scholarly journals Possibilities of recovery and separation of rare earth elements

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Dominika Fila
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Technology Products ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Critical Mineral

Rare earth metals are a group of elements widely used in high technology products. They are included in the group of critical mineral resources for the EU economy. Rare earth elements are found in computers and mobile phones, as well as in low-emission energy technologies. They are also applied in chemical processes as catalysts in the oil refining. Some of them occur even in considerable quantities in the earth's crust but not very often in the concentrations justifying the profitability of their extraction. Additionally, the constantly growing demand and the current market situation cause that alternative resources of rare earth elements recovery are sought after. Therefore, the recovery and separation methods as well as recovery from the secondary sources are becoming more and more important. The following paper presents the possibilities of recovery and separation of rare earth elements from primary and secondary sources.

scholarly journals The role of Rare Earth Elements in the deployment of wind energy in Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Andrés Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Critical Minerals ◽  
Carbon Economy

The deployment of renewable energy technologies will play a crucial role in the global transition to a low-carbon economy and ultimately in the fight against global warming. However, this transition could face important problems because most of those technologies rely on the steady supply of critical minerals. Colombia, thanks to its hydrological resources, has relied on the hydro­power for electricity generation. However, the government has implemented measures to back-up the energy system in draught periods and, consequently, fossil fuels-based plants have increased the market share and with these, CO2 emissions. This study assesses the mineral demand in Colombia in the period 2020-2050 for the rare earth elements embedded in the deployment of wind power technologies in four different climate policy scenarios in order to establish whether they could face geological bott­lenecks that could ultimately hamper the transition to a low-carbon economy. The Gigawatts (GW) of future capacity additions in the energy system are converted into tons of metal using published metal intensities of use and assumptions of Colombia’s technological pathway. Then, the cumulated mineral demand is compared against current mining production rates and geological reserves to establish geological bottlenecks. The results show that the reserves will not pose any threat to its transition. However, when compared to current mining rates, the mineral demand in 2050 could pose a problem for the supply of minerals. Finally, this study gives some policy recommendations that could be used to mitigate these issues, such as substitution, improved circular economy and sound technological choices.

scholarly journals Development of methods for the recovery оf rare-earth elements from the mineral resources of the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Lokshin ◽  
◽  
O. A. Tareeva ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Apatite Concentrate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rare Earth Mineral

This paper summarizes the findings of the research aimed at the development of a new method for the integrated processing of naturally occurring and anthropogenic rare-earth raw materials based on the decomposition of rare-earth element (REE) concentrates in the presence of sulfocationite. Sorption and desorption of REE cations on a strongly acidic ion exchanger, sorbent regeneration, and REE recovery from eluates are discussed. A virtually zero-waste integrated process for apatite concentrate is proposed. The generalization of the research findings is aimed at demonstrating the prospects and universality of the proposed resource-saving and environmentally safe approach to the processing of various types of naturally occurring and anthropogenic rare-earth mineral feeds. The new methodology made it possible to develop a number of new hydrochemical processes united by a single approach, providing a qualitative increase in the processing performance of various types of rare-earth mineral feeds. The theoretical foundations of a unified approach to the processing of a wide range of minerals can significantly accelerate and cheapen the implementation of specific process circuits, significantly reduce reagent consumption and waste generation, simplify the separation of rare earth elements and impurities, and the separation of rare earth elements from naturally occurring radionuclides, fluorine, and phosphorus. The study was funded by the Kolarctic CBC 2014-2020 program, Project KO1030 SEESIMA — Supporting Environmental Economic and Social Impacts of Mining Activity.

scholarly journals Środowiskowe i prawne uwarunkowania pozyskiwania pierwiastków ziem rzadkich

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Hanna Spasowska-Czarny
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Organic Resources

<p class="TreA">To run an efficient and well developed economy, it is necessary to procure materials and elements belonging to four main groups, that is energy resources, organic resources, water and mineral resources. Non-energy resources, including critical raw materials, have limited resource base, significant dispersal of minerals and very limited possible substitution. Those resources include rare earth elements, which set directions for contemporary dynamic development of many industries. With the development of innovative technologies, the demand for essential components has grown. The use of rare earth elements to develop energy-efficient technologies is very promising, especially in wind generators and hybrid cars.</p>

PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPREHENSIVEEXPLOITATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN WESTERN SIBERIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
R. M. Bembel ◽  
Y. Gao ◽  
Yu. F. Miao ◽  
I. A. Schetinin
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Formation Mechanism ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

In the work the assumption is made that a geosoliton formation mechanism of oil and natural gas generation and accumulation foci is capable of creating radioactive and rare-earth elements, diamonds, various metals and other strategic raw materials in the same geosoliton tubes. It is proposed to begin the design of technologies to develop such complex deposits.

The Deep Seabed beyond National Jurisdiction and the Rise of Mining Activities within it by Non-state Actors

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Joanna Dingwall
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
International Seabed Authority ◽  
Deep Seabed Mining ◽  
Seabed Mining ◽  
Technological Analysis

Chapter 2 addresses the importance of the deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction and charts the rise in mining activities within it, drawing on scientific, geological and technological analysis, where appropriate, to place deep seabed mining in its broader context. In order to do so, Chapter 2 assesses the scope of the deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction (in contrast to the maritime zones under national jurisdiction, including the continental shelf). The chapter then examines the types of mineral resources that the deep seabed contains (including the potential for rare earth elements). Thereafter, the chapter explores the likely viability of deep seabed mining, both in terms of its impact on the marine environment, and in light of technological challenges and market prospects. Chapter 2 also provides an overview of the current extent of mining activities authorised by the International Seabed Authority (ISA).

Biorecovery of Rare Earth Elements: Potential Application for Mine Water Remediation

2015 ◽  
Vol 1130 ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Murray ◽  
Sarah Singh ◽  
M.R. Tolley ◽  
L.E. Macaskie
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Inorganic Phosphate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Water Remediation ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Phosphate Source

Rare earth elements (REEs) are highly valuable due to the complex nature of their extraction from primary and secondary sources. A key feature is that REEs often co-occur with uranium and thorium which, being radioactive, increase the hazard and complexity of REE recovery. A bioprocess which utilizes enzymatically-generated inorganic phosphate to precipitate REEs from solution as their phosphate biominerals is highly effective in the recovery of REEs, effecting rapid recovery onto immobilized bacterial biofilm at high flow-through rates. This also bioprecipitates U and Th. The metal recovery process requires addition of an organic phosphate substrate, e.g. glycerol 2-phosphate (G2P), the cleavage of which provides the inorganic phosphate source for REE biomineralization. G2P is expensive, precluding its large scale use, but early work using uranium showed that tributyl phosphate (TBP) can be used as an alternative phosphate donor molecule. The potential for substitution of G2P by TBP for biorecovery of neodymium is described and a new approach is proposed for enhancing the metal selectivity for REEs against uranium.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements supply vs. clean energy technologies: new problems to be solve

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baolu Zhou ◽  
Zhongxue Li ◽  
Yiqing Zhao ◽  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Yixin Wei
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Recycling Techniques ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) provide important properties to clean energy technologies such as wind turbine and hybrid electric vehicles. The global REE demand will grow rapidly during the global transformation toward a greener economy in the next decades. This high demand will require a steady supply chain in the long run. China has a monopoly of global REE production and extraction. The global REE supply chain runs the risk of disruption along with Chinese REE policy evolution. To overcome this supply chain vulnerability, new strategies and measures should be adopted to satisfy future REE supply/demand. There is a pressing need to explore REE deposits, develop efficient REE recycling techniques from end-of-life products, improve substitution technologies for REEs, and reduce the number of critical REEs used in devices. Such measures are facing significant challenges due to environmental factors and an unbalanced market, and overcoming them requires efforts from government and REE companies.

Causative Mechanism of the Continental Margin Polymetallic Nodules from the South China Sea and its Resource Effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 408-412
Author(s):  
Zhen Guo Zhang ◽  
Chang Shui Liu ◽  
Lian Feng Gao ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Guo Yuan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Continental Margin ◽  
South China ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Polymetallic Nodules ◽  
Fe And Mn

Polymetallic nodules are one of the most important sedimentary mineral resources in the ocean, in which iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, nickel and other metals are rich, and rare earth elements are rich, too. The samples are collected from the northwest continental margin of South China Sea (SCS). Their model show the similar appearance to the oceanic nodules which collected from the Pacific and Indian Ocean. They are big, regular shape and clear layers. But their geochemical characteristics show distinct difference with oceanic nodules.The samples formed by multiple millimeter-thick layers of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides surrounding the nucleus composed of plastic marl and sediment. Massive, laminated, detrital and mottled to dendritic textural features were developed by the Fe and Mn oxyhydroxide layers.Based on the detailed study of the geochemistry and growth rate, the nodules may represent new-type ones which grow fastly in high sediment rates environment from the northwest continental margin of the SCS. The reason of the fast growth may be affected by the environmental fluctuations and the change of terrigenous sediments. Elements correlation of Mn-Fe-(Cu+Ni) suggests that the origin of the sample may be of hydrogenic. It may be show that these nodules are dominative of the special environment of the marginal sea which includes the geographical condition and the oceanic environmental factors. The average content of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in these samples are much higher than those recorded in Earth’ crust and sedimentary rocks. The enrichment of rare earth elements is controlled by iron and manganese oxides and clay minerals in nodules, which could absorb rare earth elements from seawater and terrigenous sediment. Ce elements are highly enriched, making polymetallic nodules become the first used rare earth elements in oceanic mineral development.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Impact of Rare Earth Elements

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Koltun ◽  
A. Tharumarajah
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Representative System

The diverse properties of rare earth elements have seen broad and growing applications in clean energy technologies, hybrid vehicles, pollution control, optics, refrigeration, and so on. This study presents a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle assessment of the energy use, resource depletion, and global warming potential resulting from the production of rare earth elements (REEs) using the Bayan Obo rare earth operation in Inner Mongolia, China, as a representative system. The study aggregates data from the literature, LCI databases, and reasonable estimations. A novel economic value-based allocation method for the multiple coproducts of the process is proposed. It is found that four of the high priced REEs scandium, europium, terbium, and dysprosium have very high GWPs from production relative to the rest. A mass-based allocation is also provided for comparison. Impacts on immediate local environment from waste streams that can be toxic are not included in this study.

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