scholarly journals Ikhin Tone and Nasality: Autosegmental Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 603-610
Author(s):  
Oladimeji Olaide A. ◽  
Opoola Bolanle T.
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Processes ◽  
North Central ◽  
Bearing Unit ◽  
Edo State ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Contour Tones ◽  
Phonological Units

In generative phonology, tone and nasality are described as suprasegmental phonological units. This implies that their survival depends on the segments on which they are grounded. Thus, when a tone bearing unit or nasality bearing unit disappears, any of these segments also disappears. In autosegmental theory, however, tone or nasality survives after the deletion of segment to which it is attached. This phenomenon is termed ‘stability’ which is the foundation for autosegmental phonological theory. Stability is the survival of tone and nasality after the deletion of segments on which they are grounded. Tone and nasality exhibit stability in Ikhin, a North-Central Edoid language spoken in Edo State, South-South, Nigeria. Previous study on Ikhin dwells mainly on the phonetics of the language. This study, therefore, investigates phonological processes such as vowel elision, glide formation and nasalization with a view to determining the stability or otherwise of tone and nasality. This paper confirms that in Ikhin, any process that involves the removal of a tone bearing unit must relate to stability and relate to the creation of contour tones.  The study further confirms that nasality remains stable even in the absence of segment to which it is linked. Based on available data, it is argued that the deletion of a Tone Bearing Unit (TBU) or a Nasality Bearing Unit (NBU) does not necessarily involve the deletion of tone or nasality. Infact, it usual does not. The study concludes that tone and nasality are independent segments. They are as independent as consonant and vowel.

scholarly journals Communication: On the Stability and Necessary Electrophoretic Mobility of Bare Oil Nanodroplets in Water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saranya Pullanchery ◽  
Sergey Kulik ◽  
halil okur ◽  
Hilton. B. de Aguiar ◽  
Sylvie Roke
Keyword(s):  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Dlvo Theory ◽  
Air Bubbles ◽  
Oil Droplets ◽  
Cleaning Procedure ◽  
Charged Droplets ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century

Hydrophobic oil droplets, particles and air bubbles can be dispersed in water as kinetically stabilized dispersions. It has been established since the 19th century that such objects harbor a negative electrostatic potential roughly twice larger than the thermal energy. The source of this charge continues to be one of the core observations in relation to hydrophobicity and its molecular explanation is still debated. What is clear though, is that the stabilizing interaction in these systems is understood in terms of electrostatic repulsion via DLVO theory. Recent work [Carpenter et al., PNAS 116 (2019) 9214] has added another element into the discussion, reporting the creation of bare near-zero charged droplets of oil in water that are stable for several days. Key to the creation of the droplets is a rigorous glassware cleaning procedure. Here, we investigate these conclusions and show that the cleaning procedure of glassware has no influence on the electrophoretic mobility of the droplets, that oil droplets with near-zero charge are unstable, and provide an alternative possible explanation for the observations involving glass surface chemistry.

scholarly journals A syncretic analysis of the duality of dance as art and science

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
Mariam A. Iyeh ◽  
Godwin Onuche
Keyword(s):  
Art And Science ◽  
North Central ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Scientific Nature ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Traditional Practitioners

This paper examines the duality of dance as both art and science. It argues on the premise that only the manifestations of dance as an art form has been explored whilst its scientific manifestations have been arguably ignored. It avers that duality is seen in the processes involved in dance choreography. In doing this, it maintains that dance as an art often manifests in the intuition and creativity involved during the creation of dances while dance as science manifests itself during the execution of movements. It argues that the traditional practitioners of dance in Nigeria and Africa are generally aware of the scientific nature of dance, which they adhere to unconsciously while creating dances without knowing it has a scientific posturing. The article insists that intelligence displayed in dance choreographies attests to the above claims. The study uses syncretism and Humphrey-Weidman theory of dance composition as theoretical moorings to contend that the Agbaka dance of the Igala people of Kogi State in North Central Nigeria expresses and displays the scientific nature of dance. Consequently, the dance form is examined from the physiological, psychological and biomechanical perspectives, informing the conclusion that dance practitioners in Nigeria should engage in a conscious exploration and admittance of dance as both art and science. Keywords: Syncretism, Art, Science, Duality of dance, Biomechanics, Agbaka dance

scholarly journals Determinants of Tax Compliance Behaviour under the Self-Assessment Scheme in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
John Obiora Anyaduba ◽  
Timothy Oboh
Keyword(s):  
Tax Compliance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
North Central ◽  
South West ◽  
Tax Audit ◽  
Edo State ◽  
Compliance Behaviour ◽  
Behaviour Data

This study examined the determinants of tax compliance behaviour under the self-assessment scheme in Nigeria. A non-random stratified sampling technique was used to evaluate taxpayer behaviour. Data was also gathered using questionnaire from three of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, namely South-South, South-West and North central zones respectively. The specific locations were Edo state, Lagos state, and Federal Capital Territory, Abuja resulting in 550 respondents which were analysed. The results showed that tax audit and awareness of offences and penalties had a positive and significant impact on tax compliance behaviour under the self-assessment scheme in Nigeria. Simplicity of tax administration and returns, tax knowledge and taxpayers’ integrity had a positive but not significant impact on tax compliance behaviour under the self-assessment scheme in Nigeria. The study recommends that the tax authorities should enhance the capacity of tax audit and ensure that there are sufficient tax officials to facilitate tax audit exercise, create greater awareness of the various offences and penalties through the mass media and undertake an upward review of extant penalties.

A diachronic look at the syllable: the case of Icelandic

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230
Author(s):  
Kristján Árnson
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Linguistic Terms ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Phonological Units

I. Like so many linguistic terms, the term syllable has been used in many different senses, and theoretical distinctions have been made, aimed at avoiding confusion. There is hardly any need to remind the reader of Pike's distinction between PHONETIC and PHONEMIC syllables: ‘the phonetic syllables must be analyzed into the structural phonemic syllables’ (Pike, 1947: 90). Although obviously beneficial, this division still leaves considerable room for confusion, both on the phonetic and on the phonological side. On the phonological side the syllable can be thought of as a unit of organization of smaller phonological units (cf. e.g. Bell (1977), Bell & Hooper (1978)) or as a unit defining the scope or environment for phonological processes, or as accounting for regularities of quantity and tonality (cf. e.g. Pike (1947: 90), and Hooper (1972)). On the phonetic side there are at least two approaches to the syllable. It has been looked on as defining units in speech production (cf. Stetson (1951), Catford (1977: 89–90)) or as a means of describing sonority variation in the phonetic signal (cf. e.g. Jespersen (1949/1934: 118–121)). This latter aspect relates to the perception of the linguistic signal by speakers and to the acoustic buildup of the phonetic medium. Finally, there are those who deny the usefulness of the concept altogether.

Improving the Stability of Wood-Cutting Saws by Thermoplastic Action on the Distribution of Residual Stresses in the Blade

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-181
Author(s):  
V.I. Melekhov ◽  
◽  
I.I. Solovev ◽  
T.V. Tyurikova ◽  
N.V. Ponomareva
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Circular Saw ◽  
Compressive Stresses ◽  
Transverse Bending ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Saw Blade ◽  
Temperature Heating

The saw stability in operation defines the ability of the saw blade to resist the forces acting on it in the plane of greatest rigidity. The saw can work reliably only in case of maintaining stable balance, which is achieved through the creation of normalized residual stresses in certain zones of the saw blade by different methods. The stresses balance the forces of external influences. Compressive stresses are created in the central part of the blade to make the circular saw operational. These stresses compensate the forces of centrifugal acceleration, temperature heating of individual zones of the saw blade, external longitudinal and transverse bending forces arising in material processing. In practice, the creation of normalized stresses in the saw disk is traditionally carried out only by local mechanical contact action (forging, rolling) of the saw blade tool on the steel saw blade. It is proposed to form the stressed state of the disk by thermophysical action instead of the traditional mechanical processing of the saw blade. The thermophysical action involves the creation of normalized residual stresses in the saw blade by the concentrated thermal exposure to local differently directed narrow-band zones of straight or deflected shape, mainly radial or along concentric traces, controlling the process in real time. A new approach to the formation of residual stress fields in the saw blade by thermoplastic action enables to radically change the settingup procedure of the circular saw, ensuring its stability in operation.

Perfection ofsilviculturalmeasuresthe contentand use ofspruce forests, improving their sustainability andreducingthe negative effects ofthe pathology

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-65
Author(s):  
Малахова ◽  
Ekaterina Malakhova ◽  
Желдак ◽  
Vladimir Zheldak ◽  
Прока ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Spruce Forests ◽  
Harmful Organisms ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Coniferous Wood ◽  
The Stability

In order to address the problem of increasing the stability of spruce forests, reducing their destruction by harmful organisms, including bark beetle, along with carrying outthe necessary large-scale sanitary measures, which include mostly clear sanitary felling and the creation of for-est plantations,in essence measures to eliminate the consequences of pathology expedient devel-opment and application of silvicultural measures aimed at preventing or reducing its manifesta-tion and the reduction associated with thisecological functions of forests (ecological and resource potential of forests), as well as the loss of valuable coniferous wood.

Dawnland Telescopes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coll Thrush
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Urban Crisis ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability

This chapter examines how London had to learn to be colonial. From the very first moments of sustained encounter in the late sixteenth century, places like Ossomocomuck and London were entangled through the creation of knowledge. Even before explorers stepped ashore in “Virginia,” they were propelled there by an unprecedented urban crisis that threatened the stability of London society. This urban context shaped how English explorers and colonists saw the territories and people they encountered and how they attempted—often unsuccessfully—to organize themselves and others in these unfamiliar places. Meanwhile, the experiences of Indigenous travelers to London, and in particular those originating in the homelands of the eastern Algonquian peoples suggest that parallel Indigenous processes of exploration were taking place.

Nonlinear Phonology

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Bernhardt ◽  
Carol Stoel-Gammon
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Theory ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Intervention Plan ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Hierarchical Nature ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Phonological System ◽  
Phonological Units

The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce a recent advance in phonological theory, “nonlinear phonology,” which differs fundamentally from previous theories by focusing on the hierarchical nature of relationships among phonological units. We first introduce the basic concepts and assumptions of nonlinear phonological theory and then demonstrate clinical applications of the theory for assessment and intervention. Data from a child with a severe phonological disorder are used to illustrate aspects of nonlinear theory. The data are first analyzed in terms of phonological processes in order to provide the readers with a familiar starting point for comprehension and comparison. The nonlinear frameworks are shown to provide a deeper analysis of the child’s phonological system than the phonological process analyses and to lead to a more clearly defined intervention plan.

scholarly journals Fusarium Mycotoxins Stability during the Malting and Brewing Processes

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim C. Piacentini ◽  
Sylvie Běláková ◽  
Karolína Benešová ◽  
Marek Pernica ◽  
Geovana D. Savi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability

Mycotoxins are widely studied by many research groups in all aspects, but the stability of these compounds needs further research for clarification. The objective of this study is to evaluate deoxynivalenol and zearalenone stability during all steps of the malting and brewing processes. The levels of these compounds decreased significantly during the production process (barley to beer). During the malting process, the DON levels decreased significantly in the steeping, germination, and malting steps (62%, 51.5%, and 68%, respectively). Considering ZEN, when the levels were compared between barley and the last step of the process, a significant decrease was observed. Most of the mycotoxins produced were transferred to the rootlets and spent grains, which is advantageous considering the final product. Furthermore, the mycotoxin dietary intake estimation was included in this study. The results proved that if the concentrations of target mycotoxins in raw material are under the limits established by the regulations, the levels decrease during the malting and brewing processes and make the beer secure for consumers. The quality of the five commodities involved in the beer process plays a decisive role in the creation of a safe final product.

scholarly journals Defining the inherent stability of degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea M. Simmonds ◽  
Y. Raja Rampersaud ◽  
Marcel F. Dvorak ◽  
Nicolas Dea ◽  
Angela D. Melnyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Degenerative Spondylolisthesis ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Outcome Analysis ◽  
Height Loss ◽  
Radiographic Parameters ◽  
Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Stability

OBJECT A range of surgical options exists for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS). The chosen technique inherently depends on the stability of the DLS. Despite a substantial body of literature dedicated to the outcome analysis of numerous DLS procedures, no consensus has been reached on defining or classifying the disorder with respect to stability or the role that instability should play in a treatment algorithm. The purpose of this study was to define grades of stability and to develop a guide for deciding on the optimal approach in surgically managing patients with DLS. METHODS The authors conducted a qualitative systematic review of clinical or biomechanical analyses evaluating the stability of and surgical outcomes for DLS for the period from 1990 to 2013. Research focused on nondegenerative forms of spondylolisthesis or spinal stenosis without associated DLS was excluded. The primary extracted results were clinical and radiographic parameters indicative of DLS instability. RESULTS The following preoperative parameters are predictors of stability in DLS: restabilization signs (disc height loss, osteophyte formation, vertebral endplate sclerosis, and ligament ossification), no disc angle change or less than 3 mm of translation on dynamic radiographs, and the absence of low-back pain. The validity and magnitude of each parameter’s contribution can only be determined through appropriately powered prospective evaluation in the future. Identifying these parameters has allowed for the creation of a preliminary DLS instability classification (DSIC) scheme based on the preoperative assessment of DLS stability. CONCLUSIONS Spinal stability is an important factor to consider in the evaluation and treatment of patients with DLS. Qualitative assessment of the best available evidence revealed clinical and radiographic parameters for the creation of the DSIC, a decision aid to help surgeons develop a method of preoperative evaluation to better stratify DLS treatment options.

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