scholarly journals Toxemia da Prenhes em Ovinos

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-171
Author(s):  
Janaína Palermo Mendes ◽  
Jean Kaique Valentim ◽  
Stefany Da Silva Barbeira
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Risk Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy Toxemia ◽  
Determinant Factor

A toxemia da prenhes (TP) é caraterizada como uma enfermidade metabólica que tem como principal causa o manejo nutricional inadequado em ovelhas prenhe com um ou múltiplos fetos, principalmente no final da gestação que ocorre durante as últimas seis semanas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a etiopatogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnósticos e tratamentos da TP em ovinos. Foi escolhido a metodologia de revisão bibliográfica, com utilização de livros e artigos científicos. Esta patologia deve haver interferência do medico veterinário, através da cesariana, devido a gestação gemelare por ser uma gestação de risco que se não for tratada pode ocasionar em óbito comumente relacionada a fatores nutricionais, a toxemia da penhes ocorre por haver uma necessidade do aumento da demanda de energia. O melhor método de prevenção é através do manejo nutricional adequado e redução dos fatores estressantes como alteração brusca do alimento, aumento da carga parasitaria e transporte. A utilização de ionoforos na ração pode ser uma opção para evitar a toxemia, já que podem melhorar a produção de ácido propiônico, melhorando o fornecimento de glicose e consequentemente diminuindo os corpos cetônicos. É possível concluir que por se tratar de uma enfermidade de alta letalidade, o diagnóstico precoce amortece os índices de mortalidade e a prevenção torna-se fator determinante, por isso a importância de realizar, de forma breve e prática, os exames complementares para conclusão e tratamento adequado da enfermidade. Palavras-chave: Doença Metabólica. Exames Laboratoriais. Cesariana. Abstract Pregnant Toxemia (TP) is characterized as a metabolic disease that has the main cause of inadequate nutritional management in ewes with one or multiple fetuses, especially at the end of pregnancy that occurs during the last six weeks. This work aims to understand the etiopathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnoses and treatments. The methodology of bibliographic review was chosen, using books and scientific articles. This pathology should have interference from the veterinary physician, through caesarean section, due to gemelare gestation because it is a risk pregnancy that if not treated can cause in death commonly related to nutritional factors, the pregnancy toxemia occurs by need to increase energy demand. The best method of prevention is through adequate nutritional management and reduction of stressful factors such as sudden alteration of food, increased parasite load and transportation. The use of ionoforos in the ration may be an option to avoid toxemia, since they can improve the production of propionic acid, improving the supply of glucose and consequently decreasing the ketone bodies. It is possible to conclude that because it is a disease of high lethality, early diagnosis dampments the mortality rates and prevention becomes a determinant factor, therefore the importance of performing, in a brief and practical way, the complementary exams for the proper completion and treatment of the disease. Keywords: Metabolic Disease. Laboratory Tests. Caesarean.

Correlations between tissue parasite load and common clinical signs in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 109368
Author(s):  
Úrsula Maira Russo Chagas ◽  
Daniel Moreira de Avelar ◽  
Andreza Pain Marcelino ◽  
Gustavo Fontes Paz ◽  
Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load

scholarly journals Miltefosine Administration in Cats with Refractory Sporotrichosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Francina Dos Santos Silva ◽  
Simone Carvalho dos Santos Cunha ◽  
Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista ◽  
Vivian Dos Santos Baptista ◽  
Kássia Valéria Gomes Coelho da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions

Background: Sporotrichosis is a zoonosis caused by fungi of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Cats have important zoonotic potential due to the high parasite load found in the cutaneous lesions. Refractory cases to antifungal therapy are increasing, becoming a public health problem. Miltefosine is a drug with high in vitro activity against Sporothrix brasiliensis. However, this efficacy has not been confirmed in vivo yet and administration has not been studied in the feline species. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of miltefosine administration in cats with resistant sporotrichosis.Materials, Methods & Results: Ten cats with refractory sporotrichosis were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were previous diagnosis for sporotrichosis associated with therapy with oral antifungals (itraconazole and/or potassium iodide) for more than one year, followed by one of these conditions: incomplete clinical remission, worsening of disease during treatment or recurrence after conventional treatment. Cats underwent clinical and dermatological examinations. Data on lifestyle and previous treatments were provided by the owners. Fungal culture and histochemical techniques were performed in all cats before miltefosine treatment. Blood samples were collected before and during the study for laboratory tests, such as blood count, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase, as well as serology for Feline Immunodeficiency (FIV) and Feline Leukemia (FeLV). Miltefosine was prescribed at a dosage of 2 mg/kg orally every 24 h. The animals were monitored by phone during the whole process and reassessed on days 0, 15, 30 and 45 of the treatment. Out of 10 cats, lesions were present on the nose in nine, ears in four, periocular areas in one and limbs in four. One cat received treatment for 45 days, six for 30 days, one for 21 days, one for 15 days and one for 3 days. One cat showed no response to the treatment and nine showed disease progression. Hyporexia and weight loss were the most frequent clinical signs related to miltefosine treatment, followed by sialorrhea, vomiting and diarrhea. Few adverse effects on hematology and biochemistry (mainly renal and hepatic parameters) were observed during the study. Hematocrit decrease was observed in four animals. However, only one cat had hematocrit decrease below normal values (anemia), which was already present before miltefosine administration. Other cats had a decrease of five points. Three cats showed elevation in leucometria and four in plasma protein. In relation to renal and hepatic biochemistry, one animal showed a BUN increase and another one showed a transient increase in ALT. Two animals started the treatment with increased ALT but had no problems during the study and values decreased even during the miltefosine administration.Discussion: Although two cats showed sialorrhea, most owners did not report difficulty in administering the drug orally, representing an advantage of this medication. Weight loss, secondary to gastrointestinal changes, was the most clinically relevant alteration. The most frequent hematological alteration was hematocrit decrease and only the animal that started the study with 20% hematocrit ended the study with anemia. Renal and hepatic parameters were not significant in the cats of this study. Miltefosine did not lead to sporotrichosis remission in this small population of cats, which reveals that, despite its in vitro efficacy against Sporothrix spp., the drug is not effective in vivo in the feline species. Further studies are needed to investigate the efficacy of this drug in a larger number of cats, and possible reasons for its in vivo ineffectiveness.

scholarly journals Morphological Changes in the Bone Marrow of the Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Momo ◽  
Ana Paula Prudente Jacintho ◽  
Pamela Rodrigues Reina Moreira ◽  
Danísio Prado Munari ◽  
Gisele Fabrino Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Control Center ◽  
A Site

The aim of this study was to evaluate the most frequent lesions in the bone marrow of dogs naturally infected byLeishmania (Leishmania) chagasi.Thirty-three dogs sacrificed at the Zoonosis Control Center of Araçatuba, a municipality endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), were used. The animals were classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, and symptomatic groups. At the necropsy, bone marrow samples were collected from the femur, fixed, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The lesion intensity was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The parasite load was determined using immunohistochemistry. The most important lesions consisted of multifocal to diffuse granulomas, megakaryocytic dysplasia, and medullary aplasia. There were no statistical differences between the three clinical groups regarding parasite load and lesion intensity. Asymptomatic dogs also presented high parasitism in the bone marrow as dogs with clinical signs of VL. It was concluded that, regardless of clinical group, the bone marrow is a site for multiplication ofLeishmania chagasi. Possibly, the bone marrow dysplasia may arise from the presence of many parasitized and activated macrophages in this organ. Consequently, it affects the profile of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and systemic circulation.

scholarly journals Frequency of co-seropositivities for certain pathogens and their relationship with clinical and histopathological changes and parasite load in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247560
Author(s):  
Valéria da Costa Oliveira ◽  
Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Junior ◽  
Luiz Claudio Ferreira ◽  
Tatiana Machado Quinates Calvet ◽  
Shanna Araujo dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Histological Changes

In canine leishmaniosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, little is known about how co-infections with or co-seropositivities for other pathogens can influence aggravation of this disease. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of co-infections with or co-seropositivities for certain pathogens in dogs seropositive for L. infantum and their relationship with clinical signs, histological changes and L. infantum load. Sixty-six L. infantum-seropositive dogs were submitted to clinical examination, collection of blood and bone marrow, culling, and necropsy. Antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Ehrlichia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii and Dirofilaria immitis antigens were investigated in serum. Samples from different tissues were submitted to histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the detection of Leishmania spp. and T. gondii. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the L. infantum load in spleen samples. For detection of Coxiella burnetii, conventional PCR and nested PCR were performed using bone marrow samples. All 66 dogs tested positive for L. infantum by qPCR and/or culture. Fifty dogs (76%) were co-seropositive for at least one pathogen: T. gondii (59%), Ehrlichia spp., (41%), and Anaplasma spp. (18%). Clinical signs were observed in 15 (94%) dogs monoinfected with L. infantum and in 45 (90%) dogs co-seropositive for certain pathogens. The L. infantum load in spleen and skin did not differ significantly between monoinfected and co-seropositive dogs. The number of inflammatory cells was higher in the spleen, lung and mammary gland of co-seropositive dogs and in the mitral valve of monoinfected dogs. These results suggest that dogs infected with L. infantum and co-seropositive for certain pathogens are common in the region studied. However, co-seropositivities for certain pathogens did not aggravate clinical signs or L. infantum load, although they were associated with a more intense inflammatory reaction in some organs.

scholarly journals Influence of the Season on the Metabolic Profile in Chios Sheep

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Dzadzovski ◽  
Irena Celeska ◽  
Igor Ulchar ◽  
Aleksandar Janevski ◽  
Danijela Kirovski
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pregnancy Toxemia ◽  
Chios Sheep

Abstract Chios is a breed of sheep selected for milk production, with metabolic features typical for a dairy sheep breed. The energy requirements of pregnant sheep is increase in the last weeks of gestation. Metabolic imbalance in the late pregnancy in sheep, usually cause a metabolic disorder known as pregnancy toxemia. Additionally, a pregnant sheep exposed to low environmental temperatures has increased energy demands, due to its adaptation to undesirable environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to compare the metabolic profile of Chios sheep exposed to different environmental conditions.Two groups of ewes were instigated. First group included 8 pregnant ewes with clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia exposed to cold stress during the winter season. The second group included 8 non-pregnant, clinically healthy ewes, that were examined during the non-breeding period, in the spring season. Blood samples were taken and serum concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutirate (BHBA), total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, triglyceride and cholesterol, as well as activity of AST and ALP were determined. Pregnant ewes exposed to cold stress had significantly lower levels of glucose and total protein, and significantly higher levels of BHBA, albumin and AST in the serum compared to non-pregnant ewes that were in optimal environmental conditions. There was no significant difference between the serum levels of urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides and ALP among the groups. In conclusion, low environmental temperature and poor feeding during the winter season caused metabolic distress in pregnant ewes during the early winter season.

scholarly journals Longitudinal adrenal gland measurements and growth trajectories as risk markers for late preterm delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Goletzke ◽  
Mirja Pagenkemper ◽  
Christian Wiessner ◽  
Franziska Rüber ◽  
Petra Arck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Propensity Score Method ◽  
Spontaneous Preterm Birth ◽  
Zone Width ◽  
Risk Pregnancy

Abstract Background The fetal adrenal gland receives rising awareness as a predictor of spontaneous preterm birth. We hereby provide longitudinal growth assessments of the fetal adrenal gland in a low risk population with an additional focus on trajectories in fetuses born preterm. Methods Fetal adrenal gland was assessed via transabdominal ultrasound at gestational weeks (gw) 24–26, 28–30, and 34–36 in a low-risk pregnancy cohort. Longitudinal trajectories of the total gland and the mark (so called fetal zone) as well as ratio of fetal zone width/ total widths (w/W) were analyzed using repeated ANOVA analyses. To compare trajectories of the ratio w/W for preterm and term fetuses respectively, as well as women with and without clinical signs of preterm labor, the propensity score method was applied. Results Fetal zone width increased over the course of pregnancy (p < 0.0001), while the ratio w/W decreased (p < 0.0001) (n = 327). Comparing the trajectories of the ratio w/W in fetuses born preterm (n = 11) with propensity-score matched term born fetuses (n = 22), a decrease between gw 24–26 and 28–30 was observed in both groups, which continued to decrease for the term born fetuses. However, in preterm born fetuses, the ratio increased above the term born values at gw 34–36. Conclusion Our study provides for the first time longitudinal growth data on the fetal adrenal gland and supports the hypothesis that fetal zone enlargement is associated with preterm birth which could play an important role in risk-prediction.

scholarly journals Parasite load and genotype are associated with clinical outcome of piroplasm infected equines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Amir Stienman ◽  
Hadas Levy ◽  
Yotam Katz ◽  
Margarita Shtilman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Genotype A ◽  
Clinical Cases

Abstract Background: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a highly endemic protozoan disease of horses worldwide. While most horses in endemic areas are subclinically infected, the mechanisms leading to clinical outcome are vastly unknown. Moreover, since clinical signs of disease are not specific, and the prevalence in endemic areas is high, it is difficult to determine if EP is the cause of disease. To identify possible mechanisms leading to the clinical outcome in an endemic area, we compared parasite loads and genotypes in clinically and subclinically infected horses.Methods: Blood was collected from horses with clinical signs consistent with EP, and from apparently healthy horses from various locations. Packed cell volume (PCV) and total solids (TS) were measured from each sample. Quantitative and diagnostic PCR were used to quantify and classify EP infection in clinical and subclinical horses.Results: For both parasites, clinical cases were associated with low mean packed cell volume (PCV) and high mean parasite load (P<0.001), enabling to determine a cutoff value between clinically and subclinically infected horses. Theileria equi of subclinical horses classified into three different 18S rRNA genotypes: D (=23), A (n=12) and C (n=5), while all clinical cases classified as genotype A. The sequences of T. equi equi merozoite antigen-1 (ema-1) gene were fairly conserved and all classified as genotype A. The ema-2 sequences were analyzed with all currently published sequences and were mostly classified into one genotype (A) among the three resolved genotypes. Babesia caballi rhoptry associated protein-1 (rap-1) was classified into sub-genotypes A1 (n=14) and A2 (n=5) with no association to clinical outcome. Classification of the 18S rRNA gene (sub-genotypes B1 and B2) was in agreement with the rap-1 classification.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that quantification of parasite loads of infected horses may be used to distinguish between clinical and subclinical cases. Additionally, we identified T. equi 18S rRNA genotype A to be associated with clinical disease. This finding emphasizes the importance of in-depth genetic characterization of T. equi genotypes to identify possible markers for virulence.

scholarly journals Clinical recovery of Macaca fascicularis infected with Plasmodium knowlesi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko S. Peterson ◽  
Chester J Joyner ◽  
Jessica A. Brady ◽  
Jennifer S Wood ◽  
Monica Cabrera-Mora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Tissue Samples

Background Kra monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a natural host of Plasmodium knowlesi, control parasitaemia caused by this parasite species and escape death without treatment. Knowledge of the disease progression and resilience in kra monkeys will aid the effective use of this species to study mechanisms of resilience to malaria. This longitudinal study aimed to define clinical, physiological and pathological changes in kra monkeys infected with P. knowlesi, which could explain their resilient phenotype. Methods Kra monkeys (n = 15, male, young adults) were infected intravenously with cryopreserved P. knowlesi sporozoites and the resulting parasitaemias were monitored daily. Complete blood counts, reticulocyte counts, blood chemistry and physiological telemetry data (n = 7) were acquired as described prior to infection to establish baseline values and then daily after inoculation for up to 50 days. Bone marrow aspirates, plasma samples, and 22 tissue samples were collected at specific time points to evaluate longitudinal clinical, physiological and pathological effects of P. knowlesi infections. Results As expected, the kra monkeys controlled parasitaemia and remained with low-level, persistent parasitaemias without antimalarial intervention. Unexpectedly, early in the infection, fevers developed, which ultimately returned to baseline, as well as mild to moderate thrombocytopaenia, and moderate to severe anaemia. Mathematical modeling and the reticulocyte production index indicated that the anaemia was largely due to the removal of uninfected erythrocytes and not impaired production of erythrocytes. Mild tissue damage was observed, and tissue parasite load was associated with tissue damage even though parasite accumulation in the tissues was generally low. Conclusions Kra monkeys experimentally infected with P. knowlesi sporozoites presented with multiple clinical signs of malaria that varied in severity among individuals. Overall, the animals shared common mechanisms of resilience characterized by controlling parasitaemia 3-5 days after patency, and controlling fever, coupled with physiological and bone marrow responses to compensate for anaemia. Together, these responses likely minimized tissue damage while supporting the establishment of chronic infections, which may be important for transmission in natural endemic settings. These results provide new foundational insights into malaria pathogenesis and resilience in kra monkeys, which may improve understanding of human infections.

↵​Persistence of Infection with Gastrointestinal Nematodes during the Fattening of Hair Lambs Supplemented with Virginiamycin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Ponce-Covarrubias ◽  
E.C. García y González ◽  
M.A. Mejía-Delgadillo ◽  
R. González-Garduño ◽  
E. Soni-Guillermo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Nutrition Management ◽  
Chemical Agents

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a common problem that affects sheep health and production. There are strategies that have been used to combat these opportunistic microorganisms: chemical agents, nutraceutical plants and nutritional management to reduce the parasite load in animals. Nutrition management can increase resilience, reducing parasitism and increasing immunity to parasites in sheep. Evaluate the persistence of the infection with gastrointestinal nematodes during the fattening of stabled sheep and supplemented with virginiamycin. Methods: 27 lambs of three months of age were distributed in three groups of nine lambs; a control group (CG) and two groups supplemented with virginiamycin powder at 10 and 15 mg/kg per body weight in the diet during 75 days. Result: The supplementation with 10 and 15 g of virginiamycin in lambs crosses Pelibuey x Dorper decreases the FEC count of T. colubriformis and Strongyles spp. on days 3 and 5 of the experimental period.

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