scholarly journals Ponton (flow) bridges from metal polyethylene pipes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Vasiliev ◽  
Vyacheslav A. Borisov ◽  
Gleb A. Averchenko
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Calculation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Bridge Construction ◽  
Polyethylene Pipes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bearing Structure

The object of the study is a pontoon link, where the role of the bearing structure is performed by non-standard pipes. Construction of surface bridges is widely used in bridge construction and is an essential part of the development of transport infrastructure of our country and abroad. In the case where it is not possible to build capital or low-water bridges, surface bridges or ferry crossings are used. Built-up bridges are very convenient to use in the construction of capital bridges, when the main course of the route is blocked instead of temporary stationary bridges. In order to compare the application of the developed solution, an approximate calculation of the cost of the pontoon was made. Analysis of costs in the market of analogues showed that the cost of only the bearing structure of a pontoon of similar load capacity based on plastic pipes, will be much higher than the cost of pantone out of non-standard. The study examined the possibility of using non-standard pipes for the construction of weld bridges. Non-standard pipes are a promising material for construction of weld bridges due to buoyancy, low cost, such pipes are easily available raw materials.

Ocean Freight Rates and Economic Development 1730-1913

1958 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglass North
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Western World ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Ocean Shipping ◽  
Bulk Shipment ◽  
The Cost

Revolutionary developments in transport have been an essential feature of the rapiddevelopments in transportgrowth of the past two centuries. Reduction in the cost of carriage has enabled specialization and division of labor on a national and international basis to replace the relatively self-sufficient economies that predominated in the western world two centuries ago. The striking role of the railroad in the nineteenth century is well known. However, it was water transport in which the bulk shipment of commodities began, and it was the development of ocean shipping that was an integral aspect of die growing economic interdependence of the western world, the opening up of the undeveloped continents, and the promotion of the settlement of the “empty lands.” The declining cost of ocean transportation was a process of widening the resource base of the western world. The agriculture of new countries was stimulated (and that of old countries at least temporarily depressed), the specter of famine as a result of crop failure reduced, and the raw materials were provided for industrialization. In short, the radical decline in ocean freight rates was an important part of the redirection of the resources of the western world in the course of the vast development of die past two centuries.

The Improvement Method Design for β-SiC Recrystallization

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 578-581
Author(s):  
Bing Quan He ◽  
Wen Ting Chen ◽  
Yang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Sic Ceramics ◽  
High Oxidation Resistance

Sintered SiC ceramics with difficulty, and its production process and production are more expensive, lower sintering temperature of SiC ceramics and look for new low-cost production process is the focus of materials research workers. Re-crystallization of SiC components of the raw materials requirements of high purity, can not add sintering aids, sintering temperature up to about 2450°C). In this paper, by improving and optimizing the existing production process, to lower the sintering temperature of the new methods and ideas, the study shows that: β-SiC will be added to the sintered α-SiC slurry, and the best particle size ratio of α: β = 15:1 mixture, at the same time, according to re-crystallization of SiC sintering theory, the fine particles (β-SiC, has played the role of sintering agent) adsorption in the coarse particle (α-SiC, the role of the support skeleton) and can greatly reduce the SiC Sintering temperature (50-100°C), and to improve the purity of α-SiC, the most economical way to prepare a high-density, high oxidation resistance, high impact resistance, high strength, high mechanical properties of recrystallized SiC powder .

scholarly journals BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION IN BERDIANSK COUNTY OF TAURIDA GOVERNORATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE ХІХ CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Zolotar
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Bridge Construction ◽  
Local Range ◽  
High Level ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Very High

The purpose of the article is to cover the local range of problems of bridge construction in Berdiansk county of Taurida Governorate in the second half of the XIX century. The article analyses mechanisms of emergence of infrastructure facilities in Ukraine which was under Russian rule. Moreover, the article reveals prioritization of infrastructure facility emergence in a certain locality, the construction process itself and difficulties in implementation of projects, cost estimation, technical characteristics. In addition, the article investigates the role of zemstvo in development of transport system infrastructure and its influence on county development.  It was found out that bridges were facilities of vital importance for a locality: possibility of conducting trading operations, receiving correspondence, rural-urban communication, but on the technological side bridge construction still wasn't at a very high level. Investigation analysis showed significant contribution of zemstvo into development of transport infrastructure, although counter-reforms slowed down the pace of development of communication routes of the county.

scholarly journals ВОСТОЧНЫЙ ВЕКТОР СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА РОССИИ СО СТРАНАМИ АЗИАТСКО-ТИХООКЕАНСКОГО РЕГИОНА В ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ СФЕРЕ

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Irina V. Filimonova ◽  
Vasily Yu. Nemov ◽  
Irina V. Provornaya ◽  
Anastasia V. Chebotareva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pipeline Transport ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Gas Markets ◽  
The Cost

В статье проанализирована роль Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона в экспорте нефти и газа из России. Оценен экспортный потенциал восточных регионов России. Уделено внимание транспортной инфраструктуре экспортного назначения, охарактеризован трубопроводный транспорт на востоке России, проанализирована доля объёма транспортировки углеводородов в совокупном производстве энергоносителей в России. Изучена динамика изменения стоимостной структуры экспортируемых энергоносителей из России. Авторами исследована также структура потребления и производства энергоносителей в странах АТР, Северной Америки и Европы. Отдельно рассмотрены мировые рынки нефти и газа, а также перспективы сотрудничества со странами АТР в энергетической сфере. The article analyzes the role of the Asia-Pacific region in the export of oil and gas from Russia. The export potential of the eastern regions of Russia was evaluated, attention was also paid to transport infrastructure for export, pipeline transport in the east of Russia was characterized, the share of hydrocarbon transportation in the total energy production in Russia was analyzed. The dynamics of changes in the cost structure of exported energy from Russia was studied. The authors also investigated the structure of energy consumption and production in the Asia-Pacific countries, North America and Europe. The world oil and gas markets, as well as the prospects for cooperation with the Asia-Pacific countries in the energy sector were separately considered.

scholarly journals Proposal for Modular Precast Bulk Warehouse for Brazilian Agricultural Frontier Farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 345-359
Author(s):  
Jose Roberto Rasi ◽  
Roberto Bernardo ◽  
Wellington Mazer ◽  
Jorge Augusto Serafim ◽  
Luís Augusto Bachega
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Precast Concrete ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Agricultural Frontier ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

Brazil is one of the largest agribusiness producers in the world, however, Brazilian competitiveness is impaired when the agricultural product, at lower costs, reaches its destination at higher costs than global competitors due to the deficiency of the grain storage system and transport infrastructure. A viable alternative is the construction of a storage silo on the rural property, with low-cost prefabricated parts that can be transferred to other locations, with easy demobilization and assembly, if necessary. This paper has the objective to design a precast concrete silo with low weight, modular, structurally analyzed by the SAP 2000 V20 software, and presented the cost estimated at 15.6% of the cost of a conventional precast bulk silo, with the same storage capacity.

scholarly journals BACKGROUND TO DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE OF KYIV CITY AGGLOMERATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
I. Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
The Cost

The role of prerequisites in the development of the transport infrastructure of the capital of Ukraine is revealed. The author formulated methodological approaches to them. A comprehensive geographical description of the prerequisites for the development of the transport infrastructure of the Kyiv city agglomeration was carried out. It has been established that the main limitations are economic factors, which is caused by the highest cost of land resources in Ukraine precisely within this urban agglomeration. Natural factors continue to play a significant role only when carrying out specific prospecting for laying various types of infrastructure objects within it. There are new factors in the functioning and development of transport infrastructure. These include, first of all, the formation of united territorial communities. Their boundaries should be brought to life and their socio-economic development plans and spatial schemes should be developed. Thus, it is necessary to take into account local needs in the development of transport infrastructure with the general needs of the entire Kyiv city agglomeration. A significant role is played by the ownership of land. The concentration of land ownership in the hands of speculators and large developers leads to a sharp rise in the cost of the robot to acquire the necessary land for the construction of a new infrastructure. As a result, many new large residential areas do not have the necessary access roads and they are not connected to the citywide communications system. This leads to significant new problems for the solution of which it is necessary to coordinate new large-scale housing construction with the laying infrastructure. The main problem remains transport accessibility. Laying of highways to new buildings should be carried out at the expense of local budgets. However, there is often a conflict of interest between developers and local authorities. The latter do not want to invest substantial funds in the construction of roads and other types of infrastructure due to the fact that the cost of new relevant construction is much higher than the cost of housing built at the expense of borrowed funds. Thus, the existing suburban transport infrastructure takes on an ever-increasing stream of new daily commuter migrants. As a result, the quality of services provided drops sharply. This leads to a deterioration in the quality of life throughout the urban agglomeration.

The role of feeding in the prevention of non-communicable diseases of poultry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Сергей Енгашев ◽  
Syergyey YEngashyev ◽  
Тамара Околелова ◽  
Tamara Okolelova
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Poultry Farming

The book deals with many factors, including anti-nutritional, determining the biological value of feed components. Considerable attention is paid to the minimum requirements that must be imposed on the quality of raw materials and can be met in each economy. Provides information on poisonous plants and weeds that may be present in the plant material and cause phytotoxicity. The causes of diseases of feed nature associated with metabolic disorders, and ways to prevent them. The consequences of technological violations in poultry farming are revealed. The role of the quality of raw materials, biologically active and mineral substances in the prevention of certain diseases of forage nature, increasing the productivity of poultry, reducing the cost of feed and their production costs. It is addressed to specialists and managers of poultry farms, feed industry enterprises, researchers, postgraduates and students.

scholarly journals Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku Oli Untuk Mesin Diesel Tipe G4J-801, G5J-801 dan G7J-801 di PT. Hansan Asembling – Malang

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Rony Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Control ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Production Forecasting ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Storage

Inventories of raw materials is one of the most important elements in the company's operations are continuously must be obtained, processed and resold. The raw material is meant for the smooth running of production operations set. So, we need an optimum inventory levels to meet the needs of both the quantity, quality and time at a low cost. For that we need a system of planning and inventory control are best - well, that inventories of raw materials should be defined and calculated correctly and accurately in order to obtain a low total cost of inventory that can minimize the cost of production. Forecasting approach is expected to represent the number of actual demand in the coming period. Based on the number of requests of forecasting results can be determined raw material inventory control. By using EOQ then firms will be able to minimize the cost of raw material supplies of oil. Companies should pay attention to the order of recording historical data of oil, classification of costs - the cost of orders and storage costs, because such data is necessary to obtain optimal results inventory control. Keywords: inventory control planning, forecasting, EOQ

scholarly journals Calculation of Cost of Production Using the Job Order Costing Method Against Determination of Selling Prices at PT OTO Media Kreasi

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-125
Author(s):  
Alfian Maliki ◽  
Heru Satria Rukmana
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

PT Oto Media Kreasi is a service company engaged in the field of interior and exterior design bodies, producing based on orders or projects. The calculation of the cost of production at PT Oto Media Kreasi plays a role in determining the selling price, which affects the company's profit.The purpose of this study is to determine the calculation of the cost of production as well calculation in determining the selling price with the method applied by PT Oto Media Kreasi, also to find out the calculation of the cost of production as well as the calculation in determining the selling price using the job order costing method and to know the role of the method job order costing in loading the cost of production precisely and more efficiently.The results showed that in calculating the cost of production of PT Oto Media Kreasi still used a simple calculation, only calculating the cost of raw materials, namely Rp.1,092,778,291, direct labor costs Rp.313,200,000, and overhead costs Rp.27,600,000 . The total calculation of the company's production cost is Rp. 1,433,578,291, with a margin percentage of 35.37% of the selling price of Rp. 1,940,640,000. Whereas in calculating the cost of production using the job order costing method in calculating the cost of raw materials Rp.1,101,178,291, the accumulated residual value of raw materials Rp.8,682,000, direct labor costs Rp.313,200,000, and overhead costs Rp.60,532 .260. The total calculation of the cost of production using the job order costing method is Rp.1,466,228,551, with a margin percentage of 32.36% of the selling price of Rp.1,940,640,000. The company has not calculated the cost of goods manufactured using the job order costing method, the cost of goods manufactured is only done by estimating all costs needed to produce a product, so the costs are not classified correctly and the calculations are sufficient simple, so it is difficult to determine the right selling price for a product ordered.The proposed use of the job order costing method is expected so that the owner of the company can apply the calculation of the cost of production so that the company can determine the cost of production in determining the selling price more precisely, so that the owner can know the overall cost of producing the order and also can know the actual acquisition of margins .

scholarly journals The Role of Educational Action Research of Recycling Process to the Green Technologies, Environment Engineering, and Circular Economies

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1639-1645
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Waste Handling

Recycling process in waste management reduces the cost of waste handling, minimizes cost of raw materials and processing, and simplifies supply chain management. It introduces 3D printing design and circular economies and significantly impacts green technologies and environment engineering in terms of waste management and materials processing. Educational action research play crucial role in communicating designer, stakeholder, consumer, and distributed in end-to-end recycling process. It fosters the entitiesacross value chain and accelerates the modernization of waste management processes.

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