Long-run indirect effects of competition-enhancing reforms in network industries

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Network Industries ◽  
Long Run

scholarly journals Pricing Unbundled Network Elements and the FCC's TELRIC Rule: Economic and Modeling Issues

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Tardiff
Keyword(s):  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Network Industries ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Capital Equipment ◽  
Competitive Network ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Pricing Rules ◽  
Asset Values ◽  
Competitive Outcomes

This paper addresses the fundamental question of what costs and prices would look like under competitive conditions and how close the FCC's total element long-run incremental cost (TELRIC) pricing rules allow one to approximate such competitive outcomes. We consider: what types of firms would enter in competitive network industries, what effect would new entry have on the asset values and prices of incumbent firms, and what impact would competition have on (1) the types and vintages of capital equipment, (2) prices for that equipment, and (3) conditions in the operating environment? The paper concludes by highlighting alternative pricing proposals offered by contending parties and identifying the major drivers that explain what have proven to be large differences among competing proposals.

scholarly journals Public Investment and Output Performance: Evidence from Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Omo Aregbeyen ◽  
Taofik Ibrahim Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Aggregate Output ◽  
Output Performance ◽  
Marginal Propensity To Consume ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Marginal Propensity

Abstract This study examined the direct/indirect long-run relationships and dynamic interactions between public investment (PI) and output performance in Nigeria using annual data spanning 1970-2010. A macro-econometric model derived from Keynes’ income-expenditure framework was employed. The model was disaggregated into demand and supply sides to trace the direct and indirect effects of PI on aggregate output. The direct supply side effect was assessed using the magnitude of PI multiplier coefficient, while the indirect effect of PI on the demand side was evaluated with marginal propensity to consume, accelerator coefficient and import multiplier. The results showed relatively less strong direct effect of PI on aggregate output, while the indirect effects were stronger with the import multiplier being the most pronounced. This is attributed to declining capital expenditure, poor implementation and low quality of PI projects due to widespread corruption. By and large, we concluded that PI exerted considerable influence on aggregate output.

EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH INTO INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC PRICES: AN ANALYSIS WITH INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC EXCHANGE RATES

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Hülya Saygılı ◽  
Mesut Saygılı
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Exchange Rate Changes ◽  
Exchange Rate Pass Through

This paper examines the heterogeneity of exchange rate pass-through into industry-specific import, producer, and consumer prices. Results show that depending on the imported input contents, price responsiveness to the aggregate and relative exchange rate changes displays significant differences. We found that direct exchange rate impacts are more significant than indirect effects. The importance of the indirect effects is largely influenced from energy, basic metal, and chemical industries that provide intermediate inputs to others. The time horizon plays a role in the transition process: exchange rate pass-through tends to get stronger and spread to different price indices over time. The short-run impacts of aggregate exchange rate changes are not significant, while relative exchange rate changes partially transmit to producer and consumer prices in low-import content industries. In the long run direct impacts of both aggregate and relative exchange rates are significant on import prices in all industries and producer prices in high-import content industries. Another interesting finding is that the relative and aggregate exchange rate changes have opposing impacts on domestic prices: asymmetric information about industry-specific exchange rates can create pricing opportunities.

scholarly journals Is climate a curse or a bless in the Covid-19 virus fighting?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier DAMETTE ◽  
Clement Mathonnat ◽  
Stephane Goutte
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Impact

Faced with the global pandemic of Covid-19, we need to better understand the links between meteorological factors and the virus and investigate the existence of potential seasonal patterns. In the vein of a recent empirical literature, we reassess the impact of weather factors on Covid-19 daily cases in a panel of advanced and emerging countries between January the first and 28th May 2020. We consider 5 different meteorological factors and go further previous studies. In addition, we give a short-run and medium/long-run time perspective of the dramatic outcomes of the pandemic by both considering infected people (short-run) and fatalities (long-run). Our results reveal that the choice of delays and time perspective of the effects of climatic factors on the virus are crucial as well as Covid-19 outcomes can explain the discrepancies in the previous literature. For the first time, we use a dynamic panel model and consider two different kinds of channels between climate and Covid-19 virus: 1) direct/physical factors related to the survivals and durability dynamics of the virus in surfaces and outdoors and 2) an indirect factor through human behaviors and individual mobility - walking or driving outdoors - to capture the impact of climate on social distancing and thus on Covid-19 outcomes. Our model is estimated \emph{per se} two different estimators and persistence, delays in patterns, nonlinearities and numerous specifications changes are taken into account with many robustness checks. Our work reveal that temperatures and, more interestingly, solar radiation - that has been clearly undervalued in previous studies - are significant climatic drivers on Covid-19 outbreak. Indirect effects through human behaviors ie interrelationships between climatic variables and people mobility are significantly positive and should be considered to correctly assess the effects of climatic factors. Since climate is per se purely exogenous, climate tend to strengthen the effect of mobility on virus spread. The net effect from climate on Covid-19 outbreak will thus result from the direct negative effect of climatic variables and from the indirect effect due to the interaction between mobility and them. Direct negative effects from climatic factors on Covid-19 outcomes - when they are significant - are partly compensated by positive indirect effects through human mobility. Suitable control policies should be implemented to control the mobility and social distancing. \\

How Positive Framing May Fuel Opposition to Low-Carbon Technologies

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerdien de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Boomerang Effect ◽  
Low Carbon Technologies ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Over Time

Low-carbon technologies are necessary to combat global warming. However, they are often opposed by members of the general public, causing costly delays and cancellations. In this article, I argue that language may be a relevant cause of such opposition. I introduce a theoretical model describing a boomerang effect in which positively framed communication about low-carbon technologies may actually lead to opposition in the long run. An example of positive framing is emphasising the climate benefits of a technology while neglecting to mention associated safety risks. I predict that, over time, people begin to perceive positive framing as an attempt to manipulate them into supporting a technology. In turn, this perceived manipulation may make them feel that their freedom to make their own decision to support or oppose the technology is under threat. To counter this behavioural threat, people may begin to oppose low-carbon technologies. My boomerang model further describes how certain characteristics of the source of information as well as of the recipient may influence both the direct and indirect effects of positive framing. I then discuss the model’s implications for effective communication and indicate directions for future research.

Protestant Missionary Education and the Diffusion of Women’s Education in Ottoman Turkey: A Historical GIS Analysis

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-50
Author(s):  
Emre Amasyalı
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Community Schools ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Historical Gis ◽  
Missionary Education ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Missionary Societies ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Educational Market

Abstract A significant literature demonstrates that the presence of historic missionary societies—especially Protestant societies—during the colonial period is significantly and positively associated with increased educational attainment and economic outcomes. However, we know less about the mechanisms underlying the long-run consequences of institutions, as it is commonly very hard to disentangle direct effects from indirect effects. One clear way to do so, however, is to explore the long-term impact of missionary influence in places in which the direct beneficiaries of missionary education are no longer present. The present article considers one such region, the Anatolian region of the Ottoman Empire. Due to the ethnic violence and population movements at the start of the twentieth century, the newfound Turkish nation-state was largely religiously homogenous. This provides us with a unique situation to empirically assess the long-run indirect effects of Christian missionary societies on local human capital. For this purpose, I present an original dataset that provides the locations of Protestant mission stations and schools, Ottoman state-run schools, and Armenian community schools contained within Ottoman Anatolia between 1820 and 1914. Contrary to the common association found in the literature, this study does not find missionary presence to be correlated with modern-day schooling. Rather, I find that regions with a heightened missionary presence and an active Christian educational market perform better on the gender parity index for pretertiary schooling during both the Ottoman and Turkish periods.

Heterogeneous corruption and inflation

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
I. L. Kavitskaya ◽  
I. N. Safonov
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Rational Expectation ◽  
First Case ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Simultaneous Influence

The article analyzes the simultaneous influence of different types of corruption on inflation in the absence of seignorage. Basing on the model of fiscal and monetary policymakers behavior, we analyze the joint impact of “grand” and “petty cash” corruption on economy in short and long term in discretionary policy and rational expectation assumptions. Research findings demonstrate that even in the absence of seignorage heterogeneous corruption relates to inflation differently in short and long term: in the first case, relationship is positive and straightforward, in the second, some indirect effects take place what reduces equilibrium inflation in the long run compared to the short run.

scholarly journals Should the US Eliminate Entry Barriers to the Practice of Law? Perspectives Shaped by Industry Deregulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford Winston ◽  
Quentin Karpilow
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Legal Services ◽  
Network Industries ◽  
Entry Barriers ◽  
Barriers To Entry ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bar Association ◽  
Competitive Forces

States' requirements that lawyers obtain a license to practice law, as well as American Bar Association (ABA) regulations of legal practice, constitute barriers to entry to the legal profession. In this paper, we argue that eliminating entry barriers in legal services would generate benefits that are similar to those resulting from deregulating U.S. network industries (i.e., transportation, communications, and energy.) Specifically, prices would fall as competition from incumbent firms and new entrants intensifies; in the long run, competitive forces and operating freedom would incentivize firms to produce innovations that significantly benefit consumers and the broader economy.

Does Ego-Resilience Impact Friendship Outcomes?

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Lozano ◽  
Mahzad Hojjat ◽  
Judith Sims-Knight
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Ego Resilience ◽  
Maintenance Behaviors ◽  
Received Social Support ◽  
Trait Resilience ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The present study examined the relationship between resilience and positive outcomes in friendships of young adults. SEM and bootstrapping analyses were performed to test whether positive emotions mediate the relationship between ego-resilience and enhanced friendship outcomes. Findings revealed indirect effects for friendship closeness, maintenance behaviors, and received social support. Our findings demonstrate the importance of positive emotions and its connection with trait resilience in the realm of friendships.

Interpersonal Stress and Poor Health

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette M. Aanes ◽  
Maurice B. Mittelmark ◽  
Jørn Hetland
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Interpersonal Stress ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigated whether the lack of social connectedness, as measured by the subjective feeling of loneliness, mediates the well-known relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress. Furthermore, a relationship between interpersonal stress and somatic symptoms was hypothesized. The study sample included 3,268 women and 3,220 men in Western Norway. The main findings were that interpersonal stress was significantly related to psychological distress as well as to somatic symptoms, both directly and indirectly via paths mediated by loneliness. The size of the indirect effects varied, suggesting that the importance of loneliness as a possible mediator differs for depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and somatic symptoms. In the case of depressive symptoms, more than 75% of the total effect was mediated through loneliness, while in the case of somatic symptoms just over 40% of the total effect was mediated through loneliness. This study supports the hypotheses that social connectedness mediates a relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress. The study also provides the first link between interpersonal stress, as measured by the Bergen Social Relationships Scale, and somatic symptoms, extending earlier research on the relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress.

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