Industrial science of the tank industry during the Great Patriotic War: contribution to solving problems of engineering and technical optimization of armored production in 1941–1945. Part 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-76
Author(s):  
Vas. V. Zapariy ◽  
V. V. Zapariy
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Electric Welding ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Technological Limitations ◽  
Energy Shortage

The work is devoted to the contribution of leading research institutes of the People’s Commissariat of Tank Industry to improve the metallurgical, welding and machining industries in the tank industry of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. The evacuation of main capacities of the USSR’s tank industry at the east demanded to transfer not only workers and industrial equipment to the base of civil engineering plants, but also to ensure the restoration of key technological processes in a new place. It was required in emergency conditions of war, at a new place, in conditions of personnel, equipment and energy shortage, industrial cooperation collapse, to create workable units, for mass production of tanks. Thanks to the concentration of industry management in the hands of the People’s Commissariat for Tank Industry, the country’s establishment was able to maintain the scientific and technical potential of industrial research institutes that had been engaged in core work in armor metallurgy, electric welding, mechanical processing and mechanical engineering technology before the war. They managed to integrate their personnel and technical potential into the production stuff of tank-building giants, created in the east after the evacuation. It made possible to create under extremely war conditions, a workable territorial production complexes for the production of medium and heavy tanks, which nevertheless got under the conditions of serious personnel and technological limitations.

scholarly journals Soviet Interpretation of the Ideas Of Fordism as a Basis for Transformation of the Soviet Tank Industry During the Great Patriotic War

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-332
Author(s):  
Vasily V. Zapariy ◽  
Nikita Melnikov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Total War ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Skilled Personnel

Introduction. Fordism, as a specific concept of production management, radically changed the face of the world industry. The system, proposed by the famous engineer and entrepreneur H. Ford, was based on the principle of large-scaled flow-conveyor production founded on the most specialized, standardized and automated industrial equipment. It made possible to produce goods cheaply under the conditions of the domination of low-skilled personnel. The American experience turned out to be widely in demand in the USSR during the industrialization period, since the country needed to create a modern and competitive mechanical engineering in the shortest possible time, primarily with the aim of strengthening its defense capability. Materials and Methods. The basis of the methodology of the work is the problem-chronological approach, which ensures the identification of tendencies and contradictions in the implementation of plans for the construction of the tank industry of the USSR in the 1930–1940s, allows them to be interpreted in a historical sequence. The principle of objectivity is based on the recognition of cause-and-effect patterns in the development of phenomena and events. In addition, the following methods are used: analysis of documents, scientific literature and state regulatory acts. Results and Discussion. The formation of the tank industry of the USSR in the pre-war period proceeded according to the principle of convergence of the technological characteristics of specialized military factories, traditionally engaged in the manufacture of tanks, and large civil engineering enterprises appeared during the years of industrialization, relying on Fordist, auto-tractor technology. In the pre-war period, low qualified personnel of the Soviet automobile and tractor plants, never been able to master the mass production of armored vehicles developed by engineers of specialized factories. The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War led to the evacuation of the capacities of most specialized military factories involved in the production of tanks in the USSR to the sites of civil engineering plants created during the period of industrialization. At the same time, the main forces of the country’s tank industry were moved to the Volga region, at the Urals and Siberia. In order to start producing tanks in a new place, in the extreme conditions of war, with the loss of qualified personnel and valuable industrial equipment, the industry leadership turned to radically transformation of the whole technology of tank production towards at Fordist principles. Key elements of the Fordism concept, as applied to the socialist command economy of the USSR during the war, were used by the party-state leadership to achieve the maximum concentration of limited resources. Conclusion. The system of organization and management of tank production, built during the war years in the tank industry of the USSR and the Urals in accordance with the basic principles of Fordism, can be assessed as “inflexible mass production”. This meant that it was impossible to quickly change the characteristics of products manufactured on a flow-conveyor basis, since this required stopping the conveyor and changing equipment. The system made it possible to mass produce and even improve the designs of the T-34 and “KV” (then “IS”) – tanks developed in the pre-war period, creating the prerequisites for their gradual transformation into an acceptable instrument of “total war”.

On the issue of the revitalization and modernization of the engineering in Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
A. E. Melnikov
Keyword(s):  
National Economy ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
Significant Barrier ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Competitive Products

Currently, one of the important tasks of the economic policy of Russia is the formation of a hightech image of the national economy, capable of effective functioning in the changing global geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions. In this context, the issue of revitalization of mechanical engineering, which plays a key role in the development of the country’s economy, is of particular relevance. This sector is a link between scientific and technological progress and the level of provision of domestic producers with domestic machines and equipment, allowing them to produce competitive products and to a lesser extent depend on the state of the external environment. The example of the developed countries of the world shows that the development of advanced engineering technology significantly increases the efficiency of the national economy, helps to accelerate its growth. At the same time, in Russia, in order to unleash the scientific and technical potential and activate engineering, it is necessary to initiate modernization processes in it. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of the study is to analyze the state of Russian engineering from the position of its role in the country’s economy. It is shown that at present a significant barrier to the development of this sector is the predominance of imported equipment, due to technical and operational characteristics, often superior to domestic counterparts.

Model line of production for automated design of technological processes

10.12737/4039 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Данилов ◽  
Aleksandr Danilov
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Optimality Criterion ◽  
Optimality Criteria ◽  
Automated Design ◽  
Idle Time ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Building Systems ◽  
Increase Productivity

The article considers one-product and multi-product production Lee-research institutes. Given model, which is the basis for building systems of automated design of production facilities; optimality criteria that can be changed when creating this type of industrial enterprises. Analyzed approaches allow to reduce production times and increase productivity. Keywords - mass production, the rhythm of production, the optimality criterion, idle time, the load factor.

scholarly journals THE CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS FROM LENINGRAD UNIVERSITIES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL POTENTIAL OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE 1950—1970-s: PAGES OF HISTORY

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
I.A. Koltsov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Polytechnic Institute ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Economic Institute ◽  
Creative Cooperation

In the 1950s - 1970s, the most important organizational form of higher education science was research institutes attached to higher education institutions. Having appeared in the 1920s, it proved effective. The first thematic laboratories were organized in Leningrad in 1956 at the Polytechnic Institute by Professor B.P. Konstantinov (who later became an academician) and the Electrotechnical Institute named after V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) by Professor N.P. Bogoroditsky. The desire of scientists to increase efficiency of the research, to bring it closer to the practical needs of the national economy reflected in the organization of 13 research institutes at the Polytechnic Institute in 1963. In the 1950s - 1960s, the Leningrad State University had the previously formed research institutes: the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Physical, Chemical, Biological and Physiological institutes, the Institute of the Earth’s Crust, the Geographical and Economic Institute. In 1959 – 1965, the University’s scientists completed the research on 5,300 planned topics. They performed 3,017 separate experimental and theoretical research, prepared 785 textbooks and teaching aids, completed 543 dissertations, and conducted contractual work on 955 topics. Only in 1969, 3,500 research papers created by LSU scientists were published. Among them were 107 monographs and 74 textbooks. Creative collaboration with industry workers was an integral part of the activities of the Leningrad State University’s scientists. Many of the LSU collective’s research were directly related to production needs. In 1959, the collective of the Physical faculty concluded 32 contractual works and 19 agreements on creative cooperation with industrial enterprises. In 1963, they performed research on 60 contractual topics for a total of 1,100,000 rubles, at the same time conducting 22 topics, provided by the agreements on the creative cooperation for a total amount of 1,300,000 rubles.

FEATURES OF MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY FOR THIN-WALLED PARTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
D. S. Blinov ◽  
I. S. Chunosov
Keyword(s):  
Initial Data ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Shape Error ◽  
Engineering Technology ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Radial Gap

In Russia, there is a tendency to revive the machine tool industry. From here, research in the field of mechanical engineering technology becomes relevant. The most popular research in the field of mechanical engineering technology is research on improving the manufacturing technology of thin-walled parts based on more reliable calculations. Axisymmetric thin-walled parts are very widely used in mechanical engineering, and they can be divided into rings and shells depending on the ratio of length to diameter. The objects of research in the article, which is staged in the cycle of works, are rings. The review and analysis of devices for installing thin-walled parts and methods for calculating errors from the action of fixing forces and cutting forces showed that standard cartridges are most often used for installing rings, and in the calculations of fixing forces are assumed to be concentrated (applied at a point). The work offers special devices–mandrels with wide cams, which are advisable to use when installing rings in mass production. The rings have a tolerance for the diameter of the base hole, which is intended to be used in the study. The purpose of the study is to develop an engineering method for calculating the shape error in the cross section of a thin-walled ring fixed by three wide mandrel сams, taking into account the width of the contact area and the initial radial gap between the diameter of the workpiece hole and the diameter of the working cylindrical surface of the cam. The tasks that will allow you to achieve the goal, the initial data, and a number of assumptions to simplify the study are identified.

Optimization of the Cutting Tool for Internal Flash Removing Operations in the Production of Electric-Welded Tubes

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
A.V. Shibanov ◽  
S.V. Grubyi
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Cutting Tool ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Hard Alloys ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Electric Welding ◽  
Welded Pipe ◽  
Experimental Geometry ◽  
Tool Durability

The article considers the structural optimization results for the process of mechanic removing inside flash during the production of longitudinal electric-welded pipes with a diameter of 60.3 ... 89.0 mm. Mechanical processing was performed with a pipe electric welding unit, designed for the manufacture of pipes with a diameter of 60.0 ... 178.0 mm, using various cutting tools and grades of hard alloys. The influence of the parameters of chip formation and cutting forces on the quality of inside flash removing in a longitudinal electric-welded pipe is found. The experiments were carried out using both the basic and experimental geometry of the cutting tool. The dependence of the tool durability at the operation of flash removing on the hardness of the alloy and the wear resistance of the coating has been studied. The analysis of the results of the study of annular inserts made of a three-carbide hard alloy with a multilayer wear-resistant coating showed the possibility of reducing the consumption of cutting tools and emergency stops of the mill, improving the quality of processing and the rate of yield.

scholarly journals Comprehensive study of the productive forces by the organizations of the Academy of Sciences in 1915–1941

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-290
Author(s):  
Maria Sverzhevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Academic Unit ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Face ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article is devoted to the activities of specialized institutions that studied the productive forces of the country within the Academy of Sciences. The Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces was established in 1915. It was the answer to the challenges of the First Word War. The Commission existed in the structure of the Academy of Sciences until 1930 and laid the foundation for many academic research institutes. The Council for the Study of Productive Forces, which was created on the basis of the Commission in 1930 during the reorganization of the Academy of Sciences, helped the Academy survive in the face ofincreased pressure from the government. Over the next three decades The Council coordinated the activities of academic institutions and laboratories in the field of productive forces and also organized scientific expeditions of the Academy of Sciences. The article examines the emergence of these institutions, their structural features and main areas of activity. The study covers the period from 1915 when the first academic unit for the study of productive forces appeared, until 1941 when the work of the Academy of Sciences was significantly transformed because of The Great Patriotic War.

scholarly journals The Modern Russian Historiography of the Evacuation of Industry during the Great Patriotic War and New Prospects for Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-772
Author(s):  
M. N. Potemkina ◽  
◽  
A. Yu. Klimanov ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Data ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Industrial Equipment ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Mobilization

The article analyzes contemporary Russian historiography on the evacuation of indsutries during the Great Patriotic War. Particular attention is paid to digital data cited by researchers about the number of industrial enterprises from different economic sectors evacuated into the rear as one of the most important characteristics of the USSR military economy. The absence of comprehensive work on the evacuation of material resources into the country’s rear remains problematic. The article provides a comparison of central and regional studies of Siberia, the Volga region, and the Urals. The conclusion is drawn on the significant successes of regional historiography in studying a number of problems in organizing the relocation and placement of industrial enterprises in new places, commissioning, economic efficiency of evacuated industrial equipment, and consequences of evacuation for strengthening the Soviet rear. The points under consideration concern the main achievements and debatable issues in the study of industrial evacuation, as well as the characteristics of the prospects for this scientific problem studying. The necessity of intensifying research on such aspects. Among these aspects are the following: the influence of pre-war mobilization plans on the organization of evacuation during the war, identifying the share of equipment losses during evacuation and explanations for such losses, the creation and functioning of evacuation bases, the evacuation of design bureaus and their impact on modernization processes on evacuated factories, and the post-war fate of the evacuated equipment.

Energy, transport, and consumption in the Industrial Revolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Tainter ◽  
Temis G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Underlying Assumption

Abstract We question Baumard's underlying assumption that humans have a propensity to innovate. Affordable transportation and energy underpinned the Industrial Revolution, making mass production/consumption possible. Although we cannot accept Baumard's thesis on the Industrial Revolution, it may help explain why complexity and innovation increase rapidly in the context of abundant energy.

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