scholarly journals International Law and the Orthodox Church: Ideas of M. V. Zyzykin in the 1930s

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-201
Author(s):  
Irina Borshch
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
International Law ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Original Part ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Church

The article discusses the ideas of Mikhail V. Zyzykin (1880–1960) about the contribution of the Church to international law in the context of its history and the international relations in the 1930s. Special attention is paid to the relation of Orthodoxy to international law, since Zyzykin is one of the few jurists who have studied in detail the influence of the Orthodox Church tradition on the law of nations. His works on this subject (first of all, an essay The Church and International Law (1937), based on a report at the Oxford conference of practical Christianity in 1937), remain little known to social and political science. The article considers the main provisions of Zyzykin about the origin of international law in medieval Europe with the participation of the Church in the context of the positions of other international lawyers (Taube, Martens, Kamarovsky, Nys, Bluntschli). It contains a comparative characteristic of the attitude to international law of the three Christian denominations (Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy) according to Zyzykin and his idea of the Christian West and East “asymmetric” international contribution (the East was represented initially by the Eastern Roman Empire, and then by the Russian Empire). The fourth part describes the most original part of Zyzykin’s ideological legacy: a comparison of two vulnerable attempts of international organization, the Holy Alliance in the XIX century and the League of Nations in the XX century.

Relations between the Russian Empire and the Orthodox Church of the East as Exemplified in the Collection of Greek Engravings of The Church Archaeological Museum at the Moscow Theological Academy

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Анна Леонидовна Краснова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Church Of The East ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

В XVIII в. на основании общего интереса к святыням Востока, а также единой тенденции для крупных монастырей изготавливать гравюры на память для паломников, многие греческие гравюры свидетели русско-афонских отношений попадают на территорию Российской Империи. Сохранились такие гравюры и в Церковноархеологического кабинете Московской духовной академии, собрание которых насчитывает 29 эстампов. Пять гравюр из этого собрания имеют надписи на греческом и на славянском языке. Надписи свидетельствуют о месте и времени создания гравюры, о граверах и заказчиках, являются источниками кратких исторических сведений. В статье приведены выявленные дополнительные факты об этих гравюрах, которые свидетельствуют о наличии церковных, экономических и политических отношений на базе культурных связей между Российской Империей и странами православного Востока. The Russ has always been supporting the relationship with the Orthodox Church of the East. As a result of these connections, we have a lot of icons and other gifts from The Mount Athos, The Saint Catherine’s Monastery and others holy places. There are five Greek engravings in the collection of The Museum of Church Archaeology at the Moscow Theological Academy, which have inscriptions in Greek and Slavic. These engravings were to be spread in Slavic countries. They are dated from the 17th to the 19th century. Some of them were made in Moscow. The images and the inscriptions of the engravings are the subject of a research presented in this article.

Court Singing Capella and Divine Рractice of the Russian Orthodox Church

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Константин Рева
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liturgical Practice ◽  
Church Split ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

В настоящей статье предпринята попытка рассмотреть влияние Придворной певческой капеллы на развитие богослужебной практики Русской Православной Церкви в Синодальный период. После церковного раскола XVII в. продолжающееся развитие богослужебной практики не находило отражения в корпусе богослужебных книг. В XVII в. в Русской Церкви было два практически равновеликих по значению образцовых столичных хора: хор патриарших певчих дьяков и хор государевых певчих дьяков. С упразднением патриаршества и переносом столицы в Санкт¬-Петербург в Синодальный период истории Русской Православной Церкви Придворная певческая капелла стала главным церковным хоровым коллективом, основной обязанностью которого было пение за богослужением в придворных церквях. В XIX в. Придворная певческая капелла была на делена особыми административными правами в церковно-¬певческой сфере, связанны ми с цензурой церковно-¬певческих произведений и подготовкой церковных регентов. Исключительные права по изданию церковно¬-певческих книг в Русской Православной Церкви, закрепленные Святейшим Синодом за Придворной певческой капеллой, стали причиной широкого распространения литургических особенностей богослужения придворных церквей в Российской империи. Практика обязательной аттестации церковных регентов Придворной певческой капеллой усилила распространение не только её церковно-¬музыкальной традиции, но и придворного литургического порядка, что оказало существенное влияние на практику совершения кафедрального и приходского богослужения. Изучение богослужебной практики Русской Православной Церкви в XVIII-XX вв. немыслимо без учёта деятельности и наследия Придворной певческой капеллы. This article attempts to consider the influence of the Court Singing Chapel on the development of divine practice of the Russian Orthodox Church during the synodal period. After the Church split of the 17th century, the continuing development of liturgical practice was not re flected in the corpus of liturgical books. In the XVII century the Russian Church had two almost equal in importance exemplary Metropolitan choirs: the choir of Patriarchal singing deacons and the choir of sovereign singing deacons. With the abolition of the Patriarchate and the transfer of the capital to Saint Petersburg during the Synodal period of the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Court singing Capella became the main Church choral group, whose main duty was to sing at divine services in the court churches. In the 19th century, the Court singing chapel was giv en special administrative rights in the Church singing sphere related to the censorship of Church singing works and the training of Church Regents. The exclusive rights to publish Church sing ing books in the Russian Orthodox Church, which were assigned by the Holy Synod to the Court singing chapel, caused a wide spread of liturgical features of the service of court churches in the Russian Empire. The practice of mandatory certification of Church Regents by the Court singingchapel has increased the spread of not only its Church music tradition, but also the court liturgical order, which has had a significant impact on the practice of performing Cathedral and parish ser vices. The study of the liturgical practice of the Russian Orthodox Church in the XVIII-XX centuries is unthinkable without taking into account the activities and heritage of the court singing chapel.

Sects and Religious Movements in the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the XIX – First Quarter of the XX Century оn the Pages of the Simbirsk and Samara Diocesan News

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-62
Author(s):  
Alexey N. Rukhlin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
The Status ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Religious Problems ◽  
The Church

Introduction. The presented article touches upon one of the serious religious problems of Russian history, the phenomenon of “sects”. The author, with the help of the provincial periodical press of the Russian Orthodox Church, tried to highlight the activities of sectarians in the second half of the 19th century until the end of the First World War. The significance of the material presented is undoubtedly, especially in the context of the emergence of new radical sects. To these days, too much depends on the experience of solving this issue, which is acute in our country. The successful resolution of religious problems is the foundation of Russia’s peaceful existence. The purpose of the article is to determine the historical place of sects and sectarianism in the religious life of provinces Middle Volga region, based on the characteristics of their condition and activities, to highlight the policy of the Russian Orthodox Church in relation to sectarians in the period under review, to reveal the special role of the church periodicals aimed at forming environment of negative perception of sects, heretics and all those who broke away from the “true Orthodox teaching”. Materials and Methods. The most important in the study, based on the provisions formulated by the above authors, is the historical method, or, as it is also formulated, the principle of historicism. In carrying out this scientific research, the author relied, first of all, on special historical or general historical methods. Research Results. The study showed that the church media, controlled by local bishops and supported by the secular authorities, carried out an anti-sectarian policy on the pages of their magazines. The Russian Church in Russia had the status of a “state religion” and a monopoly on religious consciousness, therefore it suppressed any deviations from its dogmas. The anti-sectarian tone did not change until 1917. Discussion and Conclusion. We can conclude that the topic of sectarianism is still relevant, moreover, sects continue to arise and develop throughout the world. As long as there are official religions, new sects will be born and spun off. The image of a heretic-sectarian, when necessary, is actively used in propaganda in the media today. The proposed provisions and conclusions create prerequisites for further study of this problem.

Mission Delayed: The Russian Orthodox Church after the Conquest of Kazan'

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-540
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Romaniello
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Active Period ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Church

Muscovy's active period of eastward expansion began with the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan’ in 1552. By the seventeenth century, one observer claimed that the conquest of Kazan’ was the event that made Ivan IV a tsar and Muscovy an empire. With this victory, the tsar claimed new lands, adding to his subjects the diverse animistic and Muslim population of Turkic Tatars and Chuvashes, and Finno-Ugric Maris, Mordvins, and Udmurts. The conquest of Kazan’ provided both the Metropolitan of Moscow and Ivan IV (the Terrible) an opportunity to transform the image of Muscovy into that of a victorious Orthodox power and to justify the title of its Grand Prince as a new caesar (tsar). Since the conquest was the first Orthodox victory against Islam since the fall of Constantinople, commemorations of it were immediate, including the construction of the Church of the Intercession by the Moat (St. Basil's) on Red Square.The incorporation of the lands and peoples of Kazan’ has served traditionally to date the establishment of the Russian Empire. Accounts of the conquest have emphasized the victory of Orthodoxy against Islam, with the Russian Orthodox Church and its Metropolitan as the motive force behind this expansion. The conversion of the Muslims and animists of the region is portrayed frequently as automatic, facing little resistance. More recently, scholars have criticized this simplistic account of the conquest by discussing the conversion mission as a rhetorical construct and have placed increasing emphasis on the local non-Russian and non-Orthodox resistance to the interests of the Church and state.

scholarly journals Pleasures of the Learned in Eighteenth-Century Ukraine: The Culture of Tea, Coffee, and Wine Consumption of the Church Elite

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Maksym Iaremenko
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
High Status ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Church

The history of stimulants and pleasurable ceremonies in Ukraine of early modern times has hardly been investigated. This article provides an overview of tea, coffee, and wine culture among representatives of the eighteenth-century church elite in the Kyiv Metropoly (subsumed as a synodal entity by the Russian Orthodox Church since 1686). The favour accorded these beverages is indicated in inventories of goods belonging to members of this social micro-group that list virtually an entire spectrum of accoutrements, locally made as well as imported (including table services from China and Germany). Although wine and coffee were already consumed in Ukrainian territories, the clergy’s passion for various kinds of tea was sparked only around 1730, when it took consumers by storm throughout the Russian Empire. As medicinal ingredients, all three beverages were also mentioned in medical guides that were used in the Hetmanate at that time. Given that their cost, especially that of tea, was beyond what most could afford, drinking tea, coffee, and expensive wine became a mark of high status. Representatives of the church elite in Russian-ruled Ukraine were able to participated indirectly in the contemporary tea, coffee, and wine culture thanks to their education. In the eighteenth century, being educated assured clerics of a successful career. By the same token, rising to the higher ecclesiastical ranks prompted changes in their day-to-day habits and provided them material possibilities to conform to high-status consumption behaviours.

scholarly journals “MESSAGE” BY I. GERASIMOV: PEASANT APOLOGY OF SPASOVO DENOMINATION IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
ARTEM V. KRESTYANINOV ◽  
◽  
ANDREY U. MIKHAILOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

The article presents a message of the Old Believers’ Spasovo denomination by a peasant Ivan Gerasimov from the Kazan Province. The document is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The approximate date of writing this text refers to the time interval between June 15, 1849 and June 10, 1850. The appearance of the “message” was caused by the reaction of I. Gerasimov to the initiation of an investigative case against him with apostasy of schism. Like most representatives of the Spasovo denomination (“glukhoy netovshchiny” or “starospasovtsev”), he was baptized in the Orthodox Church. However, like other old believers, I. Gerasimov denied the existence of the church, and thus did not perform the rites accepted in the Orthodox Church, which was a formal reason for accusing him of evading a split. It was in the process of investigation that he wrote this message, the recipient of which was the local Orthodox priesthood. The uniqueness of this source lies in the fact that the message is one of the rare written documents that emerged in the first half of the XIX century...

scholarly journals LOCAL AND AUTOCEPHALOUS CHURCHES: CANONICAL JUSTIFICATION AND TRADITION

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Андрій Кобетяк
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Local Churches ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
The Church ◽  
Universal Scale

The article considers the basic principles and mechanisms of functioning of the church-administrative system of government of the Ecumenical Church. It is established that two opposing ecclesiological traditions (Greek and Slavic) were gradually formed, which testify to the lack of Unity and Conciliarism. The formation of two approaches to understanding the structure of the system of universal Orthodoxy was the reason for only a partial presence at the Great All-Orthodox Council in 2016. The article argues that in the Orthodox tradition there is no generally accepted interpretation of the interdependence of the principle of locality and the autocephalous status of churches. It is proved that the autocephalous church is always local, but the modern ecclesiological interpretation of locality does not automatically lead to the acquisition of autocephalous status. It is proved that the apostles and their closest disciples did not know and did not foresee any other principle of the existence of the Ecumenical Church than autocephaly. It is emphasized that such a mechanism of church government was based on the territorial principle. It is pointed out that such a division underlies the concept of locality in the Ecumenical Church. It is established that the study of the problem of autocephaly today is a key task of world Orthodoxy. Since the founding of Christianity, autocephaly has been a basic principle of apostolic preaching, which took into account the national and ethnic characteristics of the population of the Roman Empire. Autocephaly is one of the oldest institutions of the Church, which is a defining feature of Orthodoxy today. For two thousand years, this phenomenon remained unchanged, but there were different, even radically opposite approaches to understanding it. Because the theory of autocephaly emerges with Christianity, it is not an imposed or borrowed institution, but the very essence of Orthodoxy, the way it exists. It is claimed that the Ecumenical Church, being united in essence, is divided into independent Local Churches on an administrative and national basis. On a universal scale, the Orthodox Church testifies to the unity of the churches through the Eucharist. Every Local Church is already self-sufficient, for it has the fullness of the grace of the Holy Spirit, but through the Eucharist and the Councils the unity of the Universal Scale is expressed. Key words: cathedral, church, autocephaly, ecclesiology, canon law, patriarch, parish, metropolitan.

Restoration of the tombstone of Princess Elena from the Church of the St.- Theodore of Saint Alexander Nevsky Lavra

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. М. М. Hassane ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
Accurate Reading ◽  
Made In

The article discusses the process of restoration of a stone tombstone from the burial of the court aristocracy of the Russian Empire of the XIX century. The monument is notable for its location, which symbolically and culturologically associates it with the complex of funerary monuments of the necropolis of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, representing objects of cultural heritage. The need to restore the tombstone generates the need to study the biography of the deceased, a historical person associated with various significant events. It is important that the author of the article is a restorer, an active participant in the restoration of stone slabs, a specialist in the restoration of stone as a material of architectural monuments, sculpture and applied art. The article analyzes in detail the methods of restoration of objects of this kind, describes the processes of clearing the stone, the mechanical connection of disparate fragments into a single whole. Much attention is paid to the technical and technological aspects of restoration, chemistry and physics of the materials used. The restoration of the slab resulted in the possibility of accurate reading of its text, made in Georgian and Russian.

scholarly journals Origins and Transformation of the Hristovers: Features of the Doctrine

2005 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Liudmyla M. Shuhayeva
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Church

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. socio-political contradictions in the Russian empire led to the separation from orthodoxy of a number of communities, commonly known as "spiritual Christians," or the old Russian sectarianism. Declaring the doctrine of Orthodoxy authoritarian, they advocated the profession of faith "in the spirit and in the truth," for a spiritual interpretation of Scripture. All spiritual Christians are characterized by: the rejection of the Orthodox Church and the whole institute of the church hierarchy, the basic Orthodox dogmas, sacraments, the cult of the saints, icons, as well as the belief in the incarnation of the Holy Spirit in living people, the "spiritual" baptism which is the teaching of the word of God, human self-communication with God. They declared the whole world spiritual, condemned luxury, preached severe asceticism.

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