Shape and volume optimization of industrial parts

In the present time, there are many challenges in the production of industrial parts. Due to the constantly rising prices of materials and energy, it is necessary to constantly look for ways to optimize production costs and optimize material consumption. There is great pressure on economical production, i. to produce products with the lowest costs given the expected and necessary properties. With the introduction of additive manufacturing technologies into practice and the production of parts for end use comes the introduction of methods for optimizing the shape of the part and the required amount of material for its production. We call this method Topological Optimization. The presented article describes the preparation of topologically optimized parts and a comparison of their strength properties with respect to the original and the original part.

Automation of an automobile internal combustion engine bench calibration tests

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The article presents the work on the automation of an internal combustion engine (ICE) calibration tests results on a motor stand. The relevance of the article is due to the high labor intensity of such tests, the complexity of documentation and decisionmaking based on the results of the work.Purpose of the study. This work is part of a comprehensive methodology, the purpose of which is to reduce the duration of tests and improve the calibration results quality of the vehicle’s power plant. The entire methodology description as a whole is also given in the publication.Methodology and research methods. The achievement of this goal is ensured with the help of special systems – INCA-FLOW (test automation) and ASCMO (processing results and optimization), produced by Bosch/ETAS. The approbation of the technique was carried out on a motor stand in the MADI training box in relation to the problem of forming an ignition timing map.Scientific novelty and results. As a result of the methodology application, a 4.8 times reduction in the motor tests duration takes place if 2 people work in manual mode at the test bench without interruption.At the same time, the variance of the adequacy of Sad of the torque empirical model Mk turned out to be, on average, 1.5 times less if the model was built according to the automated tests results. The obtained data indicated an improvement in the quality of measurements in the transition to automated test methods.From a scientific point of view, the most original part of the work is the application of the “Gaussian process” method to build empirical models. This method provides more accurate results than, for example, the traditional method of least squares.The practical significance of the work lies in the ability to considerably reduce routine actions on a motor stand, and the additional time spent on developing and testing a test scenario (program) is compensated for by the fact that scenario models can be used in the future for other similar tests. The proposed methodology makes it possible to cover a significant part of the internal combustion engine calibration tests. For example, you can apply it if you possess the preliminary information about the test object (basing on which you can draw up an experiment plan) and the engine is to be prepared either for a car road tests or tests under special conditions.

Preliminary Design and Validation of a 3D-Printed Continuously Variable Transmission for an Electric Vehicle Prototype

This article discusses the progress made in developing a new 3D-printed continuously variable transmission (CVT) for an electric vehicle (EV) prototype competing in the Shell Eco-marathon electric battery category, a global energy efficiency competition sponsored by Shell. The proposed system is composed of a polymeric conic gear assembled in the motor axle and directly coupled to the rear tire of the vehicle. The conical shape allows to implement a continuous variation of the gear diameter in contact with the tire. The motor with the gear was mounted over a board with linear bearings, allowing the speed ratio to change by moving the board laterally. A 3D-printing slicing software with an optimization algorithm plug-in was used to determine the best printing parameters for the conic gear based on the tangential force, maximum displacement and safety factor. When compared to the original part with a 100% infill density, the optimized solution reduced the component mass by about 12% while maintaining safe mechanical resistance and stiffness.

New Applications of the Fractional Integral on Analytic Functions

The fractional integral is a function known for the elegant results obtained when introducing new operators; it has proved to have interesting applications. In the present paper, differential subordinations and superodinations for the fractional integral of the confluent hypergeometric function introduced in a previously published paper are presented. A sandwich-type theorem at the end of the original part of the paper connects the outcomes of the studies done using the dual theories.

International Law and the Orthodox Church: Ideas of M. V. Zyzykin in the 1930s

The article discusses the ideas of Mikhail V. Zyzykin (1880–1960) about the contribution of the Church to international law in the context of its history and the international relations in the 1930s. Special attention is paid to the relation of Orthodoxy to international law, since Zyzykin is one of the few jurists who have studied in detail the influence of the Orthodox Church tradition on the law of nations. His works on this subject (first of all, an essay The Church and International Law (1937), based on a report at the Oxford conference of practical Christianity in 1937), remain little known to social and political science. The article considers the main provisions of Zyzykin about the origin of international law in medieval Europe with the participation of the Church in the context of the positions of other international lawyers (Taube, Martens, Kamarovsky, Nys, Bluntschli). It contains a comparative characteristic of the attitude to international law of the three Christian denominations (Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodoxy) according to Zyzykin and his idea of the Christian West and East “asymmetric” international contribution (the East was represented initially by the Eastern Roman Empire, and then by the Russian Empire). The fourth part describes the most original part of Zyzykin’s ideological legacy: a comparison of two vulnerable attempts of international organization, the Holy Alliance in the XIX century and the League of Nations in the XX century.

The Knight of Contemporary Russian Kantiana. On the 85th Birthday of Leonard Kalinnikov

This is a review of the main research achievements of Professor L. A. Kalinnikov presented in his articles and monographs. The theoretical issues of Kantianism considered in Kalinnikov’s works include the problem of cognisability of “the thing in itself” and noumenal affection, the character of systematicity in Kant’s philosophy and the methodology of its interpretation. Cycles of articles are devoted to the reception of Kant’s ideas in the philosophical and poetic work of V. S. Solovyov, Kant’s impact on A. S. Pushkin, A. A. Fet, and E. T. A. Hoffmann. These topics are elaborated in the monographs Immanuel Kant in Russian Poetry (2008), E. T. A. Hoffmann and I. Kant (2012), The Philosophical and Poetic Worldview of A. A. Fet: the Impact of I. Kant and A. Schopenhauer (2016), Pushkin and Kant. The Poet and Philosophy (2018), The Philosophical System of Kant. Conception and Outcomes (2021). L. A. Kalinnikov’s works form an impressive and original part of contemporary Russian Kantiana.

Topological optimization of the “Earring” element

In recent decades, computer technologies and software such as computer-aided design (CAD) have been actively developing. Thanks to this, modern machine-building enterprises increase the reliability and quality of their products while reducing their weight and complexity of manufacturing. In order to meet numerous requirements, leading companies are increasingly using topological optimization tools at various design stages. The use of this method for effective product design is growing rapidly, due to the continuously increasing computing power of computers and software capabilities. Modern software for topological optimization allows to design the shape of the part from scratch, setting only the conditions for fixing and touching surfaces, and also allows to improve existing structures by reducing their weight based on the set restrictions (equal strength with the original part, equal deformation, preservation of natural frequency, etc.). However, the result of topological optimization is often a complex spatial structure. Using the example of the Earring element, a topological optimization of the structure was performed to ensure that the strength requirements were met and that the minimum mass was obtained. As a result of optimization, the design of a reduced weight compared to the prototype is obtained. The results of the verification calculation showed the sufficiency of the values of the strength reserves of the final design of the Earring.

Energy efficiency in cleanrooms and separative devices: ISO 14644-16, outreach article

The ISO 14644 family of cleanroom standards has been at the center of international cleanroom standards development for many years and covers most facets of cleanroom activity and cleanroom types from large ballroom cleanrooms to isolators and clean tunnels. The series is under constant review and is still expanding. Recent documents that have been released concern the quantification of airborne and surface chemical concentrations, nanoparticles and the selection and testing of equipment used within these rooms. However, apart from some misleading information in the original Part 4 design document, questions concerning the energy demands from air purification processing have been overlooked. Nationally, institutions such as the BSI in UK, DIN- VDI in Germany and IEST in the USA have produced limited information on the topic, but Part 16 is the first standard to be internationally agreed upon. The key new features of the standard are a) the preparation of an accurate User Requirement Specification (URS), b) a practical method for estimating the volume of supply air needed to maintain the specified ISO room classifications in operation, c) tuning and d) benchmarking. An informative annex develops three useful metrics for benchmarking: power intensity for contamination removal (PICR), fan energy intensity for contamination removal (EICR) and energy intensity (EI).

PENGARUH PROSES QUENCHING DENGAN MEDIA PENDINGIN AIR DAN OLI TERHADAP KEKERASAN BAJA DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO BAJA S45C

Perlakuan panas merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan kualitas suatu produk baja, pada saat mengoperasikan excavator di pertambangan tidak menutup kemungkinan komponen yang rusak atau aus harus segera diganti karena akan menghambat kinerja alat berat tersebut, tidak jarang akibatnya. untuk ketersediaan spare part original sedikit atau harus dipesan terlebih dahulu, untuk mengatasi lamanya waktu penggantian tentunya pihak perusahaan akan mencari komponen non original yang banyak beredar dipasaran tentunya dari segi kualitas atau waktu pemakaian. menjadi lebih pendek dari komponen aslinya. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas komponen tersebut maka dilakukan proses heat treatment (quenching) untuk meningkatkan kualitas komponen tersebut. Perlakuan panas dilakukan mulai dari memanaskan spesimen hingga suhu yang sesuai divariasikan (800 °C, 850 °C dan 900 °C) kemudian ditahan di dalam oven selama 2 jam dan kemudian didinginkan secara cepat menggunakan air dan minyak, jenis pendinginan ini akan berpengaruh kekerasan dan mikro. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh temperatur quenching dan jenis pendinginan terhadap kekerasan dan mikrostruktur. Heat treatment is an alternative to improve the quality of a steel product, when operating an excavator in mining does not rule out the possibility of damaged or worn components which must be replaced immediately because it will hamper the performance of the heavy equipment, not infrequently due to the availability of spare the original part is a little or must be ordered in advance, to overcome the lengthy replacement time of course the company will look for non-original components that are circulating in the market of course in terms of quality or usage time to be shorter than the original components. To improve the quality of these components, a heat treatment (quenching) process is carried out to improve the quality of the components. Heat treatment carried out starting from heating the specimens to the appropriate temperature varied (800 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C) then held in the oven for 2 hours and then cooled quickly using water and oil, this type of cooling will affect the hardness and microstructure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of quenching temperature and type of cooling on hardness and microstructure.

Vision-Based Precision Deburring and Edge Breaking Process Quality Control

This paper presents a computer vision system for evaluating the quality of deburring and edge breaking on aluminum and steel blocks. This technique produces both quantitative (size) and qualitative (quality) measures of chamfering operation from images taken with an off-the-shelf camera. We demonstrate that the proposed computer vision system can detect edge chamfering geometry within a 1–2mm range. The proposed technique does not require precise calibration of the camera to the part nor specialized hardware beyond a macro lens. Off-the-shelf components and a CAD model of the original part geometry are used for calibration. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique on edge breaking quality control.