scholarly journals Nystagmus: prevalence, classification, pathogenesis. (Literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Apaev
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Functions ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Eye Movement Disorders ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Sources

The article provides information on the prevalence of nystagmus in the Russian Federation and the world. However, the lack of standards for data collection and the very understanding of the definition of optical nystagmus is the reason for the variation in prevalence values in different sources. Additionally, the article presents various classifications of nystagmus. Currently, there are many different classifications, and the most commonly used examples are given. The classification of eye movement disorders and strabismus, adopted by the working group in 2001 (Classification of Eye Movement Abnormalities and Strabismus CEMAS), is used worldwide. In our country, the most popular was the classification proposed by E.S. Avetisov (2001). Various sources have suggested quite contradictory data on the nature of the onset and the mechanism of development of nystagmus. Recently, the issues related to the pathogenesis of nystagmus have been revised. The theories that existed at the end of the last century were not substantiated in modern works. The pathogenesis of optic nystagmus remains less studied due to its complexity and ambiguity. The investigations continue to find the relationship between the pathology of the central nervous system and functional disorders of visual functions. The question of the relationship between visual acuity and nystagmus remains unclear. Does a decrease in vision cause nystagmus? How do oscillatory movements in nystagmus affect visual functions? This article encompasses the main areas of this issue. However, despite a significant step in understanding the causes of the development of nystagmus, this pathology remains insufficiently studied. This prompts many researchers and practicing doctors to study its pathogenesis further

Antitrust compliance: system standardization issues

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
V. V. Soloviev, ◽  
S. V. Yushkin ◽  
S. V. Maksimov*
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Compliance

The article examines the etymology and prehistory of the introduction of the institution of antimonopoly compliance in Russian business practice, the relationship of this institution with the institution of general compliance. The article considers the definition of the concept of antimonopoly compliance, enshrined in the new article 91 of the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition".The authors propose their own definition of the concept of antimonopoly compliance as an activity of an economic entity aimed at ensuring compliance with antimonopoly legislation by employees of an economic entity and an economic entity as a whole by preventing and suppressing violations of the requirements of such legislation and regulatory legal and law enforcement acts based on it.The authors also substantiate the advisability of developing a special national standard GOST R "System of internal compliance with the requirements of antimonopoly legislation (antimonopoly compliance system) of an economic entity".It is noted that the effectiveness of the antimonopoly compliance system will depend not only on the ability of an economic entity to form an antimonopoly compliance system on the basis of an appropriate national standard, but also on the state's ability to determine and guarantee effective incentives to comply with antimonopoly legislation.The authors substantiate the advisability of supplementing the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation with provisions that provide for the obligation and limits to reduce the amount of punishment or replace the punishment with a softer one in the event of an anticompetitive administrative offense by a person who has implemented an effective system of antimonopoly compliance.

Ocular motor disorders

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kennard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Motor Disorder ◽  
Motor Disorders ◽  
Ocular Motor ◽  
Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
Ocular Motor Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Eye Movement Disorders

This chapter discusses motor disorders of the eye. The first part of the chapter describes the proper examination of eye movements to facilitate identification of ocular motor disorder pathology. The effects of nerve palsies on ocular motor function are then described.Eye movement disorders can also have their cause in the central nervous system; both the brainstem, and cerebellum have been implicated as causal factors in some eye movement disorders. Disorders of the pupil, which affect the pupillary light reflex, can be caused by lesions to central, afferent and efferent pupillary pathways as well as sympathetic pathways lesions.Finally, this chapter describes diseases of the eye orbits, including dysthyroid eye disease, idiopathic orbital inflammation, orbital tumours, vascular disorders and orbital infections.

Does peer tutoring in kindergarten exist? Thinking around the tutoring concept.

2019 ◽  
Vol X (4 (29)) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Babiuk-Massalska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Preschool Child ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article reviews the definitions of the tutoring concept in preschoolers relationships. Can we qualify the relationships of preschool children in learning situations as tutoring? Or maybe a different name would be more suitable for them? Preschoolers are used to learning in a different way than adults and older children. They prefer learning mimicking or playing. They obtain knowldge occasionally an unintentionally. In turn, definitions of tutoring quite precisely contain formulated fortifications that a little child is not able to meet yet. Immaturity of the nervous system limit the level and length of attention span of little child and relatively small, compared to school children and adults number of social experiences can seriously hamper the classification of situations in which children learn from each other as tutoring. While the generally understood master-student relationship, associated with tutoring, is quite often noticeable during childhood collaboration and play in which one child can do more than the other, the more detailed assumptions of tutoring are not as accessible to the observer. For example, it is difficult to talk about the regularity or planned nature of children's relationships. The definition of tutoring also sets specific expectations regarding the teacher's skills, among which are: high interpersonal competences, commitment to the relationship with the mentee, professionalism and responsibility. From a preschool child who would play the role of a teacher, it is difficult to demand fluent speech, not to mention professionalism and regularity. A preschool child, who just start to learn numbers, is often unable to orient himself in time, which makes it difficult or even impossible to plan and systematize his activities. Little child needs adult help in this area.

scholarly journals A Diaspora in Diaspora? Russian Returnees Confront the “Homeland”

Refuge ◽  
2006 ◽  
pp. 55-67
Author(s):  
Hilary Pilkington ◽  
Moya Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Diasporic Identity ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Independent States ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Central Pillar ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Newly Independent States ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

The term “Russian diaspora” is used to refer to the twenty-five million ethnic Russians who in 1991 found themselves politically displaced beyond the borders of the Russian Federation and resident within newly independent states. This paper firstly reviews the problematic “classification” of these communities as a “diaspora.” More specifically, by drawing on narratives of “home” and “homeland” among those Russians “forced” to return to the Russian Federation since 1991, it focuses on a central pillar of diasporic identity: the relationship to “homeland.” By exploring the everyday interactions with and articulated narratives of Russia on “return,” the paper argues that it is upon confrontation with “the homeland” that Russian returnees develop a sense of “otherness” from local Russian residents and a connection with other “returning Russians.” The question is raised as to whether, rather than “coming home,” Russians returning from the other former Soviet republics become a “diaspora in diaspora"?

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF DESIGNING TRANSPORT ZONES BASED ON NETWORK MODELING

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Network Modeling ◽  
Transport Modeling ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Transportation Process ◽  
Systematic Methodology ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Data Elements ◽  
The Relationship

The article discusses the existing classifications of land use in relation to freight transport. Research on the relationship between the physical conditions (points of departure and destination) of travel («land use») and the actual transportation process is practically not carried out in the Russian Federation. To conduct them, it is necessary to collect information about the points of departure / destination and justify a systematic methodology for collecting and classifying data elements. Analysis and classification of land use are the foundations of transport planning. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that there is no single system of classification of "land use" suitable for freight transport, and a new version needs to be developed with a choice of attributes important for transport modeling in our country.

scholarly journals CONSTITUTIVE EVALUATIVE CONCEPTS IN CRIMINAL LAW: CONCEPT, TYPES, FUNCTIONS, ESSENTIAL FEATURES

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-458
Author(s):  
D.R. Kasimov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cognitive Meaning

The article provides a new classification of evaluative concepts enshrined in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, indicates the purpose of its existence in the doctrine of criminal law. The article describes the definition of constitutive evaluative concepts that are determined as legislatively vague evaluative concepts that, by their normative-essential and functionally-substantive characteristics, are absolute, necessarily alternative, or accompanying structural features of a crime. Through the prism of the features of constitutive evaluative concepts, their varieties, essential features and functions are distinguished; interpretation (including cognitive) meaning is revealed. Moreover, the interpretation features of these evaluative concepts are considered in two interdependent aspects: the structurally-essential (associated with the types, attributes and functions of constitutive evaluative concepts) and the procedural-substantive (associated with the informative and informative activities of the interpreter). It is indicated that the interpretation features of an structurally-essential nature are, firstly, in the composition and criminogenic properties of constitutive evaluative concepts, and secondly, in the semantic structural composition, indicating a meaningful dependence of the evaluative concept on the accompanying structural features of a crime, and thirdly, legally significant functional features. At the same time, interpretative features of a procedural-substantive order are also highlighted, which include, firstly, the need for a paramount definition of the criminogenic determinant, designed to establish the structural features of a crime in a perfect act, and secondly, in an increased degree of normative casuistic derivative of these evaluative concepts. The author comes to the conclusion that constitutive evaluative concepts are interpreted according to the same logical-linguistic and legal laws, but with some marked structurally meaningful features.

scholarly journals Convulsive syndrome in the post-vaccination period: is there a connection with the vaccine?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
E. P. Nacharova ◽  
S. M. Kharit ◽  
A. A. Ruleva
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Clinical Center ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vaccination Period

The article describes the characteristics and classification of adverse events after immunization (AEFI) according to the latest WHO recommendations. The registration systems for AEFI in the USA and in Russia are described. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of the convulsive syndrome that developed after vaccination. Four clinical cases of the development of convulsive syndrome in children hospitalized at the Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of Russia (St. Petersburg) in the postvaccination period are presented. The criteria for differential diagnosis of the described diseases are indicated. Only a search for the etiology of the disease allows us to assess the relationship with vaccination, timely conduct adequate therapy and generate objective information on the safety of vaccines. There is a need to register all episodes of seizures after vaccination and introduce new methods for registering PPI, as well as creating a system of statistical accounting of background health conditions (convulsions, allergies) of the population of the Russian Federation of various age groups.

scholarly journals Category “measure” in the theory of penal law

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
V.K. BAKULIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Penal Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyzes the philosophical category “measure”, which due to its universality and comprehensiveness finds expression in law, since subjective law and legal obligation are always a measure of the possible or necessary behavior of the subjects of legal relations. The relationship of the category “measure” with the institutions of criminal and criminal procedural law is shown. The article examines the demonstrations of this category in the institutions of the penal law, which makes it possible to formulate the definition of a measure in the penal law and systematize the existing ones. There is revealed the need to change the subject of the penal law as a branch of law in connection with the empowerment of criminal executive inspectorates with the authority to implement measures of procedural coercion, provided for by the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Managerial innovations: Approach to definition and classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-519
Author(s):  
Yaroslav D. Sovetkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Concept ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Bibliographic Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Citation Indexes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Managerial Innovation

Managerial innovations have become the topic of interest for many scholars, but this concept remains underdeveloped and poorly managed among the academy and business community in Russia. This paper offers the composition of approach to definition and classifi cation of managerial innovations, formed on the basis of exploration of the concept “managerial innovation” evolution, and estimation of the relationship with a more general concept “innovation”. The suggested composition of approach is based on the three-stage bibliographic analysis of scientific literature. In course of the bibliographic research, scientific articles were selected according to the key words, period of publication and citation index. 140 scientific publications were identified and collected for the period from 1975 to 2019 covering citation indexes from 0 to 12 476 by Web of Science citation database and from 4 to 2 185 by Scopus database. On the basis of the conducted bibliographic research, the author introduces his definition of innovation and managerial innovation and explains the connection between them. Within the conducted research different approaches to classification of managerial innovations were studied and on their basis a new approach to classification of managerial innovations was proposed. The findings can be useful for different avenues of further research regarding managerial innovations.

The 2016 revision of the WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Kleihues ◽  
Elisabeth Rushing ◽  
Hiroko Ohgaki
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Who Classification ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Profiling ◽  
Primary Glioblastoma ◽  
System P ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The revised fourth edition of the WHO classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System, published in 2016, comprises several newly recognized tumour entities, and a significant restructuring of the classification, mainly based on genetic profiling. Glioblastomas are now classified into two major types. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastoma (primary glioblastoma IDH-wildtype) develops rapidly de novo without a recognizable precursor lesion. IDH-mutant glioblastoma (secondary glioblastoma IDH-mutant) develops more slowly through malignant progression from diffuse or anaplastic astrocytoma. Medulloblastomas are now defined by combining histological patterns (classic, desmoplastic/nodular, extensive nodularity, anaplastic) and genetic hallmarks (WNT-activated; SHH-activated, TP53-mutant; SHH-activated, TP53-wildtype; non-WNT/non-SHH). Other newly recognized tumour entities include diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant; ependymoma, RELA fusion-positive; and embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes. The new classification is a significant step forward and will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapies of brain tumours.

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