scholarly journals The influence of diatomite rock on humus substances of sod-podsolic soil in conditions of agro ecosystems and physical-chemical mechanism of their interaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Andrey Vladimirovich Kozlov ◽  
Alevtina Khristoforovna Kulikova ◽  
Ruslan Ivanovich Rumyantsev
Keyword(s):  
Control Level ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Humus Substances ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Colloidal Fraction

The paper provides an assessment of physical and chemical changes of humus substances in the sludge-colloidal fraction, isolated from the sod-podsolic sandy loamy soil, during its interaction with the diatomite rock of the Inzen deposit in conditions of agro ecosystem of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. The experience was a 3-year (2015-2017) microfield experiment, laid down on one of the fields of Elitkhoz. The diatomite was added to soil once during the summer season of 2014 in doses of 3, 6 and 12 t/ha, on which winter wheat, barley and peas were subsequently grown (varieties are zoned in the Volga-Viatskiy Region). Each year, upon completion of crop cultivation, a silo-colloidal fraction was isolated from selected soil samples by the Kachinsky gravimetric method and analyzed on an IR-Fourier-spectrometer, determining absorption spectra in frequency range of 4000-400 cm-. In soil samples the content of specific organic substance (humus) was also determined by the Thurin method with spectrophotometric termination. The studies revealed that interaction of diatomite with the organic soil matrix resulted in organosilanes RnSiH4-n (930 cm-), organosilanes oxygen-free Si-CH3 (1253 cm-) and oxygen-containing compounds Si-O-CH3 (1110 cm-), as well as siloxane bonds of Si-O-Si (570 cm-). The obtained facts directly indicate formation of silicon-containing organo-mineral complexes in sludge-colloidal fraction and participation of silicon in their formation. It is evident that an active diatomite represented by various silicon acids (HnSiOm) was involved in formation of these bonds. The use of diatomite has helped to maintain content of humus substances in soil at the control level, which can also confirm effects of interaction of silicon substances with organic part and, as a result, prevent its degradation. Based on the obtained results and analysis of scientific literature, a mechanism is proposed for possible physical-chemical interaction of active silicon substances with an organic component of the sludge-colloidal fraction of the sod-podsolic soil, which consists in polymerization of silicon on organo-mineral complexes (bonds -Si-O-Si-), as well as in interaction of the hydrolyzed part of humus substances with silicon with subsequent formation of organosilanes, which are subsequently connected with an organic Si-O-CH3 matrix. Due to the fact that organic matter of soils is involved in the formation of ecological stability of soil cover the established effects make it possible to speak about the increase of agro ecological stability of humus substances in sod-podsolic soil due to the use of diatomite rocks.

ANALISIS FISIKA KIMIA DARI KERANG DARA (Anadara granosa) YANG BERASAL DARI KAYUTANYO KAB. BANGGAI The Analysis of physical chemical from dara shells (Anadara granosa) origin from Kayutanyo, Kab.Banggai

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SULASMI ANGGO
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Dust Content ◽  
Total Dust ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Anadara Granosa

The Analysis of physical chemical from dara shells (Anadara granosa) origin from Kayutanyo, kab. Banggai, has been conducted.Dara shell meat is sleaned and dried and after that powered with blender. Determine % rendement, water bonding capacity and index water solubility with Anderson method, coarse fat content with gravimetric method and carbohydrate method with “bye difference” decrease method.The result of analysis showed rendement value is 24,35%, water bonding capacity is 1,6248 gram/ml, index water solubility is 0,202 gram/ml, water content is 79,0045%, total dust content is 1,072%, coarse protein content is 2,25%, coarse fat content is 8,47%, carbohydrate content is 9,2035%. Keyword : Dara shells, (Anadara granosa), analysis physical chemical

scholarly journals Relationship between soil oxidizable carbon and physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of umbric ferralsols

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Adriano Marques ◽  
Márcia Regina Calegari ◽  
Pablo Vidal-Torrado ◽  
Peter Buurman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Soil Variables ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Mineralogical Properties ◽  
Extractable Al

The occurrence of Umbric Ferralsols with thick umbric epipedons (> 100 cm thickness) in humid Tropical and Subtropical areas is a paradox since the processes of organic matter decomposition in these environments are very efficient. Nevertheless, this soil type has been reported in areas in the Southeast and South of Brazil, and at some places in the Northeast. Aspects of the genesis and paleoenvironmental significance of these Ferralsols still need a better understanding. The processes that made the umbric horizons so thick and dark and contributed to the preservation of organic carbon (OC) at considerable depths in these soils are of special interest. In this study, eight Ferralsols with a thick umbric horizon (UF) under different vegetation types were sampled (tropical rain forest, tropical seasonal forest and savanna woodland) and their macromorphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical properties studied to detect soil characteristics that could explain the preservation of high carbon amounts at considerable depths. The studied UF are clayey to very clayey, strongly acidic, dystrophic, and Al-saturated and charcoal fragments are often scattered in the soil matrix. Kaolinites are the main clay minerals in the A and B horizons, followed by abundant gibbsite and hydroxyl-interlayered vermiculite. The latter was only found in UFs derived from basalt rock in the South of the country. Total carbon (TC) ranged from 5 to 101 g kg-1 in the umbric epipedon. Dichromate-oxidizable organic carbon represented nearly 75 % of TC in the thick A horizons, while non-oxidizable C, which includes recalcitrant C (e.g., charcoal), contributed to the remaining 25 % of TC. Carbon contents were not related to most of the inorganic soil variables studied, except for oxalate-extractable Al, which individually explained 69 % (P < 0.001) of the variability of TC in the umbric epipedon. Clay content was not suited as predictor of TC or of the other studied C forms. Bulk density, exchangeable Al3+, Al saturation, ECEC and other parameters obtained by selective extraction were not suitable as predictors of TC and other C forms. Interactions between organic matter and poorly crystalline minerals, as indicated by oxalate-extractable Al, appear to be one of the possible organic matter protection mechanisms of these soils.

scholarly journals Biological activity of soils cultivated with yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poep. & Endl) H. Robinson, inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense and native mycorrhizal fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
María Gabriela Di Barbaro ◽  
Horacio Enrique Andrada ◽  
Eleodoro Eduardo Del Valle ◽  
Celia Inés Brandán
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Microbial Consortium ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Smallanthus Sonchifolius ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Time Of Harvest

The soil is influenced by the roots of plants because the exudate radicals affect its physical, chemical, and biological processes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the microbial activity of soils cultivated with yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poep. & Endl) H. Robinson and inoculated with microorganisms which promote plant growth. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three repetitions per treatment. Each repetition corresponded to a 3m x 3m plot with 25 plants, in 5 cultivation lines with a distance of 70 cm apart. Four treatments were applied at the time of plantation. These consisted of yacón propagules inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense (T1) and native mycorrhizal fungi (T2) inoculated with the microbial consortium (T3). In the control treatments, the propagules were not inoculated with these microorganisms (T0). Soil samples were collected in lots cultivated with yacón located in the Province of Catamarca, in the northwest of Argentina. The samples were collected at the time of implantation and harvest during three agricultural cycles. The total Biological Activity (TBA) of the collected samples was determined by Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolysis. The TBA of the soil was affected by the different crop treatments, which rose in the analyzed soils and was statistically different from the control treatments. Significant differences were also observed between the TBA of the soils at the beginning of the crops in comparison with the recorded values of the crop at the time of harvest. The inoculation of yacón propagules with A. brasilense and native mycorrhizal fungi affects the TBA of the cultivated soils marking a significant increase.

SELF-ORGANIZATION OF FULLERENE C60 MOLECULES IN VOLUME OF EVAPORATING DROPLETS

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 309-314
Author(s):  
U.K. Makhmanov ◽  
A.M. Kokhkharov ◽  
S.A. Bakhramov
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Fullerene C60 ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Flat Substrate ◽  
Large Structures ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Two Component

An efficient method of formation of the ordered fullerene C60 nanoaggregates in the volume of evaporating fullerene droplets in mixtures of two-component solvents (benzene and acetonitrile) on a flat substrate surface at room temperature is demonstrated. The specific physical-chemical mechanism of the synthesis of fullerene C60 aggregates in the volume of the evaporating droplet of solution, so called Ostwald ripening, according to which relatively large structures grow at the expense of smaller ones, has been proposed.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO DE AGROTÓXICOS EM SOLO DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO AGRÍCOLA CONVENCIONAL E AGROECOLÓGICO

Química Nova ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Morro ◽  
Danielle Schnitzler
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Trace Level ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Method Of Extraction ◽  
Agricultural Production Systems ◽  
Rain Precipitation

EVALUATION OF AGROCHEMICALS IN SOIL OF CONVENTIONAL AND AGROECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. At the Contestado Settlement, Lapa, PR, soil samples from agroecological and conventional environments were evaluated against the agrochemicals alachlor, atrazine, chlorpyrifos and trifluralin. For sampling, 3 depths were considered, 10 points were selected, 5 in an agroecological and 5 in the conventional environment, with sampling frequency was at 2-month intervals. The samples were characterized according to textural, chemical and fertility parameters and the data were used in the chemometric study (PCA) demonstrating that the environments are different. The method of extraction, identification and quantification was validated at the trace level. The analytes were analyzed by GC-MS/MS, the recovery values were between 83 to 113%, RSD less than 14%, LD equal to 0.01; 0.0028; 0.004 and 002 μg kg-1, LQ equal to 0.04; 0.008; 0.011 and 0.05 μg kg-1, for alachlor, atrazine, chlorpyrifos and trifluralin, respectively. Chlorpyrifos was identified in the Conv3 and trifluralin in the Agro2 and 3 and Conv2 environments. Therefore, the application of pesticides in conventional environments can contaminate agroecological environments. The effect of rain/precipitation on the samples was evaluated by simulation and it was found that the physical-chemical properties of the compounds and the soil have an influence on their behavior in the soil profile.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KESUBURAN TANAH DENGAN PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Asmar Asmar ◽  
Amrizal Saidi ◽  
Masliyunas Masliyunas
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Organic C

A research about relationship between soil properties and crop yield was conducted in Pandai Sikek, Tanah Datar Region, center for cabbage and carrot production, West Sumatra in 2004 and 2005.  Soil samples were collected from rainfed paddy soils by purposive random sampling.  Soil samples were analyzed in Soil Laboratory, Agriculture Faculty and Agriculture Polytechnique Laboratory, Andalas University.  Several soil physical properties analysed were soil bulk density and total soil pores by using gravimetric method, permeability with de Boodt method, soil water content at several pF values using pressure plate apparatus, and soil strength by using penetrometer.   Soil chemical parameters analysed were soil pH using pH-meter, organic-C using Walkley and Black, available P using Bray II, and cation exchange capacity using NH4-leaching at pH 7.0, and N-total using Kjehdhal method.  Crop productions were sampled from a 3x3 m2 of soil sampling area.  The result showed that soils planted by cabbage and carrot had good soil physical properties, such as having balanced pore size distribution.  The chemical properties of the soils were good as well, except N, K- and Ca-exchangeable which were very low.  The other soil properties were quite good.  Soil physical properties gave different response on both crops.  Carrots were more response aeration pore and soil organic matter content, then cabbage was more response on BV, TSP, and slow drainage pores.  While soil chemical properties did not give significant response.  Both crops responded on Ca, but cabbage was more response on N-total, and carrot on CEC and saturated cationKey Words: Soil Physical Properties, Soil Fertility, Crop Productivity

scholarly journals Preliminary Screening of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs); Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) and Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) Flame Retardants in Municipal Dumpsite in Delta State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Oghenekohwiroro Edjere ◽  
Chukwunonso Elvis Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Decabromodiphenyl Ether ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Detectable Range ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Bde 209

Aims: This study is aimed at determining the concentration of two widely used BFRs; Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) and Tetrabromo Bisphenol-A (TBBPA) in sediment and leachate samples. Place and Duration of Study: Field sampling were carried out from five major dumpsites around Warri Municipality, Delta State, Nigeria. Analyte extraction was done in 2017 at the Science laboratory, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun Delta State, Nigeria and quantification done in Switzerland by Bachema Analytical Laboratories in 2017. Methods: Three soil samples were collected from each site 15cm from the soil surface. Also, three leachate samples from three different trial pits done for each site. Collected soil samples were stored in glass bottles and labelled. While the leachate samples are stored using glass containers and labelled. The BFRs were extracted using Aceton and cyclohexane for each soil matrix and cyclohexane for the leachate samples, then the extract was analysed using GC coupled with an ECD supplied by Thermo Trace GC Ultra, Italy. Results: The results showed the average concentration for TBBPA in the sediments was 0.0234 g/kg and that of the BDE-209 was recorded as 0.1828 g/kg. Results from the leachate sample were below the detectable range of the analytical equipment, TBBPA (0.02 g/kg) and BDE (0.1 g/kg). There is no statistical difference between the mean concentration of TBBPA for the sediment in each of the locations (P>.05) and no difference (P>.05) for BDE-209 for the sediment in each of the locations (P>.05). Conclusion: Findings from this study holds that the concentration of TBBPA and BDE-209 in sediment is higher when compared with concentrations presented in other literatures studied in this report and this calls for immediate action due to the health risk associated with exposure in these municipalities.

scholarly journals Uncovering a hidden diversity: optimized protocols for the extraction of bacteriophages from soil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline C. Göller ◽  
Jose M. Haro-Moreno ◽  
Francisco Rodriguez-Valera ◽  
Martin J. Loessner ◽  
Elena Gómez-Sanz
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Soil Matrix

AbstractBackgroundBacteriophages are the most numerous biological entities on earth and play a crucial role in shaping microbial communities. Investigating the bacteriophage community from soil samples will shed light not only on the yet largely unknown phage diversity, but also may result in novel insights into phage biology and functioning. Unfortunately, the study of soil viromes lags far behind any other ecological model system, due to the heterogeneous soil matrix that rises major technical difficulties in the extraction process. Resolving these technical challenges and establishing a standardized extraction protocol is therefore a fundamental prerequisite for replicable results and comparative virome studies.ResultsWe here report the optimization of protocols for extraction of bacteriophage DNA from soil preceding metagenomic analysis such that the protocol can equally be harnessed for phage isolation. As an optimization strategy, soil samples were spiked with a viral community consisting of phages from different families (106 PFU/g soil): Listeria phage ΦA511 (Myovirus), Staphylococcus phage Φ2638AΔLCR (Siphovirus), and Escherichia phage ΦT7 (Podovirus). The efficacy of bacteriophage (i) elution, (ii) filtration, (iii) concentration, and (iv) DNA extraction methods was tested. Successful extraction routes were selected based on spiked phage recovery and low bacterial 16S rRNA gene contaminants. Natural agricultural soil viromes were then extracted with the optimized methods and shotgun sequenced. Our approach yielded sufficient amounts of inhibitor-free viral DNA for non-amplification dependent sequencing and low 16S rRNA gene contamination levels (≤ 0.2 ‰). Compared to previously published protocols, the number of bacterial read contamination was decreased by 65 %. In addition, 468 novel circularized soil phage genomes in size up to 235 kb were obtained from over 29,000 manually identified viral contigs, promising the discovery of a large, previously inaccessible viral diversity.ConclusionWe have shown a dramatically enhanced extraction of the soil phage community by protocol optimization that has proven robustness in both a culture-depended as well as through metaviromic analysis. Our huge data set of manually curated soil viral contigs roughly doubles the amount of currently available soil virome data, and provide insights into the yet largely undescribed soil viral sequence space.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic anomalies of winter wheat cells, induced by chemical contamination of the territory of Kalush industrial district

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Morgun ◽  
R. A. Yakymchuk
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mutagenic Activity ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
High Concentrations

Mass accumulation of toxic waste near inhabited localities has changed some regions of Ukraine, in particular Kalush industrial area (Ivano-Frankivsk region), into zones of ecological disaster. Research on cytogenetic anomalies caused by chemical soil contamination of the territories of toxic chemical warehouses will be useful in determining the level of mutagenic activity of xenobiotics when they enter the environment and potential mechanisms of the induction of chromosome reconstructions by them and mitosis disorders. The aim of the research is to study frequency and spectrum of the types of cytogenetic disorders in T. aestivum L. under the prolonged effect on the seeds of soil contaminated with hexachlorinebenzene from territories of toxic waste warehousing and to determine the level of their mutagenic activity as compared with the effect of moderate and high concentrations of N-nitrozo-N-methylurea (NMU). Seeds of winter wheat cultivars Al’batros odes’kyi and Zymoiarka were sprouted in the soil samples taken from the toxic waste ground of LLC “Oriana Halev”, its recultivated area and the dump area of Dombrovskyi potash ore mine, situated near Kalush city. Hexachlorobenzene concentrations in the soil of the studied areas exceeded CPC by 1233–18350 times. Soil samples from a tentatively clean area of Svatky village, Hadiach district, Poltava region were taken as the control. To study cytogenetic consequences of the effect of moderate and high concentrations of NMU, wheat seeds were kept in a mutagen water solution at concentrations 0.005%, 0.010%, 0.025%. Frequency and spectrum of cytogenetic anomalies were determined in the cells of sprout root meristem using the anatelophase technique. Chemical contamination of the soil exhibited high mutagenic activity which, by induction frequency of cytogenetic anomalies, exceeded the control level by 1.8–3.8 times and equalled mutagenic activity of NMU in moderate concentrations. The highest level of cytogenetic disorders, which exceeded spontaneous indicators by 3.4–3.8 times, was found when the soil contamination of the territory of the toxic waste ground with hexachlorobenzene was the most intensive. Traces of hexachlorobenzene in the soil of the recultivated plot of the ground continue to manifest high cytogenetic activity and pose a threat for the genomes of living organisms. Frequency of chromosome aberrations at a low hexachlorobenzene concentration in the soil of the disposal area of Dombrovskyi mine exceeded spontaneous indicators by 1.8–2.4 times, which is the result of its complex effect with natural-mineral compounds of mining-chemical raw materials. The increase of some bridges and acentric chromosome rings – markers of a radiation effect – among the types of cytogenetic disorders, induced by the soil contamination with hexachlorobenzene, confirms the radiometric properties of the xenobiotic, which were identified at high concentrations of NMU. The increase in the number of the cells with multiple aberrations, induced by the hexachlorоbenzene contamination of the soil holding the studied objects proves the high genotoxicity of the chemical compound and the threat of serious genetic consequences if it enters the environment.

Temperature and Heart Rate in Chick Embryos

1930 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
E. R. PARPART ◽  
OTTO GLASER
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Critical Points ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Temperature Characteristics ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Chick Heart ◽  
Embryonic Chick Heart

In accordance with expectation, the embryonic chick heart exposes recurrently temperature characteristics of the orders 8,200, 14,200, 16,400, 18,300, 20,500 and 25,200. These are found in both myogenic and neurogenic hearts but not with the same frequencies. These two periods of development also differ in the localisation of critical points. So far µ = 8,200, 14,200 and 18,300 have been exposed in embryos only by Fundulus; the remaining three orders however are recurrent also in the embryogeny of Limulus. Two orders not included in this hst (5,000 and 11,000) are rare, yet, even so, not restricted to any one of the three forms. These facts, together with their implications, suggest for heart rhythm in Limulus, Fundulus and the Chick, an underlying physical-chemical mechanism in structure identical for all three types of heart at all stages of development, and differing in neurogenic stages only by a revision of the myogenic time relations.

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