Genesis of Scientific Views on Insurance as an Economic Category

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Tatyana D. Odinokova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Feature ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
The Relationship

In the conditions of active development of the insurance market at the present stage, the importance and significance of understanding the essence of the category “insurance” as a fundamental theoretical basis for the functioning of insurance relations in general is increasing. In addition to comprehending the essence of the category “insurance”, the task of economic science is to substantiate the essential interrelationships of various same-plane categories. For the category “insurance”, in the author’s opinion, such categories are “finance”, “credit”, “investments”. Insurance as an independent economic category is objective and has its own internal laws, the study of which from the standpoint of the retrospective method will provide a deeper understanding of the essence of insurance, its prerequisites, causes and laws of development. As the analysis has shown, despite the generally recognized and solid period of its genesis, insurance still does not have an unambiguous definition of its essence and an independence of functioning as an economic category. The understanding of the essence of insurance, with a due account for modern trends in the development of economic science, predetermines the search for essential features characteristic of insurance, finance, credit, and investments. In the author’s opinion, these features are: the general purpose of functioning, management features, the nature of economic relations in reproduction and the purpose of redistribution. The protective purpose of insurance is a classic distinguishing feature of the category, since insurance was originally formed as a system for protecting property interests in the event of adverse consequences. In the article, based on the study of existing scientific approaches to the issue, the author has investigated the relationship between the categories: within them, while maintaining independence, institutions and their services come in contact and interpenetrate, which makes it possible to identify and substantiate the specifics of creating aggregated and converged financial products. The author has defined and substantiated the protective and regulatory nature of the category “insurance”, which took on various forms throughout evolution, but nevertheless has always been present and manifested in insurance organizations’ activities. The author has also clarified the concept “insurance”, which, in contrast to the existing approaches, emphasizes insurance coverage as an essential feature, taking into account the changing role of insurance institutions in relations with consumers.

TAX POLICY IN THE ISLAMIC ECONOMY IN NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Al-Jumaili
Keyword(s):  
General Purpose ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Essential Point ◽  
The People ◽  
Positive Economics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Planning Objective ◽  
Public Revenues

After dealing with the issue of public revenues and expenditures in the positive economy, we are talking about the role of public revenues and expenditures in the Islamic economy in normal circumstances, which includes the definition of the house of money, its origin, its functions and the relationship between the budget and the house of money in Islam with the definition of the general budget in the positive and Islamic economy, as well as the role of revenues And public expenditures in Islamic economics, and through this comparison between revenues and expenditures in positive economics and Islamic economics, we reach the essential point, which is the advantage of Islamic economics that does not appear to us except by comparing it with other systems. The general budget was also defined in Islamic economics, its origins, its components, and other objectives of the general budget, such as the administrative objective and the planning objective, then from which the needy interests are fulfilled, and then the improvement. And all of this is to gain knowledge of the general purpose of Islamic legislation, which is to achieve the interests of the people in both the immediate and the future, by bringing them benefit and warding off corruption on their behalf.

scholarly journals DESIGN OF ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKS: EVALUATION OF THE NETWORK POTENTIAL IN RUSSIAN ARCTIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3/2020) ◽  
pp. 56-71
Author(s):  
M. A. Meteleva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Entrepreneurial Networks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Relationship

The article establishes the relationship between the function of sustainable economic growth in the informational productivity paradigm, which is the basis of the knowledge economy, and the modern interpretation of the economic content of entrepreneurship, which made it possible to draw a conclusion about the system-forming role of entrepreneurship in the formation of new socio-economic relations.In this regard, a refined definition of entrepreneurship based on the distinctive characteristics of its economic content is given. It is concluded that the new properties of informational socio-economic relations, the complication of their configuration and giving entrepreneurship a system-forming role in the knowledge economy, actualize the need for the development of network forms of organizing entrepreneurial activity.Methodological approaches to assessing the usefulness of one or another partner in the process of forming an inter-organizational alliance have been determined. It is proposed in the process of designing entrepreneurial networks to select potential actors using the methodology for assessing the network entrepreneurial potential of socio-economic systems of various levels. The definition of the network entrepreneurial potential of the territory is given.A method for a comprehensive assessment of the network entrepreneurial potential of a territory on the basis of a model that integrates the network entrepreneurial potential of business, the network entrepreneurial potential of civil society, and the network entrepreneurial potential of public administration, has been developed. The article presents a comprehensive assessment of the network entrepreneurial potential of the complex socio-economic system of the territory of the Russian Arctic, carried out using the proposed method. The territories of the Russian Arctic, the most attractive for the formation of entrepreneurial networks, have been identified based on the results of a comprehensive assessment of entrepreneurial potential and entrepreneurial potential of business, civil society and government.

Subject of Economic Science

2015 ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
D. Egorov
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Adam Smith defined economics as “the science of the nature and causes of the wealth of nations” (implicitly appealing – in reference to the “wealth” – to the “value”). Neo-classical theory views it as a science “which studies human behavior in terms of the relationship between the objectives and the limited funds that may have a different use of”. The main reason that turns the neo-classical theory (that serves as the now prevailing economic mainstream) into a tool for manipulation of the public consciousness is the lack of measure (elimination of the “value”). Even though the neo-classical definition of the subject of economics does not contain an explicit rejection of objective measures the reference to “human behavior” inevitably implies methodological subjectivism. This makes it necessary to adopt a principle of equilibrium: if you can not objectively (using a solid measurement) compare different states of the system, we can only postulate the existence of an equilibrium point to which the system tends. Neo-classical postulate of equilibrium can not explain the situation non-equilibrium. As a result, the neo-classical theory fails in matching microeconomics to macroeconomics. Moreover, a denial of the category “value” serves as a theoretical basis and an ideological prerequisite of now flourishing manipulative financial technologies. The author believes in the following two principal definitions: (1) economics is a science that studies the economic system, i.e. a system that creates and recombines value; (2) value is a measure of cost of the object. In our opinion, the value is the information cost measure. It should be added that a disclosure of the nature of this category is not an obligatory prerequisite of its introduction: methodologically, it is quite correct to postulate it a priori. The author concludes that the proposed definitions open the way not only to solve the problem of the measurement in economics, but also to address the issue of harmonizing macro- and microeconomics.

scholarly journals Language in social reproduction: Sociolinguistics and sociosemiotics

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 43-81
Author(s):  
Patrizia Calefato
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Roman Jakobson ◽  
New Type ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper focuses on the semiotic foundations of sociolinguistics. Starting from the definition of “sociolinguistics” given by the philosopher Adam Schaff, the paper examines in particular the notion of “critical sociolinguistics” as theorized by the Italian semiotician Ferruccio Rossi-Landi. The basis of the social dimension of language are to be found in what Rossi-Landi calls “social reproduction” which regards both verbal and non-verbal signs. Saussure’s notion of langue can be considered in this way, with reference not only to his Course of General Linguistics, but also to his Harvard Manuscripts.The paper goes on trying also to understand Roland Barthes’s provocative definition of semiology as a part of linguistics (and not vice-versa) as well as developing the notion of communication-production in this perspective. Some articles of Roman Jakobson of the sixties allow us to reflect in a manner which we now call “socio-semiotic” on the processes of transformation of the “organic” signs into signs of a new type, which articulate the relationship between organic and instrumental. In this sense, socio-linguistics is intended as being sociosemiotics, without prejudice to the fact that the reference area must be human, since semiotics also has the prerogative of referring to the world of non-human vital signs.Socio-linguistics as socio-semiotics assumes the role of a “frontier” science, in the dual sense that it is not only on the border between science of language and the anthropological and social sciences, but also that it can be constructed in a movement of continual “crossing frontiers” and of “contamination” between languages and disciplinary environments.

scholarly journals Deliberate Practice and Expertise in Martial Arts: The Role of Context in Motor Recall

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thana Hodge ◽  
Janice M. Deakin
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Expert Performance ◽  
Novice Group ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study used participants from the martial arts (karate) to examine the influence of context in the acquisition of novel motor sequences and the applicability of Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer's (1993) theory of deliberate practice in this athletic domain. The presence of context did not benefit recall performance for the experts. The performance of the novice group was hindered by the presence of context. Evaluation of the role of deliberate practice in expert performance was assessed through retrospective questionnaires. The findings related to the relationship between relevance and effort, and relevance and enjoyment diverged from Ericsson et al.'s (1993) definition of deliberate practice, suggesting that adaptations should be made if it is to be considered general theory of expertise.

scholarly journals Interrelation of management accounting and internal control systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 176-182
Author(s):  
Vera V. Krainova Krainova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Model Of Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Control And Management ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Management Accounting System

The article substantiates the relationship between internal control and management accounting. In the course of the substantiation, the content of the definition of "management accounting" is specified in the context of the study of the role of the management accounting system in the information support of internal control; on the example of shipping companies, the information of management accounting for the purposes of internal control is systematized. A conceptual model of management accounting is constructed, the system-forming elements of the management accounting system are identified and clarified, each of which has control elements "embedded" in it.

Legal change for child health: Report on a conference

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-253
Author(s):  
Henry M. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Frank Lloyd Wright ◽  
Conference Participant ◽  
Health Report ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

"Physically and politically powerless, children have always gotten the short end of the stick. In earlier times, the surplus, especially females, were legally and deliberately killed; in the Middle Ages and until recently children were chattels; in Dickensian England they starved in workhouses or were exploited as beggars a la Oliver Twist...." Louise Raggio, Conference Participant The building Frank Lloyd Wright called Wingspread served as the setting for a discussion concerning the relationship of the health of the young to their legal needs and the role of the pediatrician in these regards. Men and women from medicine, the law, and social work shared their points of view, seeking a firm definition of advocacy for children, attempting to highlight some manageable priorities among the legal needs so that pediatricians might move to a partnership with others in the community which might facilitate access to a better life for all children and youth.

The changing role of children’s charities delivering early intervention services

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-176
Author(s):  
Alison Body
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Early Intervention Services ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Preventative Services

In chapter 6 we explore the impact of commissioning and policy changes on early intervention and preventative services for children delivered by the charitable sector. The definition of early intervention and preventative services is highly contested and politicised within policy and commissioning processes. This reflects an ongoing debate regarding the shifting paradigm of prevention. As the commissioning narrative has developed, there has been an overall disengagement between the voluntary sector providers and State. As the charitable sector is increasingly exposed to intensifying marketization, polarisation of relationships increases. We identify here three ‘types’ of organisational responses to this ever-changing environments; conformers – those charities who align themselves close to the State and regularly reinterpret their mission to fit State logic; the outliers – those charities which reject State approaches to early intervention and seek to deliver services completely independently of the State; and the intermediaries – those charities which walk between conformity and dissent, working with the State when necessary or too their advantage, and walking away when not. We discuss how these types fundamentally alter children’s charities perspectives and experiences of commissioning and the impact this has on their wider work.

scholarly journals Religion, civil society and conflict: What is it that religion does for and to society?

2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaco Beyers
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Multiple Realities ◽  
Moral Discernment ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Human consciousness instinctively tries to make sense of reality. Different human interpretations of reality lead to a world consisting of multiple realities. Conflict occurs when differing realities (worldviews) encounter one another. Worldviews are socially created and determine human behaviour and, as such, most often find expression in religion. The discussion of conflict and the role of religion in civil society take place within the discourse of the sociology of religion. Religion is socially determined. Peter Berger’s insight into the sociology of religion therefore plays an important role in establishing the relationship between religion and civil society as one that takes on different forms. Thus, a clear definition of both civil society and religion was needed to understand the nature of these relationships. The role of religion in civil society with regard to the presence of conflict in society was further investigated in this article. The conditions under which conflict in society occurs were discussed, as were the conditions for tolerance in society, for religion ultimately becomes the provider of moral discernment when conflict occurs in civil society.

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