scholarly journals History of Neuro Rehabilitation in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Viktoriya S. Vorontsova ◽  
Mikhail M. Kanarskii ◽  
Marina V. Petrova ◽  
Igor V. Pryanikov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Everyday Reality ◽  
Insight Into

Medical rehabilitation is a process aimed at promoting and facilitating recovery from physical injury, psychological and mental disorders and clinical illness. The history of medical rehabilitation is a fascinating journey through time, providing insight into many different areas of medicine. When modern rehabilitation emerges in the mid-twentieth century, it stems from a combination of management approaches focusing on orthopedic and biomechanical understanding of movement patterns, on mastering neuropsychological mechanisms, and on an awareness of the socio-professional dimension of everyday reality.

scholarly journals Western Medical Rehabilitation through Time: A Historical and Epistemological Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea A. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Everyday Reality

Medical rehabilitation is the process targeted to promote and facilitate the recovery from physical damage, psychological and mental disorders, and clinical disease. The history of medical rehabilitation is closely linked to the history of disability. In the ancient western world disabled subjects were excluded from social life. In ancient Greece disability was surmounted only by means of its complete removal, and given that disease was considered a punishment attributed by divinities to human beings because of their faults and sins, only a full physical, mental, and moral recovery could reinsert disabled subjects back in the society of “normal” people. In the Renaissance period, instead, general ideas functional for the prevention of diseases and the maintaining of health became increasingly technical notions, specifically targeted to rehabilitate disabled individuals. The history of medical rehabilitation is a fascinating journey through time, providing insights into many different branches of medicine. When modern rehabilitation emerges, around the middle of the twentieth century, it derives from a combination of management approaches focusing on the orthopaedic and biomechanical understanding of patterns of movement, on the mastering of neuropsychological mechanisms, and on the awareness of the social-occupational dimension of everyday reality.

Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 240-258
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter summarizes the conclusions drawn in earlier chapters and provides a brief overview of the question of ecclesiastical servitude up to the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Mastering the Nile? Confidence and Anxiety in D. S. George’s Photographs of the First Aswan Dam, 1899–1912

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Grinsell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
Aswan Dam ◽  
British Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Histories ◽  
History Of Empire ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The first Aswan Dam was built at the dawn of the twentieth century and celebrated as a triumph of imperial engineering. Five years after its completion, workers returned to extend the dam. Photographer D. S. George recorded both the building and extension projects for the Egyptian Public Works Department in a series of images that give a unique insight into the place of engineering in the imperial imagination. The dam was built at the same time as Britain was seeking to secure its domination of the Nile Valley, having recently seized control of Sudan. Mastering the river’s water was vital to expanding agriculture in Egypt, a central plank of British policy in the region. Representations of the dam speak to a larger history of empire and power in northeast Africa. This article examines the tension between bombastic confidence and nagging anxiety in the ideologies of empire. Drawing together water, engineering, and environmental histories, it explores the connections between attempts to control the politics of the Nile Valley and efforts to harness its waters. The key themes found in the albums—nature, technology, work, and conservation—will be used as lenses through which to scrutinize the peculiar form of modernity that engineers attempted to forge on the world’s longest river. This analysis reveals that imperial officials sought total mastery of the environment but that the difficulties faced in realizing such grand schemes also generated persistent anxieties and so helps us understand the fears that accompanied the ambitions of imperial modernity.

scholarly journals History of the opposition between psychogenesis and organogenesis in classic psychiatry: Part 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yorgos Dimitriadis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of

The question of causation in psychiatry is one of the oldest and most difficult in this field. This paper is the first of two published in this journal. First, it traces the development of psychogenic and organogenic views of mental disorders from Pinel until the early twentieth century. This includes the debate as to how a disturbance of function might create a lesion even without a visible pathological trace. The second part of the paper discusses in detail the controversy between functional and organic causes of mental disease. These concepts evolved taking into account psychological factors and also the response of the uninjured parts of the nervous system to trauma of various kinds.

scholarly journals A Plague of Kinyounism: The Caricatures of Bacteriology in 1900 San Francisco

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-514
Author(s):  
Lukas Engelmann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Hospital Service ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract The arrival of bubonic plague in San Francisco in 1900 has become a pivotal case study in the history of American public health. The presence of plague remained contested for months as the evidence provided by the federal bacteriologist Joseph Kinyoun of the Marine Hospital Service was rejected, his laboratory methods disputed and his person ridiculed. Before the disease diagnosis became widely accepted, Kinyoun had been subjected to public caricature; his expensive and disruptive pragmatics for containing the epidemic were ridiculed as a plague of ‘Kinyounism’. Not only does this history offer insight into the difficult and contradictory ways in which bacteriology became an established science, it also provides an early twentieth-century example of ‘politicised science’. This paper revisits the controversy around Kinyoun and his bacteriological practice through the lens of caricature to sharpen the historical understanding of the shifting and shifty relationships between science, medicine, public health and politics.

scholarly journals The Idealism and Pantheism of May Sinclair

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Absolute Idealism ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
New Directions ◽  
History Of ◽  
May Sinclair ◽  
Fresh Insight ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDuring the early twentieth century, British novelist and philosopher May Sinclair published two book-length defenses of idealism. Although Sinclair is well known to literary scholars, she is little known to the history of philosophy. This paper provides the first substantial scholarship on Sinclair's philosophical views, focusing on her mature idealism. Although Sinclair is working within the larger British idealist tradition, her argument for Absolute idealism is unique, founded on Samuel Alexander's new realist beliefs about the reality of time. Her metaphysics takes idealism and pantheism in new directions and provides fresh insight into 1920s debates between British idealisms and realisms.

‘The present state and statistical observation of mental patients under home custody’, by Kure Shūzō and Kashida Gorō (1918)

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-256
Author(s):  
Akira Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Present State ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Traditional Healing ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Mental Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Healing Practices

This text, dealing with the private confinement of the mentally ill at home, or shitaku kanchi, has often been referred to as a ‘classic text’ in the history of Japanese psychiatry. Shitaku kanchi was one of the most prevalent methods of treating mental disorders in early twentieth-century Japan. Under the guidance of Kure Shūzō (1865–1932), Kure’s assistants at Tokyo University inspected a total of 364 rooms of shitaku kanchi across Japan between 1910 and 1916. This text was published as their final report in 1918. The text also refers to traditional healing practices for mental illnesses found throughout the country. Its abundant descriptions aroused the interest of experts of various disciplines.

Fertility and Contraception during the Demographic Transition: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Szreter ◽  
Robert A. Nye ◽  
Frans van Poppel
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Demographic Change ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Qualitative Evidence ◽  
Periodic Abstinence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Demographic, cultural, and oral-history approaches to the study of falling fertility in nineteenth-and twentieth-century France, Canada, Britain, Holland, Norway, and Finland confirm the importance of the persistent usage of “traditional” methods of birth control—such as coitus interruptus, abortion, and forms of periodic abstinence—throughout the period when fertility fell, though fertility fell in each case at a different point in time. These studies also use qualitative evidence that provides insight into the reasons for contraceptive preference, thereby combining the history of changing sexualities with the analysis of demographic change.

scholarly journals A hundred-year of Karl Jaspers' General Psychopathology (Allgemeine Psychopathologie) - 1913-2013: a pivotal book in the history of Psychiatry

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 490-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Egidio Nardi ◽  
Rafael Christophe Freire ◽  
Sergio Machado ◽  
Adriana Cardoso Silva ◽  
José Alexandre Crippa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
History Of Psychiatry ◽  
Phenomenological Method ◽  
Karl Jaspers ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clear Delineation ◽  
Late Nineteenth

After a hundred-years of its publication, the Karl Jaspers' book, General Psychopathology, is still an indispensable book to psychiatrists and for all those who study psychopathology. It's a clear delineation of the phenomenological method for describing the symptoms of mental disorders that remains unmatched until nowadays. The book focuses on the relevance of phenomenological and hermeneutical methods in psychopathology. Although this work is grounded in the clinical thought and practices of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Jaspers' delineation of psychiatric methods in this work is still evaluated as unmatched to this day, a work that is indispensable to contemporary psychiatry. Jaspers also contributed with important articles and book reviews to psychiatric periodicals during the first two decades of the twentieth century.

Gallery Four Life

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-204
Author(s):  
Holly Morse
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Women Writers ◽  
Visual Art ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Creative Power ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
The Bible ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

Within popular Western interpretative traditions, as well as the majority of modern works on the reception history of Adam and Eve, the first woman’s role as a mother has ultimately been eclipsed by her action in the garden. Nonetheless, Eve is, according to the Bible, the first female to give birth to a child and begin the cycle of human procreation, thus representing a potent symbol of female creative power. Furthermore, some of the most poignant aspects of Eve’s story are bound up in her maternity; she is mother to all living but her children will know mortality because of her actions; she will suffer pain and anguish in order to bring about new life; and she will experience the death of her second son Abel at the hands of her firstborn, Cain. In this chapter, I explore the ways in which Eve’s motherhood is represented by a number of different trajectories growing out from the Hebrew Bible and early Jewish and Christian interpretations, visual art, and the work of pre-twentieth-century women writers. Each of these categories of interpretation offers their own unique insight into mother Eve, while also sharing considerable imagery and themes between them.

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