scholarly journals Training for the Algorithmic Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Stefka Hristova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Visual Surveillance ◽  
Technology And Culture ◽  
The Many

In thinking about the ubiquity of algorithmic surveillance and the ways our presence in front of a camera has become engaged with the algorithmic logics of testing and replicating, this project summons Walter Benjamin’s seminal piece <em>The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility </em>with its three versions, which was published in the United States under the editorial direction of Theodore Adorno. More specifically, it highlights two of the many ways in which the first and second versions of Benjamin’s influential essay on technology and culture resonate with questions of photography and art in the context of facial recognition technologies and algorithmic culture more broadly. First, Benjamin provides a critical lens for understanding the role of uniqueness and replication in a technocratic system. Second, he proposes an analytical framework for thinking about our response to visual surveillance through notions of training and performing a constructed identity—hence, being intentional about the ways we visually present ourselves. These two conceptual frameworks help to articulate our unease with a technology that trains itself using our everyday digital images in order to create unique identities that further aggregate into elaborate typologies and to think through a number of artistic responses that have challenged the ubiquity of algorithmic surveillance. Taking on Benjamin’s conceptual apparatus and his call for understanding the politics of art, I focus on two projects that powerfully critique algorithmic surveillance. Leo Selvaggio’s URME (you are me) Personal Surveillance Identity Prosthetic<em> </em>offers a critical lens through the adoption of algorithmically defined three-dimensional printed faces as performative prosthetics designed to be read and assessed by an algorithm. Kate Crawford and Trevor Paglen’s project Training Humans is the first major exhibition to display a collection of photographs used to train an algorithm as well as the classificatory labels applied to them both by artificial intelligence and by the freelance employees hired to sort through these images.

Of Digital Images and Digital Media

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-102
Author(s):  
Nicole Karapanagiotis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
The United States ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Media Imagery

This article is a theoretical and ethnographic investigation of the role of marketing and branding within the contemporary ISKCON movement in the United States. In it, I examine the digital marketing enterprises of two prominent ISKCON temples: ISKCON of New Jersey and ISKCON of D.C. I argue that by attending to the vastly different ways in which these temples present and portray ISKCON online—including the markedly different media imagery by which they aim to draw the attention of the public—we can learn about an ideological divide concerning marketing within American ISKCON. This divide, I argue, highlights different ideas regarding how potential newcomers become attracted to ISKCON. It also illuminates an unexplored facet of the heterogeneity of American ISKCON, principally in terms of the movement’s public face.

U.S. Center for SafeSport: Preventing Abuse in Sports

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Johnson ◽  
Katie Hanna ◽  
Julie Novak ◽  
Angelo P. Giardino
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sport Organizations ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Training ◽  
The U.S

While society at large recognizes the many benefits of sport, it is important to also recognize and prevent factors that can lead to an abusive environment. This paper seeks to combine the current research on abuse in the sport environment with the work of the U.S. Center for SafeSport. The inclusion of risk factors unique to sport and evidence-informed practices provides framing for the scope and response to sexual abuse in sport organizations in the United States. The paper then explores the creation and mission of the U.S. Center for SafeSport, including the role of education in prevention and of policy, procedures, audit, and compliance as important aspects of a comprehensive safeguarding strategy. This paper provides preliminary data on the reach of the Center, established in 2017. This data captures the scope of education and training and the increase in reports to the Center from within the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Movement.

Domesticity and the Home (Page): Blogging and the Blurring of Public and Private among Orthodox Jewish Women

Jews at Home ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 257-282
Author(s):  
Andrea Lieber
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Home Pages ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Daily Diaries ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The Many

This chapter turns a feminist lens on blogs as the literary voice of Orthodox Jewish women in England and the United States, but finds that these women's productions defy easy categorization. They are extensions of home because their content typically relates the woman's responsibility for family and home. They are ‘home pages’ where these women can voice their frustrations and joys, but unlike conversations, in which they can control who listens, these daily diaries are public. The chapter scrutinizes the many non-Jewish reporters drawing attention to the blogs and their surprise that what they assumed to be an isolated, pre-modern group would log on from computers in a ‘traditional’ Jewish household. At the same time, it reveals internal conflicts within the group about how their communications can be reconciled with halakhah, and their potential to change the role of women.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence: Serving American Security and Chinese Ambitions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-52
Author(s):  
H. Obeid ◽  
F Hillani, ◽  
R. Fakih ◽  
K. Mozannar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Us ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Technological Strength

In recent years artificial intelligence has entered a new era, which gives rise to many hopes for powerful states such as the United States and China. In this paper, we analyze the importance and role of artificial intelligence in technological development in each of the two countries on the one hand, and its influence on China-American relations in terms of technological and geopolitical conflict. To get the right results, we rely on a literature review of dozens of articles published on the phenomenon in order to compare the power of artificial intelligence between the United States and China where we found that the US still has technological strength, especially in the field of artificial intelligence, but we can say that a large force is beginning pose a threat for it which is China that has great technological capabilities so, we can say that the United States should work more in this field. Also, we found that artificial intelligence has a primary goal in both countries, it helps China to achieve its ambitions to be the leader of the world, and this intelligence, on the other hand, provides protection and security to the United States. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on the importance of artificial intelligence in achieving China’s ambitions, the second section explains the role of artificial intelligence in the US protection service, and the third section describes the technological and geopolitical conflict resulting from the competition in artificial intelligence between these two countries. Keywords: Artificial intelligence, United States, China, Conflict, leader.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ECONOMY AND POLICY NOWADAYS. ARTICLE 3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN PUBLIC POLICY

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-32
Author(s):  
V.N. Leksin
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Third ◽  
China And India ◽  
The World ◽  
Final Article ◽  
Country Differences

The third and final article of the three-part series of articles «Artificial intelligence in the economy and politics of our time» (the first and second articles of the series were published in the fourth and fifth issues of the journal for this year, respectively) presents the results of a study of the goals, motivations and specifics of the adoption of national strategies to support the development of artificial intelligence in different countries. It is shown that such a strategy in Russia is based on the idea of the most important role of using artificial intelligence in solving the most complex economic, social, and military-political problems of the country. Differences in conceptual approaches to the development of research and practical use of artificial intelligence developments in the national strategies of the largest countries of the world — the United States, China and India.

‘It would be my earnest desire that you all would come’: Networks, the Migration Process and Highland Emigration

2009 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Epperson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Migration Networks ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Eastern Highlands

This article seeks to enlarge the picture of Highland emigration, not only by examining a little-studied region, but also by incorporating the sociological concepts of migration networks and the ‘value-added migration process’. To illustrate the migration process and the importance of networks, this paper analyses the origins of one Highland community in the United States, Scotch Settlement, established in eastern Ohio in 1802. Many of the émigrés in Scotch Settlement came from Strathnairn and Strathdearn, both located south of Inverness. This article explores the migration process that led individuals from this area to eastern Ohio, focusing on the particular economic conditions of Strathnairn and Strathdearn and the role of networks. The southern and eastern Highlands have been seen as being more stable and more technically advanced. This may very well be true for much of this region, especially that which was geographically Lowland. However, parishes like Moy and Dalarossie may not have been so blessed. The significant out-migration from these parishes probably was not caused by accessible employment opportunities, but because of the lack of opportunity in their home parishes. However, the long history of migration from this area coupled with the many opportunities nearby, especially in Inverness, may have meant that the residents of this region were better able to cope. There seem to have been fewer social pressures keeping them in their parishes while well-established migration networks meant that they had many more opportunities to depart. The Scotch Settlement emigrants, faced with disheartening circumstances not of their own making, decided that to best provide for themselves and their families it would be necessary to emigrate to the United States where they could obtain ‘a better way of living’ than they could in Scotland.

scholarly journals A Comparative Discussion of the Racialized Play of Symbolic Capital in Cultural and Political Economies of Indigenous Gambling in Australia and the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-24
Author(s):  
Fiona Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Problem Gambling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Symbolic Capital ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Us ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Competitive Games ◽  
The Many

This article aims to unsettle a pervasive cultural distinction between gambling – on one hand - and the competitive games of society – on the other - by exploring the role of whiteness as a form of symbolic capital in two different but closely related nations. Rather than following Pierre Bourdieu in relegating gambling to the constitutive outside of neo-liberal cultural and political economies, where sub-proletarian subjects are rendered simultaneously the object of an academic gaze and of public worrying about problem gambling, I will explore racialized dimensions of the many games of strength, skill and chance that constitute everyday culture in ex-settler-colonial nations. Comparative discussion highlights the role of gambling in mediating and transforming relationships of sovereignty between Indigenous and non-Indigenous citizens in Australia and the US.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural comparison of preferences for the external appearance of artificial intelligence agents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngsang Kim ◽  
Hoonsik Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Functional Illiteracy ◽  
Korean Chinese

We analyzed international differences in preferences related to the two dimensional (2D) versus three dimensional (3D) and male versus female external appearance of artificial intelligence (AI) agents for use in self-driving automobiles. We recruited 823 participants in five countries (South Korea, United States, China, Russia, and Brazil), who completed a survey. South Korean, Chinese, and North American respondents preferred a 2D appearance of the AI agent, which appears to result from the religious or philosophical views held in countries with a large or growing number of Christians, whereas Brazilian and Russian respondents preferred a 3D appearance. Brazilian respondents’ high rate of functional illiteracy may be the reason for this finding; however, there were difficulties in identifying the reason for the Russian preference. Furthermore, men in all five countries preferred female AI agents, whereas South Korean, Chinese, and Russian women preferred female agents, but in the United States and Brazil women preferred male agents. These findings may offer valuable guidelines for design of personalized AI agent appearance, taking into account differences in preferences between countries and by gender.

Two Irelands Beyond the Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Flewelling
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
Irish History ◽  
The Many ◽  
Irish Question

Two Irelands beyond the Sea: Ulster Unionism and America, 1880-1920 uncovers the transnational movement by Ireland’s unionists as they worked to maintain the Union with Great Britain during the Home Rule era of Irish history. Overshadowed by Irish-American nationalist relations, this transnational movement attempted to bridge the Atlantic to gain support for unionism from the United States. During the Home Rule era, unionists were anxious about Irish-American extremism, apprehensive of American involvement in the Irish question, and eagerly sought support for their own movement. Two Irelands beyond the Sea explores the political, social, religious, and ethnic connections between Irish unionists and the United States as unionists appealed to Americans for backing and reacted to Irish nationalism. The role of the United States in unionist political thought is also investigated, as unionists used American history, political systems, and Scotch-Irish ethnic traditions to bring legitimacy to their own movement. This examination drives the study of Irish unionism into a new arena, illustrating that Irish unionists were much more internationally-focused than generally portrayed. Two Irelands beyond the Sea challenges our understanding of Irish unionism by revealing the many ways in which unionists reached out to the United States, sought international support, and constructed their own image of America to legitimize the unionist movement.

scholarly journals COPYRIGHT AND CREATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) SYSTEMS: A TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY APPROACH TO AUTHORSHIP OF Al-GENERATED WORKS IN THE UNITED STATES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atilla Kasap
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
Original Works ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many

Complex Artificial Intelligence ("AI")-systems can generate original works as if they were human, yet with little or no human intervention. Nonetheless, the development of case law concerning copyright has implicitly centered on human creativity and originality, two qualities that a work must embody to be eligible for protection.' Moreover, copyright law has adapted over time, as technological innovations have confronted legislators and courts with new challenges in conception and application. Harmonizing the human role in copyright and technological innovations is therefore of the utmost importance if the United States' constitutional principle of furthering science is to be maintained. The difference between human creativity and computationalcreativity is the first and most crucial question that needs to be answered. This is because many Al processes are currently being employed to mimic human capacities. The state of the art in Al should be clarified to demonstrate the role that humans play in creative machines and the creative output of machines. Whether, as a matter of empirical fact, Al-systems are capable of all the creative capacities that humans possess is directly related to the following question: who is the author of Al-generated works? In other words, to whom are economic rights in authorship to be transferred to and who has standing before a court in the case of infringement issues and the like? This note is divided into five sections. The first section provides a brief definition, preliminary history, and summary of the latest developments of Al technology. This is followed by an in-depth investigation into the copyrightability of Al-generated works in the second section. Importantly, the second section will trace the locus of difference between human creativity and computational creativity and propose policy changes in the application of the notion of the originality which serves as a requisite for the allocation of authorship for copyright purposes. The third section will explore reasons to accept Al-generated works as copyrightable based on utilitarian grounds. Having thus established the grounds of copyright protection eligibility for Algenerated works, the fourth section will determine how authorship of these works is best attributed or recognized through a comprehensive analysis of the merits of seven plausible options: (i) the Al system itself as author; (ii) the programmer as author; (iii) the trainer as author; (iv) the user as author; (v) joint authorship; (vi) public domain or; (vii) the data proprietor. The final section proposes a solution to who should be accepted as the author of Al-generated works that better serves constitutional purposes and balances the many interests that are likely to arise between the various actors who develop creative machines or who lawfully obtain such machines.

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