ROLE OF FLOWER BUDS IN FLOWER BUD ABSCISSION IN HIBISCUS

In field conditions, rutabaga (Brassica napus ssp. Rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk.) plants are biennials and require exposure to low temperature for completion of their life cycle to seed production state. When young rutabaga plants were thermoinduced (3–5 °C) for 8 wk and subsequently transferred to growth room conditions, formation of flower buds resulted in 6 wk. Flowering response was greatly enhanced if the plants were sprayed with GA3 (100 mg/L) prior to thermoinduction. Compared with untreated plants, the GA3-sprayed plants responded with flower bud formation after as little as 3 wk of cold treatment. A longer cold exposure (6–8 wk) of the GA3-sprayed plants resulted in rapid development and maturity of the inflorescence. This note emphasizes the pharmacological role of gibberellins as regulators of flowering and their usefulness to enhance seed production and plant breeding programs.

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Functional and expressional analyses of apple FLC-like in relation to dormancy progress and flower bud development

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpz111 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Soichiro Nishiyama ◽

Miwako Cecile Matsushita ◽

Hisayo Yamane ◽

Chikako Honda ◽

Kazuma Okada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cold Exposure ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Plant Size ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Cold Winter ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Flower Primordia ◽

Maximum Expression

Abstract We previously identified the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC)-like gene, a MADS-box transcription factor gene that belongs to Arabidopsis thaliana FLC clade, in apple (Malus x domestica), and its expression in dormant flower buds is positively correlated with cumulative cold exposure. To elucidate the role of the MdFLC-like in the dormancy process and flower development, we first characterized the phenotypes of MdFLC-like overexpressing lines with the Arabidopsis Columbia-0 background. The overexpression of MdFLC-like significantly delayed the bolting date and reduced the plant size, but it did not significantly affect the number of rosette leaves or flower organ formation. Thus, MdFLC-like may affect vegetative growth and development rather than flowering when expressed in Arabidopsis, which is not like Arabidopsis FLC that affects development of flowering. We compared seasonal expression patterns of MdFLC-like in low-chill ‘Anna’ and high-chill ‘Fuji’ and ‘Tsugaru’ apples collected from trees grown in a cold winter region in temperate zone, and found an earlier up-regulation in ‘Anna’ compared with ‘Fuji’ and ‘Tsugaru’. Expression patterns were also compared in relation to developmental changes in the flower primordia during the chilling accumulation period. Overall, MdFLC-like was progressively up-regulated during flower primordia differentiation and development in autumn to early winter, and reached a maximum expression level at around the same time as the genotype-dependent chilling requirements were fulfilled in high-chill cultivars. Thus, we hypothesize MdFLC-like may be up-regulated in response to cold exposure and flower primordia development during the progress of endodormancy. Our study also suggests MdFLC-like may have a growth inhibiting function during the end of endodormancy and ecodormancy, when the temperature is low and unfavorable for rapid bud outgrowth.

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Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 447d-447

Author(s):

Meriam Karlsson ◽

Jeffrey Werner

Keyword(s):

Day Length ◽

Leaf Number ◽

Cyclamen Persicum ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Leaf Unfolding ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

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Regulation of Flowering Timing by ABA-NnSnRK1 Signaling Pathway in Lotus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22083932 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 3932

Author(s):

Jing Cao ◽

Qijiang Jin ◽

Jiaying Kuang ◽

Yanjie Wang ◽

Yingchun Xu

Keyword(s):

Protein Kinase ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Maximal Response ◽

Protein Kinase Activity ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Aba Content ◽

Flower Bud Abortion

The lotus produces flower buds at each node, yet most of them are aborted because of unfavorable environmental changes and the mechanism remains unclear. In this work, we proposed a potential novel pathway for ABA-mediated flower timing control in the lotus, which was explored by combining molecular, genetic, transcriptomic, biochemical, and pharmacologic approaches. We found that the aborting flower buds experienced extensive programmed cell death (PCD). The hormonal changes between the normal and aborting flower buds were dominated by abscisic acid (ABA). Seedlings treated with increasing concentrations of ABA exhibited a differential alleviating effect on flower bud abortion, with a maximal response at 80 μM. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the changes of ABA content and the occurrence of PCD, and indicated the importance of PCD-related SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (NnSnRK1). The NnSnRK1-silenced lotus seedlings showed stronger flowering ability, with their flower:leaf ratio increased by 40%. When seedlings were treated with ABA, the expression level and protein kinase activity of NnSnRK1 significantly decreased. The phenotype of NnSnRK1-silenced seedlings could also be enhanced by ABA treatment and reversed by tungstate treatment. These results suggested that the decline of ABA content in lotus flower buds released its repression of NnSnRK1, which then initiated flower bud abortion.

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SEVERAL SOIL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES INFLUENCING THE GROWTH AND RHIZOME DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps66-022 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 141-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Walter J. Kender ◽

Franklin P. Eggert

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Effective Means ◽

Soil Management ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Rhizome Growth ◽

Lowbush Blueberry ◽

Rhizome Development

A field experiment using various soil management practices showed that the most effective means to increase blueberry plant spread was through the use of a surface mulch. Peat and sawdust were of equal suitability as a mulching material influencing vegetative growth, although sawdust did result in a reduction in the number of flower buds produced when compared with peat. Mulching was associated with a higher soil moisture content than non-mulched plots.Blueberry plants growing in nitrogen-treated plots had an increased flower bud number and rhizome growth in contrast with those growing in unfertilized plots. Nitrogen fertilization was of particular benefit when applied in association with surface organic mulches.Plants growing in an undisturbed soil were more vigorous than in a homogenized or tilled soil. Sawdust was found to be detrimental to the growth of lowbush blueberry plants when incorporated into a homogenized soil.

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Factors influencing flower bud formation on the pear tree cultivar 'Doyenne du Comice'. I. Shoot growth and flower bud differentiation on trees sprayed with chlormequat and unsprayed ones

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1983.008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 36 (1-2) ◽

pp. 83-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Franciszka Jaumień

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Bud Formation ◽

Pear Tree ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Long Shoots ◽

Flower Bud Differentiation ◽

Flower Bud Formation

The growth of trees sprayed in spring with chlormequat is weaker, and their elongation growth ends 2 - 3 weeks earlier than that of unsprayed trees. Trees with growth inhibited by chlormequat set flower buds on the spurs and in the subapical part of long shoots. The course of flower bud differentiation starts in the second half of July and is similar to that in the apple tree.

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Chemical Removal of Premature, Unwanted Azalea Buds

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-6.4.122 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 122-124

Author(s):

Kenneth C. Sanderson ◽

Willis C. Martin ◽

R. Bruce Reed

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Rhododendron Simsii ◽

Spray Applications

Spray applications of 4.2% Off-Shoot-0 (a mixture of methyl ester of fatty acids C6, C8, C10, and C12) effectively destroyed flower bud scales and flower parts on the azalea (Rhododendron simsii Plachon.) cultivars ‘Prize’ and ‘Kingfisher’. The addition of ethephon to Off-Shoot-0 did not increase the destruction of bud scales and flower parts. Dikegulac-sodium and oxathiin alone or in combination with ethephon did not significantly destroy scales or flower parts. Destructive chemical pinching agents such as dimethyl dodecylamine and n-undecanol usually were as effective as Off-Shoot-0 in killing bud scales but not flower parts. Cultivars differed slightly in their response to chemicals designed to destroy unwanted flower buds.

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Comparison of Three Methods for Calculating Protein Content in Developing Apple Flower Buds

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/75.4.734 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 734-737 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shahrokh Khanizadeh ◽

Deborah Buszard ◽

Constantinos G Zarkadas

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Protein Content ◽

Conversion Factor ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Good Method ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Total Amino Acid ◽

Total Protein Content ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud

Abstract Three methods (Kjeldahl, sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide, and summation of amino acid content) for determining and calculating the protein content of apple flower buds were compared. Quantitation of protein content based on summation of amino acids appears to be the most accurate method. A new nitrogen:protein conversion factor (5.51) was calculated based on total amino acid analysis. This new conversion factor could replace the conventional 6.25 factor for estimating total protein content of apple flower bud by the Kjeldahl method. However, Kjeldahl is not an accurate method for estimating protein content in apple flower bud tissue, regardless of the conversion factor, and probably would not be a good method for estimation of protein in other plant species.

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RcAP1, a Homolog of APETALA1, is Associated with Flower Bud Differentiation and Floral Organ Morphogenesis in Rosa chinensis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20143557 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 3557 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yu Han ◽

Aoying Tang ◽

Jiayao Yu ◽

Tangren Cheng ◽

Jia Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Floral Organ ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Floral Organs ◽

Rosa Chinensis ◽

Organ Morphogenesis ◽

Floral Primordia ◽

Flower Bud Differentiation ◽

Delayed Flowering

Rosa chinensis is one of the most popular flower plants worldwide. The recurrent flowering trait greatly enhances the ornamental value of roses, and is the result of the constant formation of new flower buds. Flower bud differentiation has always been a major topic of interest among researchers. The APETALA1 (AP1) MADS-box (Mcm1, Agamous, Deficiens and SRF) transcription factor-encoding gene is important for the formation of the floral meristem and floral organs. However, research on the rose AP1 gene has been limited. Thus, we isolated AP1 from Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. An expression analysis revealed that RcAP1 was not expressed before the floral primordia formation stage in flower buds. The overexpression of RcAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in an early-flowering phenotype. Additionally, the virus-induced down-regulation of RcAP1 expression delayed flowering in ‘Old Blush’. Moreover, RcAP1 was specifically expressed in the sepals of floral organs, while its expression was down-regulated in abnormal sepals and leaf-like organs. These observations suggest that RcAP1 may contribute to rose bud differentiation as well as floral organ morphogenesis, especially the sepals. These results may help for further characterization of the regulatory mechanisms of the recurrent flowering trait in rose.

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Effect of soil conditioner (UGmax) application on the content of phenols and glycoalkaloids in potato tubers

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/196/2017-pse ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 231-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gugała Marek ◽

Zarzecka Krystyna ◽

Sikorska Anna ◽

Kapela Krzysztof ◽

Niewęgłowski Marek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potato Cultivars ◽

Potato Tubers ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Soil Conditioner ◽

Factor I ◽

Glycoalkaloid Content ◽

Factor Ii ◽

Application Methods

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the soil conditioner UGmax application on phenol and glycoalkaloid content in the tubers of two table potato cultivars. The following factors were examined: factor I − cultivars: Satina and Tajfun; factor II − five application methods of the soil conditioner UGmax: (1) control − no UGmax application; (2) 1.0 L/ha UGmax before planting; (3) 0.5 L/ha UGmax before planting + 0.25 L/ha at potato height of 10–15 cm + 0.25 L/ha in flower bud phase; (4) 1.0 L/ha UGmax before planting + 0.50 L/ha at potato height of 10–15 cm + in 0.50 L/ha in flower bud phase; (5) UGmax applied after emergence when plants were 10–15 cm high at the rate of 0.5 L/ha, and at the stage of flower buds at the rate of 0.5 L/ha. The highest concentration of phenols and glycoalkaloids was recorded in plots where UGmax was applied prior to potato planting at the rate of 1.0 L/ha, when plants were 10–15 cm high at the rate of 0.5 L/ha and at the stage of flower buds at the rate of 0.5 L/ha.

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