scholarly journals The Problem of Realist Events in American Journalism

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Barnhurst
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Digital Communications ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Public Radio ◽  
News Content ◽  
The Past ◽  
News Websites ◽  
American Journalism

Since the nineteenth century, more kinds of news outlets and ways of presenting news grew along with telegraphic, telephonic, and digital communications, leading journalists, policymakers, and critics to assume that more events became available than ever before. Attentive audiences say in surveys that they feel overloaded with information, and journalists tend to agree. Although news seems to have become more focused on events, several studies analyzing U.S. news content for the past century and a half show that journalists have been including fewer events within their coverage. In newspapers the events in stories declined over the twentieth century, and national newscasts decreased the share of event coverage since 1968 on television and since 1980 on public radio. Mainstream news websites continued the trend through the 2000s. Instead of providing access to more of the “what”, journalists moved from event-centered to meaning-centered news, still claiming to give a factual account in their stories, built on a foundation of American realism. As journalists concentrated on fewer and bigger events to compete, audiences turned away from mainstream news to look for what seems like an abundance of events in digital media.

Sinkiang and Sino-Soviet Relations

1960 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen S. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Inner Asia ◽  
The Past

Sinkiang occupies an important place in the vast arc of Inner Asia linking Russia and China. Over the past century, it has witnessed recurring political and economic tension between these two Powers. On one occasion, Sino-Russian co-operation suppressed anti-Chinese rebellion among its predominantly Moslem peoples. More frequently, however, Russian influence benefited from these results, to the detriment of Chinese power. In addition, Russian trade concessions during the nineteenth century, and Soviet mineral exploitation in the twentieth century, spurred economic penetration of China's largest province.

scholarly journals Introduction

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-359
Author(s):  
Touraj Atabaki ◽  
Marcel van der Linden
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
The Political ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
Military Elite ◽  
Political Relationships

In its long history Iran has experienced many eventful moments. The past century was far from exceptional in this respect: the country was ravaged by three major wars (1914–1918, 1941–1945, 1980–1988) in which hundreds of thousands of people died; two coups (1921, 1953) transformed power relations within the political and military elite; and two revolutions (1905–1911, 1978–1979) led to radical changes in social, cultural, and political relationships. The country's appearance has changed completely since the end of the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a large proportion of the population lived in tribal communities; by the end of the century the central state was omnipresent. The capital, Tehran, expanded from a city of around 100,000 inhabitants in 1890 to a metropolis of over ten million.

The Price and Value of Children

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana A. Zelizer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Cultural Meaning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Value Of Children ◽  
Fiscal Considerations ◽  
Radical Transformation

This chapter considers the development of children's insurance. It argues that the removal of children from the “cash nexus” at the turn of the past century was part of a cultural process of sacralization of children's lives. It uses the term “sacralization” in the sense of objects being invested with moral and religious meaning. While in the nineteenth century the market value of children was culturally acceptable, the new normative ideal of the child as an exclusively emotional and moral asset precluded instrumental or fiscal considerations. The primacy of children's qualitative, intrinsic value was affirmed by forsaking any immediate quantitative money value. The chapter analyzes historical data on the controversial development of children's insurance between 1875 and the early decades of the twentieth century as a specific measure of the radical transformation in the cultural meaning of childhood.

Aftershocks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seva Gunitsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
International System ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sudden Rise ◽  
The World ◽  
National Borders

Over the past century, democracy spread around the world in turbulent bursts of change, sweeping across national borders in dramatic cascades of revolution and reform. This book offers a new global-oriented explanation for this wavelike spread and retreat—not only of democracy but also of its twentieth-century rivals, fascism, and communism. The book argues that waves of regime change are driven by the aftermath of cataclysmic disruptions to the international system. These hegemonic shocks, marked by the sudden rise and fall of great powers, have been essential and often-neglected drivers of domestic transformations. Though rare and fleeting, they not only repeatedly alter the global hierarchy of powerful states but also create unique and powerful opportunities for sweeping national reforms—by triggering military impositions, swiftly changing the incentives of domestic actors, or transforming the basis of political legitimacy itself. As a result, the evolution of modern regimes cannot be fully understood without examining the consequences of clashes between great powers, which repeatedly—and often unsuccessfully—sought to cajole, inspire, and intimidate other states into joining their camps.

scholarly journals In search of America’s old covered bridges

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald G. Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Landscape

AbstractAmerica’s first documented wooden covered bridge was erected at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1805. Hundreds were constructed within two decades and at least 10,000 by the later 1800s. As settlers moved West, broad rivers were crossed with inventive structures incorporating timber trusses ingeniously developed by carpenters. Called covered bridges because of the roof and siding needed to protect the timber trusses, they became ubiquitous features on the American landscape. Over the past two centuries, most covered bridges were lost to flood, ice, arson, lightening, decay, as well as “progress,” replaced by “modern” iron, concrete, and steel spans. Of some 700 covered bridges remaining, many are mere replicas of their original forms no longer supported by timber trusses. Genuine historic bridges remain largely from the last half of the 1800s while civic boosterism has led to claims of earlier dates with often questionable authenticity. This essay presents three wooden covered bridges constructed in the 1820s along a 10-mile stretch of the Wallkill River in New Paltz, New York. Of the three, only Perrine’s Bridge, constructed first in 1821 and covered in 1822, is still standing with intact Burr timber trusses. Perrine’s is an iconic structure with exceptional heritage value because of authentic re-building and restoration in 1834, 1846, 1917, and 1968. Using documentary records, this essay establishes an accurate intertwined chronology for the three bridges, detailing nineteenth century building practices and contentious mid-twentieth century struggles pitting preservationists wanting authentic restoration against those wanting removal.

scholarly journals ‘From Zionism to Communism’: Emilio Sereni and the Consiglio di Gestione in postwar Italy

Modern Italy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Andrea Bonfanti
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Postwar Italy

This essay demonstrates that it is impossible to appreciate the actions of the Italian communist Emilio Sereni without considering his Zionist background. Anyone who is interested in understanding the complexities of communism in the past century and to avoid simplistic conclusions about this ideology will benefit from the study. The problem at stake is that researchers often approach communism in a monolithic manner, which does not adequately explain the multiform manifestations (practical and theoretical) of that phenomenon. This ought to change and to this extent this essay hopes to contribute to that recent strand of historical research that challenges simplistic views on communism. More specifically, by analysing the Management Councils that Sereni created in postwar Italy, we can see that many of their features in fact derived from, or found their deepest origins in, his previous experience as a committed socialist Zionist. The study, then, also relates Sereni to and looks at the broader experiences of early twentieth-century Zionism and Italian communism in the early postwar years.

scholarly journals Some aspects of the origin of bandura fingering in the twentieth century as a fundamental basis of performance techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (59) ◽  
pp. 102-116
Author(s):  
Inna Mokroguz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Professional Growth ◽  
Technical Development ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Performance Techniques ◽  
Basic Approaches ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
Development Of Students

Background. This article studies the stages of formation of bandura fingering in the twentieth century, analyzes the scientific and methodological literature, that has been the basis for the professional growth of the first bandura performers. The paper highlights fundamental methodological principles that contributed to the technical development and professional skills improvement of the future bandura performer. The article defines the main components of the “bandura school” of the past century, analyzes the basic approaches of professional authors to fingering, fingering combinations and fingering inversions on the bandura and highlights the relevance of their application in modern bandura performance. The study defines the significant professional fingering variants from the past and their importance in the present performance. Methods. In the early twentieth century, there has been a need of professional bandura training and educational textbooks that would promote self-learning of the instrument. As a response to the request of M. V. Lysenko, the famous bandura player from Kharkiv Hnat Khotkevych published the first “Bandura textbook” (Lviv), which promotes the ten-finger performing system, the Kharkiv-type of playing and offers a large number of exercises and technical repertoire, paying special attention to various fingering combinations and position of fingers on the string. The activity of M. Opryshko played a significant role in Ukrainian kobzar art. The “Bandura School” by V. Kabachko and E. Yutsevich is a textbook for primary education. Zinovy Shtokalko, a well-known bandura player of his time, created the “Kobzar textbook”, in which he promotes the Kharkiv-way of playing and professional bandura performance. Notably, due to the transition from the Kharkiv-type to the Kyiv-type banduras, both the technical and artistic expressive capabilities of the instrument have significantly deteriorated. While selecting the educational material, there should be an organic link between the development of students’ musical hearing, new performance techniques and familiarity with musical literacy. Of particular importance, here is the work on improving the artistic quality of performances, the development of students’ artistry. Conclusions. The issue of technical development of the bandura instrumental performer is linked to the problem of fingering. During the twentieth century, many teachers and researchers developed the necessary methodological basis, which became the foundation for the gifted generation of bandura performers. That is why, bandura fingering issue requires deep analysis and thorough review of existing developments, the search for new approaches and their practical implementation.

The Southern Levant and the Ancient Near Eastern Canon

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-65
Author(s):  
Rachel Hallote
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Southern Levant ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biblical Narratives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

When the artistic canon of the Southern Levant coalesced in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, scholars thought of the region, then Ottoman Palestine, as the locus of the Bible. The small-scale nature of the archaeological finds as well as their relative dearth reinforced a reliance on biblical narratives as a framework for understanding the culture of the region. Moreover, early scholarship did not recognize the complex regionalism of the Southern Levant or the diversity of its populations. Consequently, the artistic canon that developed did not represent the historical and archaeological realities of the region. This chapter examines the history of how the artistic canon of the Southern Levant formed over the past century of scholarship, why various scholars of the early and middle twentieth century included particular items in the canon, and why these now entrenched representations may or may not be helpful to the discipline’s future.

Heaven Has Eyes

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-308
Author(s):  
Xiaoqun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Chinese Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Agents ◽  
Western Influences ◽  
Law And Justice

The conclusion points out the multidimensional interactions of many factors in the functions of Chinese law and justice in the past and present and delineates four overlapping historical contexts for an understanding of such functions. These are the indigenous traditions in the long history of China; Western influences from the nineteenth century and especially on the transformations in the twentieth century; interactions between lawmakers and state agents, and between state actions and societal responses; and the reality of justice being done in relative and imperfect ways under the best circumstances, due to human fallibility.

Antarctic Archaeology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zarankin ◽  
Melisa A. Salerno
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
South Shetland Islands ◽  
Shetland Islands ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Dominant Narratives ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Over Time

Antarctica was the last continent to be known. Human encounters with the region acquired different characteristics over time. Within the framework of dominant narratives, the early ‘exploitation’ of the territory was given less attention than late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century ‘exploration’. Nineteenth-century exploitation was especially associated with sealing on the South Shetland Islands. Dominant narratives on the period refer to the captains of sealing vessels, the discovery of geographical features, the volume of resources obtained. However, they do not consider the life of the ordinary sealers who lived and worked on the islands. This chapter aims to show the power of archaeology to shed light on these ‘invisible people’ and their forgotten stories. It holds that archaeology offers a possibility for reimagining the past of Antarctica, calling for a revision of traditional narratives.

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