scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Hybrid Hierarchical Routing scheme for overall Efficiency in WSN

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3581-3588
Author(s):  
Raghunandan G H Et.al
Keyword(s):  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Distributed Sensors ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Routing Schemes ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Overall Efficiency

Wireless Sensor Network are spatially distributed sensors intended to monitor different physiological conditions. Sensing and communicating data from one place to another consumes more energy, therefore the management of sensor energy is a very important factor. Energy utilization, synchronization, and a lifetime of the network are the main criteria in WSN. More energy is utilized by sensors that are distant from the base station. The gateway nodes are deployed to collect and relay information from nodes to the base station to resolve this problem. To decrease energy consumption, gateway nodes are deployed in the network. In this paper, a hybrid approach is used to increase the overall efficiency of the network in WSNs with time synchronization which increases the throughput of the network. The efficiency of proposed protocol based network has shown improvements in network lifetime, residual energy, data packets, and the throughput of the network. The performance of WSN of the proposed scheme is compared to other classical routing schemes and the proposed algorithm has proved its merit.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of EOICHD Based Clustered Routing Protocol Variants for Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Anupkumar Bongale ◽  
Arunkumar Bongale ◽  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Rahul Joshi ◽  
Kishore Bhamidipati
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Network Cluster ◽  
Leach Protocol

Efficient energy utilization and network life prolongation are primary objectives to be considered when designing a Wireless Sensor Network. Cluster-based routing protocols are most suitable for achieving such goals. Energy and Optimal Inter Cluster Head Distance (EOICHD) is a cluster-based hierarchical routing protocol inspired by the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. EOICHD resolves the problems associated with LEACH protocol, such as selecting cluster head nodes in close proximity. By carefully selecting the cluster head nodes based on residual energy and optimal inter-cluster head distance, EOICHD ensures that selected cluster head nodes are separated by a certain optimal distance. This approach ensures uniform distribution of cluster head nodes across the entire network. The study of the EOICHD protocol presented so far is not sufficient. Hence, in this paper, we propose three variants of EOICHD protocol to understand its behavior in a better manner. A comparative analysis of all three EOICHD variants, LEACH and LEACH-central constrained (LEACH-C) protocol, is performed by considering comparative parameters such as alive nodes, cumulative network energy, data packets arrived at the base station, and stability of the network.

scholarly journals Delay-Aware Program Codes Dissemination Scheme in Internet of Everything

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixuan Xu ◽  
Anfeng Liu ◽  
Changqin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Special Functions ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Internet Of Everything ◽  
Wireless Links ◽  
Transmission Cost

Due to recent advancements in big data, connection technologies, and smart devices, our environment is transforming into an “Internet of Everything” (IoE) environment. These smart devices can obtain new or special functions by reprogramming: upgrade their soft systems through receiving new version of program codes. However, bulk codes dissemination suffers from large delay, energy consumption, and number of retransmissions because of the unreliability of wireless links. In this paper, a delay-aware program dissemination (DAPD) scheme is proposed to disseminate program codes with fast, reliable, and energy-efficient style. We observe that although total energy is limited in wireless sensor network, there exists residual energy in nodes deployed far from the base station. Therefore, DAPD scheme improves the performance of bulk codes dissemination through the following two aspects. (1) Due to the fact that a high transmitting power can significantly improve the quality of wireless links, transmitting power of sensors with more residual energy is enhanced to improve link quality. (2) Due to the fact that performance of correlated dissemination tends to degrade in a highly dynamic environment, link correlation is autonomously updated in DAPD during codes dissemination to maintain improvements brought by correlated dissemination. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that, compared with previous work, DAPD scheme improves the dissemination performance in terms of completion time, transmission cost, and the efficiency of energy utilization.

Intelligent Water Drop Based Coverage-Connectivity and Lifespan Maximization Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-273
Author(s):  
R. Sharma ◽  
D.K. Lobiyal
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Area Of Interest

Background: A significant issue of consideration in wireless sensor networks is to reduce the energy utilization while preserving the required coverage and connectivity of an area of interest. We have revised all patents relating to preserving of energy in sensor motes of the wireless sensor networks. Methods: We proposed a novel; Intelligent Water Drop based coverage-connectivity and lifespan protocol which minimizes energy consumption of the network. In this routing protocol, sensors are partitioned into the connected first layer and connected successive layer sets and a scheduling mechanism has been used to activate and deactivate sensors. Multi-hoping is used to transmit packets from sensors to the Base Station and sensor with maximum residual energy has been selected as the next hop. Power wastage has been avoided by removing duplicate information through a common relay node. Results: We have derived the expected number of sensors required to cover an area of interest and our protocol gives a long life to the network. A theorem has been provided to validate the results for different communication ranges of sensors. Conclusion: The protocol has been compared with other protocols and it proved better than other protocols in terms of the lifespan and the coverage ratio of the area. Results approve that our protocol reduces the problem of energy holes and maintains the connectivity of the network.

scholarly journals Equalized Energy Consumption in Wireless Body Area Networks for a Prolonged Network Lifetime

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam El Azhari ◽  
Nadya El Moussaid ◽  
Ahmed Toumanari ◽  
Rachid Latif
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Wireless Body Area Network ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Distributed Sensors

The phenomenal advances in electronics contributed to a widespread use of distributed sensors in wireless communications. A set of biosensors can be deployed or implanted in the human body to form a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), where various WBAN PHY layers are utilized. The WBAN allows the measurement of physiological data, which is forwarded by the gateway to the base station for analysis purposes. The main issue in conceiving a WBAN communication mechanism is to manage the residual energy of sensors. The mobile agent system has been widely applied for surveillance applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). It consists in dispatching one or more mobile agents simultaneously to collect data, while following a predetermined optimum itinerary. The continuous use of the optimal itinerary leads to a rapid depletion of sensor nodes batteries, which minimizes the network lifetime. This paper presents a new algorithm to equalize the energy consumption among sensor motes. The algorithm exploits all the available paths towards the destination and classifies them with respect to the end-to-end delay and the overall energy consumption. The proposed algorithm performs better compared to the optimal routing path. It increases the network lifetime to the maximum by postponing routing of data via the most-recently used path, and it also maintains data delivery within the delay interval threshold.

scholarly journals A Sector-Based Approach To Hybrid TDMA And NOMA With Digital Beamforming For Fairness Improvement In Wireless Powered Communication Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deukong Yoon ◽  
Mwamba Kasongo Dahouda ◽  
Juhyun Maeng ◽  
Inwhee Joe
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Digital Beamforming ◽  
Iot Devices

Abstract In recent years, Wireless Powered Communication Network (WPCN) has been a promising technology that can be applied to existing low-power sensor networks and the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensor nodes or IoT devices are usually battery-powered. It is possible to use naturally collectable energy such as solar and wind without using a battery, but this is not a stable supply of energy. Therefore, the idea of operating a sensor network by separately setting a base station that continuously supplies power with radio waves has been presented. ThMris paper proposes an approach for how to combine Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) among various multiple access protocols applicable to wireless powered communication networks. There are some problems using TDMA alone. If a time slot is allocated so that the sum-throughput is maximized, the fairness of nodes is not guaranteed. To cope with these shortcomings, NOMA, which is known as a method to improve fairness, is mixed. Our approach is that cells are divided into sectors so that TDMA is used among sectors while NOMA is used within sectors. In addition, optimization of the sector by sector time allocation for maximum sum-throughput can lead to residual energy in certain sectors. Therefore, a directional digital beamforming adapted to the transmission for each sector is used for efficient energy transmission. Unlike the previous user clustering, we attempt to generalize the number of nodes for NOMA from the fixed two nodes to any nodes by introducing the sector-based system model. The simulation results show that there is a trade-off between the sum-throughput and fairness because the sum-throughput increases but the fairness decreases as the number of sectors increases. As a result, we can suggest that a balanced range lies in between three and six sectors to satisfy both the sum-throughput and fairness at the same time. Finally, it is proven that our hybrid approach improves fairness significantly with the increasing number of nodes, as compared to the original TDMA only.

Clustering Routing Algorithm for Heterogeneous WSN with Energy Harvesting

2015 ◽  
Vol 733 ◽  
pp. 734-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Nan Xu ◽  
Ming Bo Xiao ◽  
Wei Yan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Improved Algorithm

Focus on the character of energy harvesting sensor network in heterogeneous sensor network and some shortage in SEP algorithm, an improved algorithm for EH-SEP is been proposed. EH-SEP considers both residual energy and energy support of nodes in cluster-head election process .Improved algorithm achieves higher probability that the advanced nodes with high residual energy to be cluster-head, and lower probability that the traditional nodes with low residual energy to be cluster-head. During the state of data sensing, this paper adopted multiple hop data transmission to avoid long distance communication between the cluster head and base station, so it can improve the network energy utilization. The simulation result shows that: EH-SEP algorithm is not only suitable for energy harvesting of wireless sensor network, but also effectively prolong the work time in the network stable stage.

Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering algorithm for cluster head selection (DEEEC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8139-8147
Author(s):  
Ranganathan Arun ◽  
Rangaswamy Balamurugan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Ch Selection

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) the energy of Sensor nodes is not certainly sufficient. In order to optimize the endurance of WSN, it is essential to minimize the utilization of energy. Head of group or Cluster Head (CH) is an eminent method to develop the endurance of WSN that aggregates the WSN with higher energy. CH for intra-cluster and inter-cluster communication becomes dependent. For complete, in WSN, the Energy level of CH extends its life of cluster. While evolving cluster algorithms, the complicated job is to identify the energy utilization amount of heterogeneous WSNs. Based on Chaotic Firefly Algorithm CH (CFACH) selection, the formulated work is named “Novel Distributed Entropy Energy-Efficient Clustering Algorithm”, in short, DEEEC for HWSNs. The formulated DEEEC Algorithm, which is a CH, has two main stages. In the first stage, the identification of temporary CHs along with its entropy value is found using the correlative measure of residual and original energy. Along with this, in the clustering algorithm, the rotating epoch and its entropy value must be predicted automatically by its sensor nodes. In the second stage, if any member in the cluster having larger residual energy, shall modify the temporary CHs in the direction of the deciding set. The target of the nodes with large energy has the probability to be CHs which is determined by the above two stages meant for CH selection. The MATLAB is required to simulate the DEEEC Algorithm. The simulated results of the formulated DEEEC Algorithm produce good results with respect to the energy and increased lifetime when it is correlated with the current traditional clustering protocols being used in the Heterogeneous WSNs.

scholarly journals Enabling Cyber Physical Systems with Wireless Sensor Networking Technologies, Multiagent System Paradigm, and Natural Ecosystems

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nafaâ Jabeur ◽  
Nabil Sahli ◽  
Sherali Zeadally
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Distributed Sensors ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Structure Topology ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Engineered Systems ◽  
Networking Technologies ◽  
Living Organisms

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are key components in the emergent cyber physical systems (CPSs). They may include hundreds of spatially distributed sensors which interact to solve complex tasks going beyond their individual capabilities. Due to the limited capabilities of sensors, sensor actions cannot meet CPS requirements while controlling and coordinating the operations of physical and engineered systems. To overcome these constraints, we explore the ecosystem metaphor for WSNs with the aim of taking advantage of the efficient adaptation behavior and communication mechanisms of living organisms. By mapping these organisms onto sensors and ecosystems onto WSNs, we highlight shortcomings that prevent WSNs from delivering the capabilities of ecosystems at several levels, including structure, topology, goals, communications, and functions. We then propose an agent-based architecture that migrates complex processing tasks outside the physical sensor network while incorporating missing characteristics of autonomy, intelligence, and context awareness to the WSN. Unlike existing works, we use software agents to map WSNs to natural ecosystems and enhance WSN capabilities to take advantage of bioinspired algorithms. We extend our architecture and propose a new intelligent CPS framework where several control levels are embedded in the physical system, thereby allowing agents to support WSNs technologies in enabling CPSs.

scholarly journals Predictive Algorithm for Handover Decisions between LTE and LTE-A Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-126
Author(s):  
Wafa Benaatou ◽  
Adnane Latif ◽  
Vicent Pla
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Mobile Terminal ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Inference System

A heterogeneous wireless network needs to maintain seamless mobility and service continuity; for this reason, we have proposed an approach based on the combination of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to forecast a handover during a movement of a mobile terminal from a serving base station to target base station. Additionally, the handover decision is made by considering several parameters, such as peak data rate, latency, packet loss, and power consumption, to select the best network for handover from an LTE to an LTE-A network. The performance efficiency of the new hybrid approach is determined by computing different statistical parameters, such as root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE), and error standard deviation (StD). The execution of the proposed approach has been performed using MATLAB software. The simulation results show that the hybrid PSO-ANFIS model has better performance than other approaches in terms of prediction accuracy and reduction of handover latency and the power consumption in the network.  

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