The long-term relation between the size of the informal economy and income per capita, 1991-2015

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Term Relation ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals Human Capital Persistence and Development

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudi Rocha ◽  
Claudio Ferraz ◽  
Rodrigo R. Soares
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Settlement Policy ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Over Time

This paper documents the persistence of human capital over time and its association with long-term development. We exploit variation induced by a state-sponsored settlement policy that attracted immigrants with higher levels of schooling to particular regions of Brazil in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. We show that one century after the policy, municipalities that received settlements had higher levels of schooling and higher income per capita. We provide evidence that long-run effects worked through higher supply of educational inputs and shifts in the structure of occupations toward skill-intensive sectors. (JEL I26, J22, J24, J61, N36, O15, Z13)

scholarly journals Trade, Institutional Quality and Income: Empirical Evidence for Sub-Saharan Africa

Economies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Huy Quang Doan
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Political Globalization

This paper looks at how trade liberalization and institutional quality influence real income. Previous evidence has provided mixed results, and we find that indicators representing trade liberalization have been very weak. By using strongly balanced panel data of 45 Sub-Saharan African countries covering the last 34 years (1980–2013), along with numerous advanced econometric instruments (random effect, fixed effect, system-generalized method of moments, pooled mean group) and composite trade indicators (KOF indicators), this paper determines the impact of trade liberalization, social factors and political globalization on real income per capita in both static and dynamic settings. The paper also considers short-term and long-term effects. The study confirms that free trade has a significant positive impact on the growth of real income per capita in static and dynamic settings. However, it also finds that countries must pay in the short-term to gain more significantly in the long-term. Further, we point out that social factors, especially information flows, can have significant but varying influences on real income under different scenarios and that political globalization both challenges and gives opportunities for improving living standards. We also find that institutional quality is a key factor for economic development in any situation.

Is the world converging to a ‘Western diet’?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Azzeddine Azzam
Keyword(s):  
Nutrition Transition ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Objective: To test the nutrition transition hypothesis of global dietary convergence to a ‘Western diet’. Design: Consumer-waste-adjusted FAO Food Balance Sheets are used to construct for each country a Western Diet Similarity Index (WSI), expressed as a ratio of calories from animal-sourced foods, oils, fats and sweeteners to total per capita calories. β-Convergence and associated speed are estimated by growth regressions using 1992–2013 panel data. Speed of convergence, a non-linear function of income per capita, globalisation and urbanisation, determines the steady-state or long-term global WSI. The long-term global WSI is compared with the WSI of the group of countries with the highest population-weighted average WSI. The group, determined by K-means cluster analysis, consists of sixteen Western countries. Setting: Worldwide. Participants: Not applicable. Results: Strong evidence of global dietary convergence at a speed driven by income per capita, globalisation and urbanisation with a long-term WSI of 38 %. When compared with the WSI of Western countries (68 %), the hypothesis of global dietary convergence to a Western diet is rejected. Conclusions: The nutrition transition is acting in two opposing directions. Some countries experienced positive and others negative WSI growth, slowing down the transition to a Western diet in the long run. Policies to further slowdown the transition by some countries to unhealthier dietary patterns are as important as policies to further speed up the transition by other countries to healthier ones.

Economic Instability, Unemployment Rates, Behavioral Risks, and Mortality Rates in Scotland, 1952–1983

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Harvey Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Term Relation ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Exponential Trend ◽  
Per Capita

Short-term relations (under five years) between national unemployment and cause-specific mortality rates have been found in several industrialized countries in Europe and North America including the United States and, separately, Scotland and England/Wales. Long-term cumulative relations (at least a decade) have been found between national unemployment and age-adjusted mortality rates for eight countries including England/Wales. In this article it is demonstrated that, controlling for the significant effects of per capita cigarette, spirits, and fat consumption, and cold winter temperatures, there is in Scotland a significant long-term relation (at least a decade) between cumulative change in unemployment rates and mortality rates-for all causes, for total heart disease, and in particular for ischemic heart disease. Also, the exponential trend in real per capita income is related to mortality declines. Other writers have encountered difficulty in measuring this long-term relation between unemployment and cause-specific mortality in Scotland in the absence of controls for at least alcohol and tobacco consumption per capita.

The Reproduction Vector of the Russian Economy: 1999-2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Developed Countries

The problem of the Russian economy’s growth rates is considered in the article in the context of Russia’s backwardness regarding GDP per capita in comparison with the developed countries. The author stresses the urgency of modernization of the real sector of the economy and the recovery of the country’s human capital. For reaching these goals short- or mid-term programs are not sufficient. Economic policy needs a long-term (15-20 years) strategy, otherwise Russia will be condemned to economic inertia and multiplying structural disproportions.

PENGARUH UPAH MINUMUM TERHADAP TENAGA KERJA DI NEGARA DENGAN TINGKAT PENGHASILAN RATA-RATA YANG RENDAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veny Anindya Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Water Association ◽  
International Water ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Association Data

<p>The minimum wage is a macroeconomic issue that is still debated, Basically, the minimum wage policy aimed to protect workers, so that thet earn an adequate wages to finance the basic needs of their life. Practically, the minimum wage policy often encounters its purpose because it is regarged as miserable for those who have no expertise. This phenomenon is mainly happening in the low –avegrage- income countries that have many unskilled workers. Gahana, Indonesia, Costra Rica were used to be analyzed in this paper. According to International Water Association data year 2006, those countris earn income per capita less than US$ 9,200 and were categorized as low average – income countries. This research found that minimum wage impelentation in all three countries was not effective. When minimum wage policy was implemented, a lot of people felt aggrieved.</p><p>Keywords : Economic polict, Minimum wage, Income</p>

Zachowania nabywców na rynku certyfikowanej żywności dla niemowląt i małych dzieci

2016 ◽  
pp. 81-93
Author(s):  
Dominika Kuberska ◽  
Karolina Suchta
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Baby Food ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Unique Nature ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was to unveil the specifics of consumer behavior on the certified baby food market, in particular with regard to their determinants. A questionnaire was used as a tool to conduct this study. A unique nature of the relationship between the buyer and the consumer on the market (a mother and a child) could have influenced the results obtained. Price is not the key determinant of behavior of buyers on the market. In addition, there is no correlation between the net income per capita and household expenditure on certified baby food.

The Quantification of Structural Reforms in OECD Countries

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs Égert ◽  
Peter Gal
Keyword(s):  
Product Market ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Product Market Regulation ◽  
The Impact

This chapter describes and discusses a new supply-side framework that quantifies the impact of structural reforms on per capita income in OECD countries. It presents the overall macroeconomic impacts of reforms by aggregating over the effects on physical capital, employment, and productivity through a production function. On the basis of reforms defined as observed changes in policies, the chapter finds that product market regulation has the largest overall single policy impact five years after the reforms. But the combined impact of all labour market policies is considerably larger than that of product market regulation. The paper also shows that policy impacts can differ at different horizons. The overall long-term effects on GDP per capita of policies transiting through capital deepening can be considerably larger than the five- to ten-year impacts. By contrast, the long-term impact of policies coming only via the employment rate channel materializes at a shorter horizon.

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