scholarly journals Clinical and epidemiological Semiotics in the diagnosis of etiology of acute respiratory viral infections in adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 268-273
Author(s):  
Aleksandr F. Popov ◽  
S. L Kolpakov ◽  
A. I Simakova ◽  
K. A Dmitrenko
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adenovirus Infection ◽  
Recent Period ◽  
Primorsky Krai ◽  
Etiological Diagnosis ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Specific Symptoms ◽  
The City

For etiological diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections the improvement of clinical semiotics and searchfor epidemiological consistent patterns are advantageous. Aim the establishment of consistent patterns of the clinical picture of etiologically AIRS decoded by PCR method and validities of epidemiological signs in the Primorsky Krai in the recent period. The material of the study were medical history cases on 276 patients admitted to the infectious department of Primorye Regional Clinical Hospital №2 in the city of Vladivostok in 2014 with a diagnosis of AIRS. Results. In the etiological structure of patients there was dominated influenza (48.2%). Hereafter there were: rhinovirus infection (13.0%), parainfluenza (11.2%), metapneumovirus infection (9,8,5%), adenovirus infection (8.0%). The minimum share was presented by bocavirus (HBoV)) infection (5.16%) and the respiratory syncytial virus, (HRSV) infection (4.7%). There were established the most sensitive and specific symptoms of considered infections. There were revealed features of the seasonality and the age structure of the patients, affecting on the efficiency of diagnosis.

scholarly journals Macrolide Therapy in Respiratory Viral Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Young Min ◽  
Yong Ju Jang
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infection ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Titers

Background. Macrolides have received considerable attention for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions beyond the antibacterial effect. These two properties may ensure some efficacy in a wide spectrum of respiratory viral infections. We aimed to summarize the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in a range of respiratory viral infection.Methods. A search of electronic journal articles through PubMed was performed using combinations of the following keywords including macrolides and respiratory viral infection.Results. Bothin vitroandin vivostudies have provided evidence of their efficacy in respiratory viral infections including rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza virus. Much data showed that macrolides reduced viral titers of RV ICAM-1, which is the receptor for RV, and RV infection-induced cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Macrolides also reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines which were induced by RSV infection, viral titers, RNA of RSV replication, and the susceptibility to RSV infection partly through the reduced expression of activated RhoA which is an RSV receptor. Similar effects of macrolides on the influenza virus infection and augmentation of the IL-12 by macrolides which is essential in reducing virus yield were revealed.Conclusion. This paper provides an overview on the properties of macrolides and their efficacy in various respiratory diseases.

scholarly journals Analysis of the intensity of post-vaccination immunity to acute respiratory viral infections of cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 06047
Author(s):  
E.V. Maksimova ◽  
E.S. Klimova ◽  
E.A. Merzlyakova ◽  
L.L. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The City ◽  
Vaccination Period

Of the acute respiratory viral infections in the farms of the Udmurt Republic, parainfluenza-3, respiratory syncytial infection, infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea are the most common. For the prevention of these cattle diseases, the inactivated combined vaccine Kombovak and Kombovak R. is used. Despite the widespread use of this vaccine, there is an ambiguous situation in the farms of UR and the percentage of ARVI incidence is extremely variable. Along with general economic factors, this can be explained using different schemes for the use of the vaccine. The work was carried out in the conditions of an industrial livestock complex located in the Uvinsky district of the Udmurt Republic. During the period of the work, 1,383 heads of cattle vaccinated with the Kombovak-R vaccine were monitored. Laboratory tests were carried out in the BI UR "Udmurt Veterinary Diagnostic Center" in the city of Izhevsk and LLC "Independent Veterinary Laboratory "Chance-Bio" in the city of Moscow. Determination of immunity intensity and retrospective serological diagnosis of ARVI was carried out by examining paired blood serum samples. Blood serum samples were taken from clinically healthy cows at the 6th month of pregnancy, i.e. at the end of the inter-vaccination period, as well as from unvaccinated calves with a live weight of 50-55 kg at the age of 17-18 days and after 21 days, respectively. When studying the preservation of post-vaccination immunity in cows, it was found that only two out of five studied animals have a protective level of antibodies to acute respiratory viral infections by the end of the inter-vaccination period. Serological screening of calves showed that antibodies to the pathogens of IRT, VD, RSI and PI-3 were determined in all samples. nevertheless, the titers of antibodies to ARVI pathogens differed significantly.

scholarly journals Role of ILC2 in Viral-Induced Lung Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Fonseca ◽  
Nicholas W. Lukacs ◽  
Srikanth Elesela ◽  
Carrie-Anne Malinczak
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Structural Repair ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Lung Pathogenesis ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Innate lymphoid type-2 cells (ILC2) are a population of innate cells of lymphoid origin that are known to drive strong Type 2 immunity. ILC2 play a key role in lung homeostasis, repair/remodeling of lung structures following injury, and initiation of inflammation as well as more complex roles during the immune response, including the transition from innate to adaptive immunity. Remarkably, dysregulation of this single population has been linked with chronic lung pathologies, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrotic diseases (IPF). Furthermore, ILC2 have been shown to increase following early-life respiratory viral infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV), that may lead to long-term alterations of the lung environment. The detrimental roles of increased ILC2 following these infections may include pathogenic chronic inflammation and/or alterations of the structural, repair, and even developmental processes of the lung. Respiratory viral infections in older adults and patients with established chronic pulmonary diseases often lead to exacerbated responses, likely due to previous exposures that leave the lung in a dysregulated functional and structural state. This review will focus on the role of ILC2 during respiratory viral exposures and their effects on the induction and regulation of lung pathogenesis. We aim to provide insight into ILC2-driven mechanisms that may enhance lung-associated diseases throughout life. Understanding these mechanisms will help identify better treatment options to limit not only viral infection severity but also protect against the development and/or exacerbation of other lung pathologies linked to severe respiratory viral infections.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Peculiarities of the Flu Epidemic of 2016 in St. Petersburg

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Karpova ◽  
N. M. Popovtseva ◽  
T. P. Stolyarova ◽  
K. A. Stolyarov ◽  
O. S. Konshina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
The City

To identify the peculiarities of manifestation of epidemic process of influenza in 2016, and causes high morbidity and mortality in St. Petersburg, a comparative analysis of the incidence of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections, hospitalization and mortality in children and adults during the epidemic of 2016 in St. Petersburg and other 58 the observed cities of the Russian Federation. The epidemic of 2016 in St. Petersburg from other cities were characterized by a greater intensity: the duration of the epidemic; the incidence of the population on the peak (at 1.9 and 1.3%), within the boundaries of the epidemic in the city (7.7 and 5.4%) and the country (11.9 and 9,6%); shares admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of «influenza» among the whole population (17.1 and 14,0%); greater mortality from influenza among the whole population (3.3 tims), persons 15 - 64 (in 3 times) and 65 years and older (2.8 times). The low level of population immunity in Saint-Petersburg in the before the epidemic period and lower frequency of hospitalization of patients with influenza and ARVI among the population as a whole (2.4% and 3.6 percent), particularly children and persons over 65 years of age (2 times), could be the cause of high morbidity and mortality from influenza in St. Petersburg.

The Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses: From Start to Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (06) ◽  
pp. 759-770
Author(s):  
Tom D.Y. Reijnders ◽  
Alex R. Schuurman ◽  
Tom van der Poll
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Destructive Inflammation ◽  
Systemic Memory

AbstractBiomedical research has long strived to improve our understanding of the immune response to respiratory viral infections, an effort that has become all the more important as we live through the consequences of a pandemic. The disease course of these infections is shaped in large part by the actions of various cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. While these cells are crucial in clearing viral pathogens and establishing long-term immunity, their effector mechanisms may also escalate into excessive, tissue-destructive inflammation detrimental to the host. In this review, we describe the breadth of the immune response to infection with respiratory viruses such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. Throughout, we focus on the host rather than the pathogen and try to describe shared patterns in the host response to different viruses. We start with the local cells of the airways, onto the recruitment and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells, followed by the establishment of local and systemic memory cells key in protection against reinfection. We end by exploring how respiratory viral infections can predispose to bacterial superinfection.

scholarly journals Transforming Growth Factor β Enhances Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induction in Human Epithelial Cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 2880-2886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. McCann ◽  
Farhad Imani
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Necrosis Factor

ABSTRACT Asthma is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease associated with significant tissue remodeling. Patients with asthma are more susceptible to virus-induced exacerbation, which subsequently can lead to increased rates of hospitalization and mortality. While the most common cause of asthma-related deaths is respiratory viral infections, the underlying factors in the lung environment which render asthmatic subjects more susceptible to viral exacerbation are not yet identified. Since transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a critical cytokine for lung tissue remodeling and asthma phenotype, we have focused on the effects of TGF-β on viral replication and virus-induced inflammation. Treatment of human epithelial cells with TGF-β increased respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication by approximately fourfold. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA and protein expression were also significantly increased above levels with RSV infection alone. The increase in RSV replication and TNF-α expression after TGF-β treatment was concomitant with an increase in virus-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Our data reveal a novel effect for TGF-β on RSV replication and provide a potential mechanism for the exaggerated inflammatory response observed in asthmatic subjects during respiratory viral infections.

scholarly journals PPAR-γ in Macrophages Limits Pulmonary Inflammation and Promotes Host Recovery following Respiratory Viral Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Huang ◽  
Bibo Zhu ◽  
In Su Cheon ◽  
Nick P. Goplen ◽  
Li Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Host Disease ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus

ABSTRACT Alveolar macrophages (AM) play pivotal roles in modulating host defense, pulmonary inflammation, and tissue injury following respiratory viral infections. However, the transcriptional regulation of AM function during respiratory viral infections is still largely undefined. Here we have screened the expression of 84 transcription factors in AM in response to influenza A virus (IAV) infection. We found that the transcription factor PPAR-γ was downregulated following IAV infection in AM through type I interferon (IFN)-dependent signaling. PPAR-γ expression in AM was critical for the suppression of exaggerated antiviral and inflammatory responses of AM following IAV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Myeloid PPAR-γ deficiency resulted in enhanced host morbidity and increased pulmonary inflammation following both IAV and RSV infections, suggesting that macrophage PPAR-γ is vital for restricting severe host disease development. Using approaches to selectively deplete recruiting monocytes, we demonstrate that PPAR-γ expression in resident AM is likely important in regulating host disease development. Furthermore, we show that PPAR-γ was critical for the expression of wound healing genes in AM. As such, myeloid PPAR-γ deficiency resulted in impaired inflammation resolution and defective tissue repair following IAV infection. Our data suggest a critical role of PPAR-γ expression in lung macrophages in the modulation of pulmonary inflammation, the development of acute host diseases, and the proper restoration of tissue homeostasis following respiratory viral infections. IMPORTANCE Respiratory viral infections, like IAV and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, impose great challenges to public health. Alveolar macrophages (AM) are lung-resident immune cells that play important roles in protecting the host against IAV and RSV infections. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which AM modulate host inflammation, disease development, and tissue recovery are not very well understood. Here we identify that PPAR-γ expression in AM is crucial to suppress pulmonary inflammation and diseases and to promote fast host recovery from IAV and RSV infections. Our data suggest that targeting macrophage PPAR-γ may be a promising therapeutic option in the future to suppress acute inflammation and simultaneously promote recovery from severe diseases associated with respiratory viral infections.

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