scholarly journals RISK FACTORS OF HIV INFECTION AMONG THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE MIGRANT POPULATION OF THE FAR NORTH

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
P. V Istomin ◽  
L. Yu Volova ◽  
Vladimir Vasil’evich Mefod’ev ◽  
A. A Romanova
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Far North ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Close Relationship

In the Far North are the most vulnerable to HIV infection by representatives of indigenous peoples living in the national villages, aged 20-29 years old, female. Due to the close relationship between the indigenous inhabitants of possible drift of HIV infection in the community tundra nomadic population. In the group of HIV-positive indigenous peoples in 100% have sexual transmission for migrants - 68,9%. For HIV-infected natives are characterized by a high incidence of sexually transmitted infections, alcoholism, tuberculosis, for alien population - chronic viral hepatitis. In HIV-infected persons indigenous have lower levels of CD4 lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio compared with the migrant population.

scholarly journals Syphilis surveillance and trends of the syphilis epidemic in Germany since the mid-90s

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Marcus ◽  
V Bremer ◽  
O Hamouda
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Epidemiological Information

Recent surveillance reports from Europe and the United States show an increase in syphilis cases. Accurate epidemiological information about the distribution of syphilis is important for targeting screening and intervention programmes. The German syphilis notification system changed in 2001 from physician to laboratory-based reporting, which is complemented by a newly introduced sexually transmitted infection (STI) sentinel system. After reaching an all time low during the 1990s, syphilis notifications have increased significantly since 2001, coinciding with the introduction of the new reporting system. However, the increased reported incidence is reflecting a true rise in the number of cases and is not predominantly determined by more underreporting through the previous reporting system. The increase reflects syphilis outbreaks among men who have sex with men (MSM). The first of these outbreaks was observed in Hamburg in 1997. In 2003, incidence in men was ten times higher than in women. An estimated 75% of syphilis cases are currently diagnosed among MSM. A high proportion (according to sentinel data, up to 50%) of MSM diagnosed with syphilis are HIV positive. The continuously high number of syphilis cases diagnosed among heterosexuals in Germany in recent years compared with other western European countries may reflect the higher population movement between Germany and syphilis high incidence regions in south-east and eastern Europe.

An Overview of Injecting Drug Use and HIV Infection in Edinburgh, Scotland - Maximizing Benefit and Minimizing Harm

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Roger Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Injecting Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Major Drug

Since 1983 parts of Scotland, unlike England, have experienced a major drug-related HIV epidemic. Edinburgh and Lothian currently have a known HIV-infected population of 1,105. A variety of harm-reduction measures, including needle exchanges, methadone prescription, community drug agencies, and targeted prevention campaigns have been implemented since 1985. The number of drug-related HIV infections reported has fallen significantly since 1988. However, sexual transmission remains a cause for concern, particularly among the injecting and non-injecting partners of HIV-positive drug users.

Strongyloides stercoralis infection in HIV-positive men who have sex with men

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 398-401
Author(s):  
Sophie A Ross ◽  
Hannah Pintilie ◽  
James Hatcher ◽  
Olamide Dosekun ◽  
Graham S Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Sex With Men

Strongyloides stercoralis is a common parasitic infection in tropical and subtropical areas which may result in fatal hyperinfection syndrome in immunosuppressed patients. Infection occurs through skin or mucous membrane contact with material contaminated with infected human faeces. Sexual transmission of other gastrointestinal infections has been observed in men who have sex with men (MSM), with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) a known risk factor. We present a case series of strongyloidiasis in seven HIV-positive MSM living in a non-endemic area. We found high rates of concomitant sexually transmitted infection and chemsex drug use, suggesting high-risk sexual behaviour.

scholarly journals The actuality of the problem co-infection of HIV and tuberculosis in current epidemiological conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 304-312
Author(s):  
G. V Chumachenko ◽  
Irina Yu. Babaeva ◽  
M. G Avdeeva
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Quality Of Medical Care ◽  
Sexual Transmission Of Hiv ◽  
Long Term Observation ◽  
And Control

The aim of the study. The analysis of clinical and epidemiological peculiarities of tuberculosis associated with HIV infection (TB+HIV), in the Tula region for 16 years from 1995 to 2012 to determine priority directions of the prevention and improvement of the quality of medical care. Materials and methods. There was executed the retrospective analysis of 818 inpatient medical records of TB+HIV patients and 645 outpatient medical cards (Tula regional antitubercular dispensary N1). Patients were observed and examined also in the Center for Prevention and Control ofAIDS and Infectious diseases. A study of HIV-associated TB was performed in 7 scientific and practical directions: clinical, radiological, immunological, microbiological, postmortem, statistical. Results and discussion. In the structure of TB+ HIV patients men (73.3%) prevailed, urban residents accounted for 76.76%, there is an increase in the dynamics of the proportion of women from 20.0% (2002) to 34.6% (2011), 83.38% ofpatients were aged of 21-40 years. Social portrait of the patient: the secondary (37.94%) or secondary special (32.65%) education and the lack of constant work (71.32%), 40.88% of the patients had previously been in prison. Two-thirds of patients (66.18%) were HIV infected due to the intravenous use of narcotics, however, during last 6 years of observation (from 2006 to 2012) the proportion of sexual transmission of HIV increased from 18.2% to 39.4%. The sexually transmitted HIV-infected cases most commonly occur in persons older than 41 years as well as in women. In most HIV cases TB appeared to be secondary infection, the average timespan between the onsets of these diseases was 6.3±2.77 years. In examined patients older 50 years HIV and tuberculosis were diagnosed simultaneously at the advanced stage of HIV infection. In 96.18% of cases (654 patients) tuberculosis had pulmonary localization, in most (67.1% of cases, 439patients) it was disseminated, including milliarytuberculosis, followed by infiltrative tuberculosis - 171 patients (26.1% ofpulmonary form cases). In long-term observation there was noted an increase in the proportion of infiltrative tuberculosis in the structure ofpulmonary forms. Conclusion. With taking in consideration the unfavorable epidemic situation, it is quite advisable to perform a comprehensive monitoring of social, medical and other factors, characterizing the patients suffered from TB associated with HIV infection.

scholarly journals Mucocutaneous infections in HIV positive patients attending a tertiary care institution: a descriptive study

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Neethu Haridas ◽  
Kunnummal Muhammed ◽  
Sarita S.
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Herpes Genitalis ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Care Institution ◽  
Tertiary Care Institution

<p><strong>Background: </strong>AIDS is characterized by the waning of body’s immunity leaving the victim to the multitude of life threatening opportunistic infections, neurological disorders or malignancies. Dermatologic manifestations occur in more than 90% of patients with HIV infection most often due to infections.  The awareness of the varied patterns of these skin lesions would help in early diagnosis and management of these in HIV infection, which in turn reduce the morbidity and improve quality of life.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Observational study from 1<sup>st</sup> April 2012 to 31<sup>st</sup> March 2013 in a tertiary care institution of North Kerala. HIV positive patients attending sexually transmitted infection clinic of Dermato venereology department, anti-retroviral treatment clinic (ART clinic) and infectious diseases ward of Department of Medicine of a tertiary care centre were examined after consent for mucocutaneous infections.  <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population comprised of 206 HIV infected patients with mucocutaneous infections. The male to female ratio was 2.07:1. Most of the affected belong to 30-50 years age group. Majority were manual laborers(49.3%) and in stage3 HIV disease. 107 patients had CD4 Count below 350 at the time of study(51.9%) whereas 40 cases (19.4%) had CD4Count above 500.<strong> </strong>Most common mucocutaneous infection was oral candidiasis (51%), followed by onychomycosis (16.5%). Out of 29 patients with dermatophytosis majority had tinea cruris (18 patients). Bacterial was second commonest infection. Only 3 patients had tuberculoid leprosy, one with type 1 reaction.<strong> </strong>Common viral infection was herpes zoster followed by herpes genitalis and conyloma accuminata. 11 patients had verruca vulgaris, one with extensive lesions.<strong> </strong>Out of 206 patients 28 had sexually transmitted infections (STIs) other than HIV, herpes genitalis being the commonest. Syphilis observed in 4 patients (1.9%). 162 patients (78.6%) were on HAART. The response to treatment was better in patients with CD4 Count above 500cells/mm<sup>3</sup>. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong>Oral candidiasis, onychomycosis, pyoderma and ulcerative STIs were noted in significant number of HIV infected individuals. These were more common in those with CD4Count below 300 cells/ mm<sup>3</sup>. <sup>.</sup>Those patients with CD4 Count above 500 cells/ mm<sup>3</sup> responded well to treatment. </p>

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF MANIFESTATIONS OF THE EPIDEMIC PROCESS OF HIV INFECTION IN RELATION WITH THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION FOR ADDICTION (IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Khasanova ◽  
C. T. Agliullina ◽  
R. F. Haeva ◽  
F. I. Nagimova
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Sexual Transmission Of Hiv ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The aim of the study is to characterize the trends in the development of the epidemic process of HIV infection in connection with the epidemiological situation of drug addiction in the Republic of Tatarstan.Materials and methods. The official statistical data on the incidence of HIV infection and drug addiction in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period 1987–2016, the data on the prevalence for 2001 and 2016 are analyzed.Results. Direct correlation of the prevalence of HIV infection and prevalence of drug addiction in the different territories of the Republic of Tatarstan were identified for 2001 data (r=0,81, p<0,001) and for 2016 (r=0,82, p<0,001). A statistically significant increase in the incidence of HIV infection in the population against the background of a decrease in the incidence of drug addiction was demonstrated. In the early stages of the epidemic in the region HIV infection spread mainly through injecting drug use and, in recent years, HIV has been sexually transmitted mainly through heterosexual contact.Conclusion. The output of infection outside the population of injecting drug users and the prevalence of sexual transmission of HIV in recent yearsare a reflection of adverse trends in the direction of generalization of the epidemic of HIV infection.

Gram-positive bacteria enhance HIV-1 susceptibility in Langerhans cells, but not in dendritic cells, via Toll-like receptor activation

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 113 (21) ◽  
pp. 5157-5166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youichi Ogawa ◽  
Tatsuyoshi Kawamura ◽  
Tetsuya Kimura ◽  
Masahiko Ito ◽  
Andrew Blauvelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Langerhans Cells ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Hiv Susceptibility ◽  
Hiv Acquisition

Abstract Although numerous studies have shown a higher risk of acquiring HIV infection in the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases, the biologic mechanisms responsible for enhanced HIV acquisition are unclear. Because Langerhans cells (LCs) are suspected to be the initial HIV targets after sexual exposure, we studied whether microbial components augment HIV infection in LCs by activating Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) pattern recognition receptors. We found that TLR1/2 and TLR2/6 agonists dramatically enhanced both HIV susceptibility and replication in immature monocyte-derived LCs, whereas TLR3-5, TLR7-9, and NOD1,2 agonists did not significantly affect HIV infection. The same infection-enhancing effects were observed when LCs were incubated with other related bacterial components as well as with whole Gram+ bacteria. In resident LCs in human skin, TLR2 agonists also significantly increased HIV susceptibility. By contrast, TLR2 agonists and related bacterial components decreased HIV susceptibility in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). We found that TLR2 activation of LCs, but not DCs, resulted in a significant down-regulation of APOBEC3G, which is a cellular restriction factor for HIV. Given these data, we hypothesize that ligation of TLR2 by Gram+ bacterial products may underlie enhanced sexual transmission of HIV that occurs with concomitant bacterial sexually transmitted disease infections.

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