Seismotectonic maps of the European area

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1721-1732
Author(s):  
K. L. Kaila ◽  
N. Madhava Rao
Keyword(s):  
B Value ◽  
Regression Curve ◽  
B Values ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
European Area ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Seismotectonic Map ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Regional Tectonics

abstract Seismicity maps based on A value, b value, and return period for earthquakes with magnitude 6 and above have been prepared for the European area using the Kaila and Narain (1971) method. For the preparation of these maps, a modified relation A = 6.36b − 1.00 has been used instead of the earlier relation where A and b are constants in the cumulative regression curve represented by log N = A − bM. The A-value seismicity map also shows regional tectonics superimposed on it, thus yielding the seismotectonic map of Europe. These seismicity maps reveal that the European area consists of seven main high seismic activity zones named as the Balkan high, the Aegean high, the Apennine-sicilian high, the Alps high, the Carpathian high, the Saharan-Pyrenees high and the Iceland-Arctic high which are described in detail with their relationship to regional tectonics. The b values determined by the new method and shown on the b-value seismicity map are compared with those determined by other workers using earthquake regression curves for various regions of Europe and they show a very good agreement with each other.

Seismotectonic maps of southwest Asia region comprising Eastern Turkey, Caucasus, Persian Plateau, Afghanistan and Hindukush

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-1) ◽  
pp. 657-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Kaila ◽  
N. Madhava Rao ◽  
Hari Narain
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
B Value ◽  
Southwest Asia ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
A Value ◽  
Thrust Zone ◽  
Kopet Dagh ◽  
Regional Tectonics

abstract Three seismic activity maps, the A-value map, the b-value map and the returnperiod map for earthquakes with magnitude 6 and above, have been prepared for the southwest Asia region using the Kaila and Narain (1971) method, and the same are compared with regional tectonics. For the preparation of these maps, a modified relation A = 6.36b - 1.00 has been used instead of the earlier relation where A and b are constants in the cumulative regression curve represented by log N = A − bM. The A-value seismicity map reveals that the Southwest Asia region consists of a number of seismic high zones such as the Caucasus-Abul Samsar high, the Zagros high, the Shahrud-Doruneh high and the Hindukush-West Pakistan high. The Caucasus-Abul Samsar seismic high shows two superimposed trends, one NW-SE which is consistent with the Caucasus tectonic trend and the other NE-SW which is parallel to the Abul Samsar fracture zone. The Zagros seismic high runs in the NW-SE direction almost parallel to the Zagros thrust zone with diversions to the northeast at the two ends. High seismic activity is revealed in the Zagros foothills area rather than the thrust-zone. The Shahrud-Doruneh high shows a NW-SE trend parallel to Kopet Dagh, and, toward the west, it bends down aligning itself almost parallel to the Elburz mountains, thus indicating the possibility of a connection between this high and the Zagros high. The Hindukush-West Pakistan high runs in the NNE-SSW direction consistent with the tectonic trends in this area, indicating the highest seismic activity near the Yasman fracture zone. The b-value seismicity map also reveals the same seismic features as brought out by the A-value map. The b-values obtained by this new method over various regions of southwest Asia agree fairly well with those reported by other workers obtained from earthquake regression curves. The return-period map further brings out the zones of high and low seismic activity which are quite consistent with the A-and the b-value maps, and the regional tectonics.

An alternative method for a reliable estimation of seismicity with an application in Greece and the surrounding area

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119
Author(s):  
C. Papazachos
Keyword(s):  
Material Properties ◽  
B Value ◽  
Linear Constraints ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
B Values ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Occam’S Inversion ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract An alternative method is proposed for the robust estimation of a and b values of the Gutenberg-Richter relation. The main hypothesis is that b values depend on material properties and the seismotectonic setting and therefore should vary relatively smoothly in space. As far as the a values are concerned, more sharp variations are allowed because these values determine the seismicity level, once the b value is fixed. The study area is organized into a grid, and the a and b values are simultaneously determined for the whole grid by solving an appropriate linear system. Smooth b variations are imposed by introducing additional linear constraints, similar to the Occam's inversion used in tomography studies. The method is applied to Greece and the surrounding area, which is a high seismicity area. The results are in very good agreement with previous studies and further enhance our knowledge for the study area. Moreover, additional seismicity measures (return periods, probabilities, etc.) are estimated robustly because they depend on the a and b values obtained for this area.

A new approach for preparation of quantitative seismicity maps as applied to Alpide Belt-Sunda Arc and adjoining areas

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Kaila ◽  
Hari Narain
Keyword(s):  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Regression Curve ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Sunda Arc ◽  
Graph Paper ◽  
Earthquake Observation

abstract A new method is developed for preparation of quantitative seismicity maps of an area. In this method, the slope b of the cumlative regression curve log N = A − bM, is supposed to be variable from one region to another and not constant as assumed by Riznichenko (1958) in his seismostatistical method. Under such a premise of variable b, the seismicity at any place is defined as log of the area under the curve representing incremental number of earthquakes versus magnitude on linear graph paper, within the magnitude range M = M to M = Mmax. The log of the total area under such a curve from magnitude M = 0 to M = Mmax will represent A value on the cumulative regression curve, and the same can also be used as a measure of seismicity level in any region. Worldwide relations are established between N(occ) the cumulative number of earthquakes occurring in an area with magnitude 4 and above and those actually detected N(det). This enables one to define the ratio between log N(det) and log N(occ) as the detectability level D of an area. The constants A and b of the cumulative regression curves for various regions of the Earth (normalized to 2° × 2° grid area and 14-year period of earthquake observation) are found to be related to each other by the equation A = 6.35b − 1.41. Making use of this relation and the detectability level D, b and the normalized A values for every 2° × 2° grid area as at the equator can be calculated. These A or b values are then used to draw the seismicity maps for any region of the Earth. Using this new approach, a quantitative seismicity map based on A values has been prepared for the entire Alpide Belt-Sunda Arc and adjoining areas. This seismicity map has not only brought out the regions of high and low seismicity in great detail, but, at the same time, it also shows the trends of these highs and lows very clearly. This map is then compared with regional seismic zoning maps prepared by other workers covering small portions of this seismic belt and the two pictures are seen to show very good agreement both qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

scholarly journals Effect of adding different types of flour on the quality of low fat beef sausage

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
U Habiba ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
M Habib ◽  
MA Hashem ◽  
MS Ali
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
B Value ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
B Values ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
A Value ◽  
Different Types

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different types of flour on the sensory, physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of beef sausages. For this purpose, sausages were prepared into four different groups. They were treated control; beef sausage without flour, beef with 10% rice flour, beef with 10% wheat flour and beef with 10% corn flour. All parameters were analyzed at 0, 15th and 30th days of storage time. The proximate compositions of different sausage batters are analyzed and highly significant differences were found in dry matter and crude protein (%) content and significant differences were found in cooking loss (%), pH (%) and EE (%) content. While analyzing the different types of sausages, highly significant differences were found in pH, DM (%), CP (%) and EE (%) content and significant differences in Ash (%) content. Crude protein (%) and DM (%) increased, while Ash (%) and EE (%) decreased with increase of storage time. Significantly higher DM (%) and CP (%) were found in beef sausage without any flour, no significant differences were found among the flour groups in DM (%) and CP (%) content. The storage period had significant effect on different biochemical (FFA, POV and TBARS value) and microbial (TVC, TCC and TYMC) test. In all cases the values were increased with increase of storage time. The surface color (CIE L*, a*, b*) of sausages of different treatments at different storage period were measured.  No significant differences in L* value were found among beef sausages and storage time. On the other hand, different types of sausages had a significant effect on a* and b* values. Significantly higher a* value was found in beef sausage with 10% corn flour and b* value in beef sausage without any flour (Control). Storage period had no effect on b* values, but effect on a* values. Significantly lower a* value was found at 0 day of storage time. In sensory analysis, highly significant differences were found in flavor, off-flavor, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability among four types of sausages but no significant found in color. All the parameters were significantly lower in control sausage except off-flavour, which was significantly higher in control sausage. No significant differences were found in sensory parameters among the sausages manufactured from different types of flour. From this experiment, it might be concluded that addition of different types of flour increases the overall acceptability of beef sausage. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2021. 50 (1):1-11

Determination of Peanut Maturity Using a Hunter Colorimeter

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Grimm ◽  
E. T. Champagne ◽  
T. H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
B Value ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
L Value ◽  
Peanut Hull ◽  
Standard Deviations

Abstract Peanut maturity has previously been correlated with the color of the mesocarp of the peanut hull going from light to dark as the peanut matures. In this study, peanuts were sorted into maturity classes of yellow, orange A, orange B, brown and black based on the hull scrape method of Williams and Drexler. The Hunter L*, a*, and b* values were also measured on the dry pods for each class. The color of the mesocarp of freshly harvested peanuts was determined using a Hunter colorimeter. Hunter L*, a*, and b* values on individual peanuts, representative of each class using wet and dry hulls, were reproducibly determined with standard deviations of less than 0.8%. Yellow peanut pods had a median L* value of 70.0, while mature black peanut pods had a median L* value of 51.7 and median values for orange A, orange B and brown pods were, 68.0, 63.7, 57.0, respectively. A similar inverse relationship was observed for the b* value and maturity, while the a* value reached a maximum at orange A. No correlation was observed between the peanut maturity and L*, a*, and b* values acquired with the exocarp intact. Hunter L* and b* values of mesocarps show potential for determining physiological maturity of peanuts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Color, Texture, Sensory and Antioxidant Properties of Gels Composed of Freeze-Dried Maqui Berries and Agave Sugar

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1294
Author(s):  
Patryk Sobaszek ◽  
Renata Różyło ◽  
Laura Dziki ◽  
Urszula Gawlik-Dziki ◽  
Beata Biernacka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
B Value ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
L Value ◽  
Aristotelia Chilensis ◽  
Powdered Form

The study aimed to determine the textural, sensory, and antioxidant properties of gels composed of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) berries. These freeze-dried berries were tested in a powdered form as an additive (0–5%) to agave sugar (20%) gels. Freeze-dried maqui powdered berries were dark purple to almost black in color and were characterized by an L* value of 16.3, an a* value of 8.3, and a b* value of −9.6. The b* values decreased from 11.8 to 2.3 with the increase in the amount of berry powder. There were no significant changes in the color of gels composed of berries at 4% and 5% concentration. Gels lost (almost twice) their hardness as the amount of maqui increased. The lowest values of hardness and the highest values of elasticity, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness were observed at 4% concentration of dried berries. The type of sugar did not affect the lightness of the gels (L* parameter) and the a* value. The assessors evaluated the gels composed of agave sugar (20%) and 4% maqui and 0.5% citric acid to be the best. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in these gels compared to the control gels. After obtaining this low sugar gels, consumers could enrich their diets with healthier products.

scholarly journals Determination of temporal value of a-value and b-value to identify the level brittle of rock and seismic activity in the Palu region

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Afryanti Veronika Simangunsong ◽  
Ramadhan Priadi ◽  
Anak Agung Istri Dwilyantari ◽  
Agus Marsono
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
B Value ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Earthquake Data

<span lang="EN-US">The Palu area is a region that has a high seismic potential as a result of the existence of the Palu Koro Fault. The Koro Palu Fault is an active sinistral fault that moves with velocity around 25-30 mm/year. This research purpose to determine the a-value and b-value temporally for identify rock brittle levels and seismicity levels in the Palu area using the Maximum Likelihood Guttenberg-Richter method. The data used in this study are earthquake data from the BMKG and USGS catalogs for 2008-2018 over a period of 10 years located at 0840 LU 40 2.620LS and 118,590 BT - 121.70 BT. Based on the results of data processing, there were 3033 earthquake distributions in the earthquake over a 10-year period. The calculation results show variations in the value of b-values in the range 0.55-0.961 and the a-value in the range 3.63-5.42. The highest b-value was obtained in 2015 at 0.961 as an indication of increased seismic activity in the Palu area. After the Palu M 7.4 earthquake on 28 September  2018, there was a significant decrease in the value of the b-value to 0.685. Based on the trend of b-value values which continued to decline from 2015 until 2018, it was identified in the rock's resistance to stress is high in the Palu area. Whereas for the seismicity index value of the Palu area of 0.040789 with the earthquake return period 7 is 25 years. </span>

scholarly journals Gender and live weight on carcass and meat characteristics of donkeys

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Hernández-Briano ◽  
Roque Gonzalo Ramírez-Lozano ◽  
Octavio Carrillo-Muro ◽  
Marco Antonio López-Carlos ◽  
Fabiola Méndez-Llorente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
B Value ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
L Value

ABSTRACT: One hundred eighty-nine Catalan crossbreed donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) were used to evaluate the effect of gender (gelding, n=106; or female, n=83) and live weight at slaughter (LW) (<100kg, n=25; 101 to 125kg, n=42; 126 to 150kg, n=85; and 151>kg, n=37) on carcass characteristics, non-carcass components and meat and fat color. Geldings had greater (P<0.05) carcass weight, carcass dressing and *L value of subcutaneous fat than females; but females had greater (P<0.05) cooling loss, a* value of semitendinosus muscle and b* value of subcutaneous fat. Donkeys with more than 126kg of LW showed greater (P<0.05) carcass weight and dressing and lower (P<0.05) cooling loss compared to lighter donkeys. The a* value of semitendinosus muscle and abdominal fat was greater in heaviest donkeys (>151kg). Meanwhile, the LW did not affect the color (L*, a* and b* values) of subcutaneous fat (P>0.05). These results suggested that both gender and live weight should be considered when producing meat from donkeys. It is advisable to use geldings weighing more than 126kg at slaughter to obtain the greatest weight and carcass yield.

scholarly journals Cochlear Size Assessment Predicts Scala Tympani Volume and Electrode Insertion Force- Implications in Robotic Assisted Cochlear Implant Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anandhan Dhanasingh ◽  
Chloe Swords ◽  
Manohar Bance ◽  
Vincent Van Rompaey ◽  
Paul Van de Heyning
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Implant ◽  
B Value ◽  
Scala Tympani ◽  
Insertion Force ◽  
B Values ◽  
Robotic Assisted ◽  
A Value ◽  
Straight Portion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Electrode Insertion

Objectives: The primary aim was to measure the volume of the scala tympani (ST) and the length of the straight portion of the cochlear basal turn from micro-computed tomography (μCT) images. The secondary aim was to estimate the electrode insertion force based on cochlear size and insertion speed. Both of these objectives have a direct clinical relevance in robotic assisted cochlear implant (CI) surgery.Methods: The ST was segmented in thirty μCT datasets to create a three-dimensional (3D) model and calculate the ST volume. The diameter (A-value), the width (B-value), and the straight portion of the cochlear basal turn (S-value) were measured from the oblique coronal plane. Electrode insertion force was measured in ST models of two different sizes, by inserting FLEX24 (24 mm) and FLEX28 (28 mm) electrode arrays at five different speeds (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mm/s).Results: The mean A-, B-, and S-values measured from the 30 μCT datasets were 9.0 ± 0.5, 6.7 ± 0.4, and 6.9 mm ± 0.5, respectively. The mean ST volume was 34.2 μl ± 7 (range 23–50 μl). The ST volume increased linearly with an increase in A- and B-values (Pearson's coefficient r = 0.55 and 0.56, respectively). The A-value exhibited linear positive correlation with the B-value and S-value (Pearson's coefficient r = 0.64 and r = 0.66, respectively). In the smaller of the two ST models, insertion forces were higher across the range of insertion speeds during both array insertions, when compared to the upscaled model. Before the maximum electrode insertion depths, a trend toward lower insertion force for lower insertion speed and vice-versa was observed.Conclusion: It is important to determine pre-operative cochlear size as this seems to have an effect upon electrode insertion forces. Higher insertion forces were seen in a smaller sized ST model across two electrode array lengths, as compared to an upscaled larger model. The ST volume, which cannot be visualized on clinical CT, correlates with clinical cochlear parameters. This enabled the creation of an equation capable of predicting ST volume utilizing A- and B-values, thus enabling pre-operative prediction of ST volume.

Standardisation of von Willebrand Factor in Therapeutic Concentrates: Calibration of the 1st International Standard for von Willebrand Factor Concentrate (00/514)

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (09) ◽  
pp. 380-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn Sands ◽  
Andrew Chang ◽  
Claudine Mazurier ◽  
Anthony Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
International Study ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
International Standard ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Factor Concentrate ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryAn international study involving 26 laboratories assayed two candidate von Willebrand Factor (VWF) concentrates (B and C) for VWF:Antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF:Ristocetin Cofactor (VWF:RCo) and VWF:Collagen binding (VWF:CB) relative to the 4th International Standard Factor VIII/VWF Plasma (4th IS Plasma) (97/586). Estimates of VWF:Ag showed good agreement between different methods, for both candidates, and the overall combined means were 11.01 IU/ml with inter-laboratory variability (GCV) of 10.9% for candidate B and 14.01 IU/ml (GCV 11.8%) for candidate C. Estimates of VWF:RCo showed no significant difference between methods for both candidates and gave overall means of 9.38 IU/ml (GCV 23.7%) for candidate B and 10.19 IU/ml (GCV 24.4%) for candidate C. Prior to the calibration of the candidates for VWF:CB it was necessary to calibrate the 4th IS Plasma relative to local frozen normal plasma pools; there was good agreement between different collagen reagents and an overall mean of 0.83 IU per ampoule (GCV 11.8%) was assigned. In contrast, estimates of VWF:CB in both candidates showed large differences between collagen reagents with inter-laboratory GCV’s of 40%. Candidate B (00/514) was established as the 1st International Standard von Willebrand Factor Concentrate by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation in November 2001 with assigned values for VWF:Ag (11.0 IU/ampoule) and VWF:RCo (9.4 IU/ampoule). Large inter-laboratory variability of estimates precluded the assignment of a value for VWF:CB.

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