D. G. ELY ◽

S. GLENN ◽

L. W. DOUGLASS ◽

L. S. BULL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Potassium Sulfate ◽

Simple Correlation ◽

Total N ◽

Ruminal Degradability

Tall fescue (TF) and orchardgrass (OG) were fertilized with 0, 294 or 882 kg NH4NO3/ha and 0 or 833 kg K2SO4/ha to determine the effect on rates of apparent ruminal disappearance of herbage dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) using the in situ nylon bag technique. Losses of water-soluble and filtrable DM, N and S differed significantly due to herbage species, NH4NO3 and K2SO4 fertilization levels. After 24-h ruminal incubation, there was no difference between herbages in residual DM, N or S expressed as a proportion of original nutrient. Increasing level of NH4NO3 fertilization reduced (P < 0.001) 24-h residual DM and N and increased (P < 0.001) residual S. Potassium sulfate fertilization reduced (P < 0.001) residual herbage S after 24-h incubation. Rates of insoluble herbage DM and N disappearance (kd) did not differ between herbages but increasing level of NH4NO3 fertilization increased (P < 0.001) insoluble DM and N disappearance rates. Rate of insoluble S disappearance was lower (P < 0.05) for TF than OG but unaffected by fertilization. Effective ruminal degradability (ERD) of DM (P < 0.01) and release (ERR) of N (P < 0.001) and S (P < 0.05) were lower for OG than TF. Increasing NH4NO3 fertilization increased (P < 0.001) ERD and ERR of DM and N, respectively. Furthermore, NH4NO3 fertilization reduced (P < 0.001) while K2SO4 application increased (P < 0.001) ERR of herbage S. Simple correlation coefficients between kd of DM, N and S and original herbage total N concentration were r = 0.59 (P < 0.001), r = 0.51 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.36 (P < 0.05), respectively. The relationships between ERR of herbage S and total N or nonprotein S concentration in herbage were r = −0.74 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.70 (P < 0.001), respectively. Key words: Tall fescue, orchardgrass, sulfur, nitrogen, ruminal in situ disappearance

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Proximate composition of Malaysian local sweet potatoes

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(s1).045 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (S1) ◽

pp. 73-79

Author(s):

N.A. Zulkifli ◽

M.Z.M. Nor ◽

F.N. Omar ◽

A. Sulaiman ◽

M.N. Mokhtar

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Proximate Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Sweet Potatoes ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

By Products ◽

Different Parts

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) is one of the main crops worldwide. However, systematic properties characterization of this crop is still required, particularly on the Malaysian local sweet potatoes. Hence, this study aims to determine the proximate composition and the energy value of five common varieties of local sweet potato (Anggun 1, Anggun 2, Anggun 3, White, and VitAto) in Malaysia. For each variety, three different parts of the tuberous root which were the skin, the cortex, and the mixture of cambium and parenchyma were characterized. The findings indicated that VitAto exhibited the highest starch (16.95% – 17.17%) and crude protein (0.86% – 1.15%) contents in all parts as compared to other varieties, hence reflecting its potentials to be further processed for a mass starch production. Among all the parts, the skin contained the highest crude protein, crude fat, ash and crude fibre, which can be further utilized to produce by-products such as animal feed. The findings in this study serve as a baseline for the future starch and byproducts production from local sweet potatoes.

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DEGRADAÇÃO RUMINAL DA MATÉRIA SECA E DE PROTEÍNA BRUTA DE VOLUMOSOS PARA BOVINOS Ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein of roughages for cattle

Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal ◽

10.7213/academica.7709 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 285 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rafael Henrique De Tonissi e Buschinelli ◽

Rita De Cássia Menchon Tramontini ◽

Sérgio Tosi Cardim ◽

Gabriel Daltoé de Almeida ◽

Juliane Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Brachiaria Brizantha ◽

Ruminal Degradability

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca e proteína bruta por meio da técnica in situ dos capins Brachiaria brizantha e Panicum maximum cortados aos 60 dias de idade, das silagens de milho, sorgo e milheto, dos fenos de coast cross, guandu e soja perene e do farelo de soja. Foram utilizados três novilhos com peso médio de 300 kg, fistulados e providos de cânulas ruminais. Os volumosos foram incubados em ordem decrescente de 72, 48, 24, 18, 12, 6, 3 e 0h, e o farelo de soja incubado nos tempos 48, 24, 18, 12, 6, 3 e 0h. Os resíduos dos sacos foram analisados quanto aos teores de matéria seca e proteína bruta. O farelo de soja apresentou alta degradabilidade efetiva para MS em função das frações solúveis (32,85%) e fração potencialmente degradável (65,75%). A silagem de sorgo apresentou elevada fração solúvel e potencialmente degradável se comparada às demais silagens. O feno de soja perene apresentou a maior degradabilidade de MS (80,42%), entre os volumosos avaliados. Para a proteína, destacam-se a baixa degradabilidade apresentada pelo feno de guandu (36,91%) e os demais volumosos apresentaram degradabilidade variando entre 64,50 a 74,56%.

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Synthesis and Characterization of New Silver (I) N-Heterocyclic Ccarbene Ccomplex Dderived from Imidazol-2-ylidene salt

Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science ◽

10.23851/mjs.v28i2.500 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Mohammedl Mujbe Hasson

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

13C Nmr ◽

Room Temperature ◽

13C Nmr Spectroscopy ◽

Synthesis And Characterization ◽

Imidazolium Salt ◽

In Situ Method

A new N, N'-imidazolium salt 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3- (4,6-dimorpholino -1,3,5-traizine-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride) as a precursor of N - heterocyclic carbene ligand was prepared via the reaction of 1 - (2, 6 - diisopropyl phenyl - 1H - imidazole) with 1, 3, 5 - triazine derivative bearing morpholine substituent (2, 6 -dimorpholine - 6- chloro-1, 3, 5-triaziazine). Linear coordi-nated Ag (І) NHC complex was synthesised via deprotonation of the imidazolium salt and reac-tion with Ag2O in darkness at room temperature by in situ method. The complex was synthesised for using as transfer agent to prepare another transition metals complexes by transmetallation method in the future. The imidazolium salt and their silver complex have been characterized by 1 H and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry.

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Degradability characteristics and Intestinal protein apparent digestibility of Iranian soybean and cottonseed meals as assessed by the mobile nylon bag technique

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200008036 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 147-147

Author(s):

M Danesh Mesgaran

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Food Protein ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Evaluation Systems ◽

Intestinal Protein ◽

Ruminant Animals ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Feed Protein ◽

Ruminant Feed

Ruminal degradability of feed protein is an important factor when assessing feed protein value according to the modern ruminant feed evaluation systems. In addition, the worth of any food protein to ruminant animals depends on the how the protein is digested in the small intestine. The work described in this summary assessed the in situ degradability and intestinal apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein, using ruminal and intestinal mobile nylon bags technique, of Iranian soybean (S) and cottonseed (C) meals.

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