scholarly journals Determination of temporal value of a-value and b-value to identify the level brittle of rock and seismic activity in the Palu region

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Afryanti Veronika Simangunsong ◽  
Ramadhan Priadi ◽  
Anak Agung Istri Dwilyantari ◽  
Agus Marsono
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
B Value ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Resistance To Stress ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Earthquake Data

<span lang="EN-US">The Palu area is a region that has a high seismic potential as a result of the existence of the Palu Koro Fault. The Koro Palu Fault is an active sinistral fault that moves with velocity around 25-30 mm/year. This research purpose to determine the a-value and b-value temporally for identify rock brittle levels and seismicity levels in the Palu area using the Maximum Likelihood Guttenberg-Richter method. The data used in this study are earthquake data from the BMKG and USGS catalogs for 2008-2018 over a period of 10 years located at 0840 LU 40 2.620LS and 118,590 BT - 121.70 BT. Based on the results of data processing, there were 3033 earthquake distributions in the earthquake over a 10-year period. The calculation results show variations in the value of b-values in the range 0.55-0.961 and the a-value in the range 3.63-5.42. The highest b-value was obtained in 2015 at 0.961 as an indication of increased seismic activity in the Palu area. After the Palu M 7.4 earthquake on 28 September  2018, there was a significant decrease in the value of the b-value to 0.685. Based on the trend of b-value values which continued to decline from 2015 until 2018, it was identified in the rock's resistance to stress is high in the Palu area. Whereas for the seismicity index value of the Palu area of 0.040789 with the earthquake return period 7 is 25 years. </span>

Determination of Peanut Maturity Using a Hunter Colorimeter

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Grimm ◽  
E. T. Champagne ◽  
T. H. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
B Value ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
L Value ◽  
Peanut Hull ◽  
Standard Deviations

Abstract Peanut maturity has previously been correlated with the color of the mesocarp of the peanut hull going from light to dark as the peanut matures. In this study, peanuts were sorted into maturity classes of yellow, orange A, orange B, brown and black based on the hull scrape method of Williams and Drexler. The Hunter L*, a*, and b* values were also measured on the dry pods for each class. The color of the mesocarp of freshly harvested peanuts was determined using a Hunter colorimeter. Hunter L*, a*, and b* values on individual peanuts, representative of each class using wet and dry hulls, were reproducibly determined with standard deviations of less than 0.8%. Yellow peanut pods had a median L* value of 70.0, while mature black peanut pods had a median L* value of 51.7 and median values for orange A, orange B and brown pods were, 68.0, 63.7, 57.0, respectively. A similar inverse relationship was observed for the b* value and maturity, while the a* value reached a maximum at orange A. No correlation was observed between the peanut maturity and L*, a*, and b* values acquired with the exocarp intact. Hunter L* and b* values of mesocarps show potential for determining physiological maturity of peanuts.

scholarly journals STUDI B-VALUE SEBAGAI ANALISIS SEISMISITAS BERDASARKAN DATA GEMPABUMI PERIODE 1914-2020 (STUDI KASUS : PROVINSI BENGKULU)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Selly Tri Daiana ◽  
Nurhidayah ◽  
Linda Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
B Value ◽  
A Value

Salah satu Provinsi di pulau sumatera yang paling rentan terhadap bencana gempa bumi ialah Provinsi Bengkulu, yang wilayahnya terletak pada zona pertemuan lempeng tektonik Indo- Australia dan Eurasia yang merupakan pemicu utama tingginya aktivitas gempa bumi di wilayah Provinsi Bengkulu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi distribusi kegempaan, b-value, a-value, periode ulang gempa bumi dan kemungkinan gempa di wilayah Provinsi Bengkulu dengan menggunakan metode Maximum Likelihood. Data gempabumi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data gempabumi dari katalog USGS tahun 1914-2020 kurun waktu 106 tahun dengan magnitudo completness 5.3 dan kedalaman (h) ? 8.9 km yang berlokasi di 5o 40’– 2o 0’ LS dan 40’ – 104o 0’ BT. Data latitude dan longitude di bagi menjadi 2 bagian berdasarkan sebaran episenter gempa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi kegempaan di Provinsi Bengkulu sebanyak 1442 kejadian gempa selama 106 tahun terakhir. Distribusi kegempaan di Provinsi Bengkulu cukup tinggi. Dari analisis menggunakan software ZMAP diperoleh dari hasil distribusi b-value wilayah Provinsi Bengkulu terlihat wilayah laut memiliki b-value yang cenderung lebih rendah dengan variasi 1.5–1.9, dengan wilayah perairan laut Bengkulu timur hingga tenggara merupakan wilayah dengan variasi b-value tertinggi. Sedangkan untuk b-value wilayah darat dengan variasi yang lebih tinggi yaitu antara 2.8–3.2, yang merupakan Wilayah yang dekat dengan pinggir pantai dengan periode ulang gempa dengan magnitudo 6-7 berkisar antara 4 – 7000 tahun.

Seismotectonic maps of southwest Asia region comprising Eastern Turkey, Caucasus, Persian Plateau, Afghanistan and Hindukush

1974 ◽  
Vol 64 (3-1) ◽  
pp. 657-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Kaila ◽  
N. Madhava Rao ◽  
Hari Narain
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
B Value ◽  
Southwest Asia ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
A Value ◽  
Thrust Zone ◽  
Kopet Dagh ◽  
Regional Tectonics

abstract Three seismic activity maps, the A-value map, the b-value map and the returnperiod map for earthquakes with magnitude 6 and above, have been prepared for the southwest Asia region using the Kaila and Narain (1971) method, and the same are compared with regional tectonics. For the preparation of these maps, a modified relation A = 6.36b - 1.00 has been used instead of the earlier relation where A and b are constants in the cumulative regression curve represented by log N = A − bM. The A-value seismicity map reveals that the Southwest Asia region consists of a number of seismic high zones such as the Caucasus-Abul Samsar high, the Zagros high, the Shahrud-Doruneh high and the Hindukush-West Pakistan high. The Caucasus-Abul Samsar seismic high shows two superimposed trends, one NW-SE which is consistent with the Caucasus tectonic trend and the other NE-SW which is parallel to the Abul Samsar fracture zone. The Zagros seismic high runs in the NW-SE direction almost parallel to the Zagros thrust zone with diversions to the northeast at the two ends. High seismic activity is revealed in the Zagros foothills area rather than the thrust-zone. The Shahrud-Doruneh high shows a NW-SE trend parallel to Kopet Dagh, and, toward the west, it bends down aligning itself almost parallel to the Elburz mountains, thus indicating the possibility of a connection between this high and the Zagros high. The Hindukush-West Pakistan high runs in the NNE-SSW direction consistent with the tectonic trends in this area, indicating the highest seismic activity near the Yasman fracture zone. The b-value seismicity map also reveals the same seismic features as brought out by the A-value map. The b-values obtained by this new method over various regions of southwest Asia agree fairly well with those reported by other workers obtained from earthquake regression curves. The return-period map further brings out the zones of high and low seismic activity which are quite consistent with the A-and the b-value maps, and the regional tectonics.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TINGKAT SEISMISITAS DAN TINGKAT KERAPUHAN BATUAN DI MALUKU UTARA

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Vienda Gaby Lumintang ◽  
Guntur Pasau ◽  
Seni J Tongkukut
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Method ◽  
B Value ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Earthquake Catalog ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Analysis ◽  
Repetition Period ◽  
Earthquake Recurrence ◽  
A Value ◽  
Likelihood Analysis

ANALISIS TINGKAT SEISMISITAS DAN TINGKAT KERAPUHAN BATUAN DI MALUKU UTARA ABSTRAK Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan tingkat seismisitas dan tingkat kerapuhan batuan melalui perhitungan nilai a dan b secara spasial di Maluku Utara menggunakan katalog gempa ANSS tahun 1963-2015 dengan metode maksimum likelihood, menghitung kemungkinan waktu terjadinya kembali gempa bumi merusak secara spasial, serta untuk menenentukan daerah-daerah yang sangat rawan berpotensi gempa merusak di wilayah Maluku Utara. Perhitungan nilai a dan b dari data ANSS untuk wilayah Maluku Utara menunjukkan besar nilai b adalah berkisar pada 0,75-1,5 dan nilai a adalah berkisar pada 6,5-10. Periode ulang gempa bumi untuk wilayah Maluku Utara dengan magnitude Mw = 6,5 adalah 3-19 tahun, gempa dengan magnitude Mw = 7 adalah 5-52 tahun, dan gempa dengan magnitude Mw = 7,5 adalah 15-140 tahun. Daerah-daerah yang berpotensi mengalami gempa bumi merusak adalah wilayah Laut Maluku, Ternate, Tidore, sebagian wilayah Kabupaten Halmahera Utara dan Barat, Pulau Kasiruta dan Pulau Obi. Kata kunci: nilai-b, seismisitas, maximum likelihood   ANALYSIS OF SEISMICITY LEVEL AND ROCKS FRAGILITY LEVEL IN NORTH MALUKU ABSTRACT A research has ben conducted to determine the seismicity level and rocks fragility level through spatially calculation of a  value and b value in North Maluku using ANSS earthquake catalog of years 1963-2015 with maximum likelihood method, spatially calculate possible time of  destructive earthquake recurrence, and to determine areas that highly prone to potentially destructive earthquake in North Maluku. A value and b value calculation of ANSS data of North Maluku region shows that b value is in the range of 0.75-1.5 and a value is in the range of 6.5-10. Earthquake repetition period of North Maluku region based on ANSS data with magnitude Mw = 6.5 is 3-19 years, for earthquake with magnitude Mw = 7 is 5-52 years and for earthquake with magnitude Mw = 7.5 is 15-140 years. Areas that potentially have destructive earthquake is Molucca Sea region, Ternate, Tidore, parts of North and West Halmahera District, Kasiruta Island and Obi Island. Keywords: b value, seismicity, maximum likelihood

Maximum likelihood estimation of b values for magnitude grouped data

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-851
Author(s):  
Bernice Bender
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
B Value ◽  
Maximum Magnitude ◽  
Grouped Data ◽  
B Values ◽  
Interval Size ◽  
Posteriori Distribution ◽  
Frequency Relationship

abstract The b value estimated by fitting a set of observed earthquake magnitudes to the magnitude-frequency relationship, log N(m) = a - bm, where N(m) = number of earthquakes exceeding magnitude m, is correlated with the fitting technique used. Both so-called interval and cumulative least-squares fits to the formula log N(m) = a - bm tend statistically to estimate too low a b value, because they cannot include magnitudes above the maximum observed. Maximum likelihood formulas (Aki, Utsu, and Page) for exact or continuous magnitudes give biased results if they are applied to interval data, with the bias increasing as interval size increases. The bias is small at magnitude intervals Δm = 0.1, but significant if the formulas are applied to magnitudes which have been recovered from historic intensity data at intervals of 0.6 magnitude unit. Corrections for interval size can be applied to the continuous data formulas to make them equivalent to the formula derived specifically for grouped data (e.g., Karnik, 1971). A simpler form of the grouped data formula is derived here and shows the role of interval size and maximum magnitude on the b value obtained. This paper also shows how, given a population value of b, to calculate the distribution of the estimated b values. Conversely, this paper derives an a posteriori distribution for the population b value, given the magnitudes of an observed set of earthquakes. The distribution of b values fitted by various techniques is illustrated for a number of cases. Several illustrations of probabilistic ground motions calculated for a range of b values show that a small fractional change in the assumed b value can have a substantially larger fractional effect on the ground motion calculated.

scholarly journals Effect of adding different types of flour on the quality of low fat beef sausage

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
U Habiba ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
M Habib ◽  
MA Hashem ◽  
MS Ali
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
B Value ◽  
Corn Flour ◽  
B Values ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
A Value ◽  
Different Types

The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different types of flour on the sensory, physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of beef sausages. For this purpose, sausages were prepared into four different groups. They were treated control; beef sausage without flour, beef with 10% rice flour, beef with 10% wheat flour and beef with 10% corn flour. All parameters were analyzed at 0, 15th and 30th days of storage time. The proximate compositions of different sausage batters are analyzed and highly significant differences were found in dry matter and crude protein (%) content and significant differences were found in cooking loss (%), pH (%) and EE (%) content. While analyzing the different types of sausages, highly significant differences were found in pH, DM (%), CP (%) and EE (%) content and significant differences in Ash (%) content. Crude protein (%) and DM (%) increased, while Ash (%) and EE (%) decreased with increase of storage time. Significantly higher DM (%) and CP (%) were found in beef sausage without any flour, no significant differences were found among the flour groups in DM (%) and CP (%) content. The storage period had significant effect on different biochemical (FFA, POV and TBARS value) and microbial (TVC, TCC and TYMC) test. In all cases the values were increased with increase of storage time. The surface color (CIE L*, a*, b*) of sausages of different treatments at different storage period were measured.  No significant differences in L* value were found among beef sausages and storage time. On the other hand, different types of sausages had a significant effect on a* and b* values. Significantly higher a* value was found in beef sausage with 10% corn flour and b* value in beef sausage without any flour (Control). Storage period had no effect on b* values, but effect on a* values. Significantly lower a* value was found at 0 day of storage time. In sensory analysis, highly significant differences were found in flavor, off-flavor, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability among four types of sausages but no significant found in color. All the parameters were significantly lower in control sausage except off-flavour, which was significantly higher in control sausage. No significant differences were found in sensory parameters among the sausages manufactured from different types of flour. From this experiment, it might be concluded that addition of different types of flour increases the overall acceptability of beef sausage. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2021. 50 (1):1-11

scholarly journals Evaluation of Color, Texture, Sensory and Antioxidant Properties of Gels Composed of Freeze-Dried Maqui Berries and Agave Sugar

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1294
Author(s):  
Patryk Sobaszek ◽  
Renata Różyło ◽  
Laura Dziki ◽  
Urszula Gawlik-Dziki ◽  
Beata Biernacka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
B Value ◽  
B Values ◽  
A Value ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
L Value ◽  
Aristotelia Chilensis ◽  
Powdered Form

The study aimed to determine the textural, sensory, and antioxidant properties of gels composed of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) berries. These freeze-dried berries were tested in a powdered form as an additive (0–5%) to agave sugar (20%) gels. Freeze-dried maqui powdered berries were dark purple to almost black in color and were characterized by an L* value of 16.3, an a* value of 8.3, and a b* value of −9.6. The b* values decreased from 11.8 to 2.3 with the increase in the amount of berry powder. There were no significant changes in the color of gels composed of berries at 4% and 5% concentration. Gels lost (almost twice) their hardness as the amount of maqui increased. The lowest values of hardness and the highest values of elasticity, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness were observed at 4% concentration of dried berries. The type of sugar did not affect the lightness of the gels (L* parameter) and the a* value. The assessors evaluated the gels composed of agave sugar (20%) and 4% maqui and 0.5% citric acid to be the best. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in these gels compared to the control gels. After obtaining this low sugar gels, consumers could enrich their diets with healthier products.

Seismotectonic maps of the European area

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1721-1732
Author(s):  
K. L. Kaila ◽  
N. Madhava Rao
Keyword(s):  
B Value ◽  
Regression Curve ◽  
B Values ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
European Area ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Seismotectonic Map ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Regional Tectonics

abstract Seismicity maps based on A value, b value, and return period for earthquakes with magnitude 6 and above have been prepared for the European area using the Kaila and Narain (1971) method. For the preparation of these maps, a modified relation A = 6.36b − 1.00 has been used instead of the earlier relation where A and b are constants in the cumulative regression curve represented by log N = A − bM. The A-value seismicity map also shows regional tectonics superimposed on it, thus yielding the seismotectonic map of Europe. These seismicity maps reveal that the European area consists of seven main high seismic activity zones named as the Balkan high, the Aegean high, the Apennine-sicilian high, the Alps high, the Carpathian high, the Saharan-Pyrenees high and the Iceland-Arctic high which are described in detail with their relationship to regional tectonics. The b values determined by the new method and shown on the b-value seismicity map are compared with those determined by other workers using earthquake regression curves for various regions of Europe and they show a very good agreement with each other.

scholarly journals Correlation Analysis of Spatial Distribution, Temporal Seismotectonics, and Return Period of Earthquake in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hery Leo Sianturi ◽  
Adi Susilo ◽  
Sunaryo ◽  
Sukir Maryanto
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Return Period ◽  
B Value ◽  
Earthquake Catalog ◽  
Likelihood Methods ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
A Value ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Methods ◽  
High Level ◽  
Earthquake Data

This paper presents spatial distribution, temporal seismotectonics, and return period of earthquake in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, using earthquake data and Maximum Likelihood methods. The data used are ISC, USGS/NEIC, and Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (IMCGA) earthquake catalog data for the period of 1918 to 2015. The results show that the a-value ranges from 5.0 to 8.5 and b-value ranges from 0.6 to 1.3. The pattern of spatial distribution of b-value is relatively low corresponding to the low of a-value, which means the high level of stress of rock in the area. The fractal dimension shows that the D value ranges from 1.384 to 1.874. The earthquake that occurred in East Nusa Tenggara Province was dominated by a small magnitude with great seismicity and the fastest return period is in Alor and Timor islands which is 44 days.

scholarly journals Distribution and length-weight relationships of Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha in the Bilah River, Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusdi Machrizal ◽  
Khairul Khairul ◽  
Juliana Nasution ◽  
Rivo H. Dimenta ◽  
Arman Harahap
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Tenualosa Ilisha ◽  
Morisita Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Relationship Of

Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilishais of the indigenous fish species and the icon of the Labuhanbatu Regency, Indonesia. Presently, a very limited study was done in this species. Hence, the purpose of this study was to analyse the distribution and growth patterns based on the length-weight relationship of Hilsa shad T. ilishaon Bilah River, Labuhanbatu District, Sumatera Utara Province, Indonesia. Sampling was carried out for 3 months starting in February-April 2019 with the exploration method. Determination of sampling locations based on information from local fishermen. Analysis of distribution data used the Morisita index and growth patterns used the Linear Allometric Model (LAM). The analysis results of Hilsa shad distribution indicated that these fish were distributed in groups/clustered with the Morisita index value of 2.211-2.314. The growth pattern of the fish was negative allometric with a value of b3. Correlation analysis showed that DO was closely related to distribution (r2=0.661), meanwhile, light penetration was closely related to growth patterns (r2=0.914). It is concluded that the distribution of Hilsa shad fish in the Bilah River was in groups or clustered, with a negative allometric growth pattern. Keywords: Hilsa Shad, distribution, growth pattern, Tenualosa ilisha

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