scholarly journals Harmonization of piece-by-piece measurement methods in all stages of roundwood manufacturing processes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Ziedonis Miklašēvičs
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Round Wood ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Work Done

<p>In the sawmill industry in Latvia the roundwood represents about 70 % of the total production cost. The quantity measurements of the round wood are required throughout the logic chain of wood from forest to the sawmills but inspite of a large proportion of the total cost the term “true volume” of roundwood is equally actual for supplies and processors of wood.  The roundwood volume results differ measured the same load by measuring the diameters of log in short intervals using harvester measurement systems and in sawmills by measuring the diameters of log in short intervals using electronic 3D systems or measured manually using the most accurate method according to the requirements of standard LVS 82:2003 by measuring top and butt diameter.  This means that it is a great interest in industry to develop the measurement methods and systems to have a lower cost and more efficient algorithm to determine the wood volume.</p><p>The purpose of this study is to compare the wood volume calculation results made by the most accurate manual and automatic measurement methods and give the recommendations for minimizing difference between them.</p><p>The research is a continuation to the work done in the project „Harmonisation of piece-by-piece measurement methods of roundwood approved by Standard LVS 82:2003 „Apaļo kokmateriālu uzmērīšana” (Miklasevics, Z., 2013).</p>

Is it necessary to calculate Young’s modulus in AFM nanoindentation experiments regarding biological samples?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Kontomaris ◽  
A. Malamou ◽  
A. Stylianou
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Biological Samples ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Accurate Solution ◽  
Hertz Model ◽  
Work Done

Background: The determination of the mechanical properties of biological samples using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) at the nanoscale is usually performed using basic models arising from the contact mechanics theory. In particular, the Hertz model is the most frequently used theoretical tool for data processing. However, the Hertz model requires several assumptions such as homogeneous and isotropic samples and indenters with perfectly spherical or conical shapes. As it is widely known, none of these requirements are 100 % fulfilled for the case of indentation experiments at the nanoscale. As a result, significant errors arise in the Young’s modulus calculation. At the same time, an analytical model that could account complexities of soft biomaterials, such as nonlinear behavior, anisotropy, and heterogeneity, may be far-reaching. In addition, this hypothetical model would be ‘too difficult’ to be applied in real clinical activities since it would require very heavy workload and highly specialized personnel. Objective: In this paper a simple solution is provided to the aforementioned dead-end. A new approach is introduced in order to provide a simple and accurate method for the mechanical characterization at the nanoscale. Method: The ratio of the work done by the indenter on the sample of interest to the work done by the indenter on a reference sample is introduced as a new physical quantity that does not require homogeneous, isotropic samples or perfect indenters. Results: The proposed approach, not only provides an accurate solution from a physical perspective but also a simpler solution which does not require activities such as the determination of the cantilever’s spring constant and the dimensions of the AFM tip. Conclusion: The proposed, by this opinion paper, solution aims to provide a significant opportunity to overcome the existing limitations provided by Hertzian mechanics and apply AFM techniques in real clinical activities.

scholarly journals Optimasi OPTIMASI BIAYA TRANSPORTASI PADA UKM DI KOTA BATAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Welly Sugianto ◽  
Elva Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Approximation Method ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Mathematical Form ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Iteration Methods

This research was conducted at UKM Jovelyn in Batam city. Jovelyn's UKM produces various kinds of cakes and is marketed in markets in Batam City. The UKM opened 4 branches and marketed its products to 7 markets in the city of Batam. Product distribution is still random and not properly regulated. This resulted in a very large transportation cost, up to 1/3 of the total production cost. This shows that product transportation is still not carried out effectively and efficiently. The transportation problem is converted into a mathematical form so that the problem can be solved by the transportation method. The transportation method aims to minimize the objective function which is a function of transportation costs. The transportation method is basically the same as the linear program where at each iteration a selection is made to enter the basic variabel and leave the basic variabel. There are several iteration methods, namely the northwest corner method, minimum cost method, genetic algorithm, Vogel's approximation method, minimum row method, Russell's approximation method and column minimum method. Previous research has shown that the Vogel's approximation method, and Russell's approximation method are more efficient and accurate. This study uses both methods and a sensitivity analysis is performed to optimize the calculation results. The sensitivity analysis aims to determine the extent to which the objective function constants and the constraint function constants can change Keywords: Transportation, Sensitivity, SME  

scholarly journals Usage of Geoprocessing Services in Precision Forestry for Wood Volume Calculation and Wind Risk Assessment

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Mikita ◽  
Petr Balogh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Forest Recovery ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Spatial Decision Support System ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Precision Forestry

This paper outlines the idea of a precision forestry tool for optimizing clearcut size and shape within the process of forest recovery and its publishing in the form of a web processing service for forest owners on the Internet. The designed tool titled COWRAS (Clearcut Optimization and Wind Risk Assessment) is developed for optimization of clearcuts (their location, shape, size, and orientation) with subsequent wind risk assessment. The tool primarily works with airborne LiDAR data previously processed to the form of a digital surface model (DSM) and a digital elevation model (DEM). In the first step, the growing stock on the planned clearcut determined by its location and area in feature class is calculated (by the method of individual tree detection). Subsequently tree heights from canopy height model (CHM) are extracted and then diameters at breast height (DBH) and wood volume using the regressions are calculated. Information about wood volume of each tree in the clearcut is exported and summarized in a table. In the next step, all trees in the clearcut are removed and a new DSM without trees in the clearcut is generated. This canopy model subsequently serves as an input for evaluation of wind risk damage by the MAXTOPEX tool (Mikita et al., 2012). In the final raster, predisposition of uncovered forest stand edges (around the clearcut) to wind risk is calculated based on this analysis. The entire tool works in the background of ArcGIS server as a spatial decision support system for foresters.

Implementation and Validation of Downcomer and Upper Tie Plate CCFL Correlations in a Two-Fluid Code

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Ha¨nninen
Keyword(s):  
Test Facility ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Core Cooling ◽  
Single Pipe ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
Two Fluid ◽  
Reactor Pressure

At the moment the two-fluid system code APROS has CCFL (Counter Current Flow Limitation) correlations that are designed only for a single pipe or for bundle geometry. In the reactor pressure vessel the downcomer and the upper tie plate of the core are components that call for special CCFL correlations. In the present task the Glaeser CCFL correlations for a downcomer and an upper tie plate have been implemented in the code. The implemented correlations have been validated by calculating several downcomer and upper tie plate test cases of the UPTF (Upper Plenum Test Facility). In the tests the steam flow, the emergency core cooling flows, injection locations and the pressure levels were varied. In the validation the UPTF facility has been modeled with a nodalization, which is normally used in the corresponding calculations. Because the calculation results do not depend merely on the CCFL correlations the new Kutateladze coefficients of the Glaeser correlation had to be specified during the validation. With the selected coefficients, good, slightly conservative results were obtained. In the paper the work done with the correlations and the results of the validation calculations are described.

scholarly journals Influence of Allowances on Taking Log Deliveries

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Veronika Hunková ◽  
Karel Janák
Keyword(s):  
Measuring Equipment ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
Electronic Measuring ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Length Group ◽  
Round Wood ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
The Right

This paper deals with differences between the declared and actually supplied volume of round wood, which can be seen in the sawmill log yards in taking log deliveries. These differences usually mean the losses for the suppliers. Authors focus on the length accuracy of supplied logs. They start with a comprehensive manual checking of log deliveries (2639 logs) and with calibration of electronic measuring equipment (238 logs) made by an accredited laboratory. Authors analyse the origins of the differences, they quantify the volume “voluntarily” given by the suppliers in the form of oversized allowances and the volume of the losses caused by classifying the logs to a lower length group if the necessary allowance lengths are not observed (the volume is counted using e.g. 1 m shorter nominal length). The term “extra allowance” is introduced for allowances longer than wanted, and the dependences among the length of extra allowances, log diameter, volume of extra allowances and number of logs with too short allowance are defined. Losses caused by both of these defects (over- or under-sized logs) are counted and compared. If the log length value is exactly the required one or close to it (it means nominal length and required allowance), the measuring equipment can still measure a lower value because of the required precision of 1 %. Losses are also caused by reclassifying the logs to a lower group. Suppliers cut the logs longer (make “extra allowances”) to ensure that the volume calculation is based on the right nominal length and not shorter. The research shows big differences between particular suppliers and their losses caused by extra allowances or reclassification of logs. The authors searched the optimum allowance in order to minimise the losses of the supplier. The results of the analysis give the following recommendations: for suppliers who do not use harvesters for felling and logging, it would be preferable to supply round timber in tree lengths due to the volume lost by reclassification. Today, however, this is not possible in most cases because large customers buy only logs because of technological reasons. Another aspect is the price, which is usually higher for raw material in logs. In the production of logs, it is preferable to increase the required 2 % allowance by 4-5 cm, if it is possible to produce the logs relatively accurately. If accuracy cannot be maintained, it is preferable to increase the allowance to about 7 cm (e.g. mountainous terrain, poor quality and curved timber, lack of experienced staff).

scholarly journals PEMODELAN SIMULASI PRODUKSI BAKSO DAN SISTEM DISTRIBUSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Risky Agung Nurdian ◽  
Rensa Prasidyajyandalu ◽  
Moch. Bagoes Ali Masyhuri ◽  
Dwi Rolliawati
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Dijkstra Algorithm ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Shortest Route ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

Intense competition at the present time requires producers to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of human resources and product material resources. Meatball X production is one of the small industrial productions engaged in the culinary field. In the production process and distribution of meatball X production is still not optimal. This study aims to make simulation modeling to maximize production and distribution in meatball X production. The results of the research of the meatball manufacturing process go through 4 stages namely milling, emulsification, printing, and packaging. With a total production of 1200 pieces per day and produces a maximum income of Rp. 1,800,000 with a net profit of Rp. 1,025,000. To determine the shortest route and distribution path using the Dijkstra algorithm. From the Dijkstra calculation results the shortest route and path as far as 14.1 Km with this route X meatball production can shorten the distribution time and reduce costs for fuel.

scholarly journals Semi-empirical estimation of log taper using stem profile equations

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 318-327
Author(s):  
Andrii Bilous ◽  
Viktor Myroniuk ◽  
Viktor Svynchuk ◽  
Oleksandr Soshenskyi ◽  
Oleksandr Lesnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Empirical Estimation ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Round Wood ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Taper Equation ◽  
Annual Distribution ◽  
Semi Empirical

In January 2019 the forest industry in Ukraine adopted European standards for measuring and grading of round wood based on mid-point diameters, which caused major discrepancies from traditionally used estimates of timber volume using top diameters. To compare methods of merchantable wood volume estimation, we investigated the stem form inside bark for two dominant tree species in Ukraine, i.e. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and common oak (Quercus robur L.). We used tree stem measurements to fit stem profile equations, whereas simulation was applied to derive log taper. We found that Newnham's (1992) variable-exponent taper equation performed well for predicting stem taper for both tree species. Then, we simulated the structure of harvested wood, so that it replicated annual distribution of logs by their length and diameters. As a result, the average log taper was estimated at 0.836 ÷ 0.855 cm·m<sup>–1</sup> and 1.180 ÷ 0.121 cm·m<sup>–1</sup> for pine and oak, respectively. The study also indicated that log taper varied along stems. The higher rates of diameter decrease were found for butt logs, for which the taper was 2.5–3.5 times higher than its average for the whole stem. The results of our study ensure the stacked round wood volume conversion between estimates obtained using top and mid-point diameters.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF CALCULATION METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF SURGE PILE MATERIALS VOLUME

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-211
Author(s):  
Valerij Sal'nikov ◽  
Andrej Basargin ◽  
Andrej Astapov
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Method ◽  
Crushed Stone ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Volume Determination ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Parallel Section ◽  
Wet Condition

Nowadays we have to handle the tasks for volume determination of surge pile materials (sand, coal, crushed stone) on industrial objects and building grounds. The type of work is necessary for keeping record of supplied and consumed materials, and also for their piling. This article gives com-parative analysis of 3 calculation methods for land works (horizontal sections, cone, vertical parallel section) in AutoCADCivil 3D. The object of research was the sand, delivered and piled in the Novosibirsk river port. The sand is a rather difficult substance to be calculated as it gets settled down in wet condition and blown away in dry one. The results of the research showed that the most accurate method for sand volume calculation is vertical parallel section one in AutoCADCivil 3D.

scholarly journals Morphometric Analysis of Groundwater Icings: Intercomparison of Estimation Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Leonid Gagarin ◽  
Qingbai Wu ◽  
Andrey Melnikov ◽  
Nataliya Volgusheva ◽  
Nikita Tananaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Direct Technique ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Area And Volume

Groundwater icings, typical features of permafrost hydrology, are indicative of hydrothermal interactions between surface and ground waters, and permafrost. Their main morphological parameters, i.e., icing area and volume, are generally estimated with low accuracy. Only scarce field observational data on icing volume and seasonal development exist to date. Our study evaluates and compares performance of several widely used techniques of icing morphometric estimation, based on field data, collected on a giant Icing #2 in the Samokit River basin, southern Yakutia. Groundwater icing area was estimated by: (a) staking, (b) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys, and (c) satellite imagery analysis. Icing #2 area in late February was between 1.38·106 m2 and 1.68·106 m2, icing volume, between 1.73·106 m3 and 4.20·106 m3, depending on the technique used. Staking is the least accurate, but also the only direct technique, which is hence used as a baseline tool in our study. Staking-based assessment of icing morphometry is the most conservative, while UAV-based estimates of icing area are higher by 14% to 17%, and of icing volume, by 74% to 142%, compared to staking. The latter appears, in our case, to be the least accurate method, although a direct one. It requires a sufficient number of staking points and transects, which should be set up to represent all icing zones, i.e., channel branches and alluvial islands. Photogrammetry based on UAV surveys has numerous advantages, i.e., higher precision of a per pixel icing volume calculation, based on an ice-free valley bottom digital surface model (DSM), and potential reusability of a resulting DSM. However, positioning precision suffers from the overlay of multiple flyovers required because of battery replacements, and, in our case, an insufficient number of ground control points. Satellite imagery along with B.L. Sokolov’s empirical approach were used to estimate the annual maximum icing area and volume, and the empirical estimates tend to converge to satellite-based values. Finally, all thing being equal, UAV-based photogrammetry shows higher precision in estimating the icing morphometrical parameters.

British iron ores: their future use

1974 ◽  
Vol 339 (1618) ◽  
pp. 313-328 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Mineral Extraction ◽  
Historical Importance ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Work Done

The historical importance of the British iron ores is briefly outlined and descriptions presented of the major ore fields. There has been a decline in the use of home ore in recent years due to the changes in steelmaking and world transportation practices, the increase in known world reserves and the availability of iron ore on a world-wide basis. The continued use of home ores at four British Works at Corby, Scunthorpe and Workington is recognized, total production being expected to be maintained at 7-8 x 10 6 tonnes (Mt) per annum. The work done to beneficiate the ironstones is noted. Attention is drawn to the land-restoration problems associated with ironstone working. It is emphasized that, on the whole, this has been done well, to the extent that it is often difficult to see that mineral extraction has ever taken place.

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