scholarly journals Evaluation of Photosynthetic Characters and Regulation Pattern of Photosynthesis Associated Gene in Two Mulberry Varieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 863-872
Author(s):  
Yong Li
Keyword(s):  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms

Photosynthetic characteristics and expression patterns of the photosynthesis-related genes in the high-yield mulberry variety E’Sang 1 (E1) and normal mulberry variety Husang 32 (H32) were investigated in this study. The observation of daily variation of photosynthesis in E1 and H32 indicated that the peak of net photosynthetic rate(Pn)inE1 variety was significantly higher than that inH32 (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the Pn-PAR and Pn-Ci responses of E1 and H32 were evaluated, and the results showed that the carboxylation efficiency and compensation saturation point were much higher in E1 rather thanH32. Importantly, the photosystem II actual photochemical efficiency and photochemical quenching coefficient in the leaves of E1 were significantly higher than those in H32 (P<0.05). Also, the activity of RuBP in E1 was higher than that in H32 (P >0.05). Based on the RNA-seq data, a total of 3,356 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected among different time points between E1 and H32. Of these, 1,136 DEGs were involved in the metabolic pathways, including three main photosynthesis-related metabolic pathways (i.e., carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, carbon metabolism, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism). Meanwhile, 10 novel DEGs related to photosynthesis were detected, and four potential key genes of them could account for the differences in net photosynthetic rate and yield betweenH32 and E1.This study could provide important insights into the molecular breeding of mulberry varieties with high photosynthetic efficiency and contribute to understanding the genetic mechanism of photosynthesis.© 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Photosynthetic contribution and characteristics of cucumber stem and petiole

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weike Sun ◽  
Ning Ma ◽  
Hongyu Huang ◽  
Jingwei Wei ◽  
Si Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Stomata Size

Abstract Background Photosynthesis of plant non-leaf blade green tissue has been studied in some plants, but the photosynthesis characteristics of stem and petiole are poorly understood. Cucurbitaceous plants are climbing plants, and have a large biomass of stem and petiole. Understanding the photosynthetic contribution of cucumber stem and petiole to growth and the underlying molecular mechanisms are important for the regulation of growth in cucumber production. Results Here, the photosynthetic capacity of cucumber stem and petiole were proved by 14CO2 uptake. The total carbon fixation of stem and petioles is around 4% to that of one leaf blade in cucumber seedling stage, while the proportion of carbon accumulated in stem and petioles redistributed to sink organs (root and growing point) is increased obviously under leaf less condition. Photosynthetic properties of cucumber stem and petiole were studied using a combination of electron microscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging and isotope tracer to compare with leaf blade using two genotype of cucumber (dark green and light green stems). Compare with leaf blade, chlorophyll contents of cucumber stem and petiole are lower, and accompanying with lower chloroplast number, lower stoma number, but with higher thylakoid grana lamella number and larger stomata size. The total photosynthetic rate of stem and petiole is equivalent to 6 ~ 8% of one leaf blade, but the respiration rates were simiar in all the three tissues, which shown an almost 0 net photosynthetic rate in stems and petioles, and with lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Transcriptome analysis showed that compared with leaf blade, there are significantly different gene expressions in photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthetic antenna proteins and carbon fixation in stem and petiole. Although with lower Rubisco expression level in stem and petiole, Rubisco and PEPC enzyme activities were both higher in stem and petiole than in leaf blade, suggesting the photosynthetic and respiratory mechanisms in stem and petiole are different from those in leaf blade. Conclusions In this study, we confirmed the photosynthetic contribution to growth of cucumber stem and petiole, and shown their similar photosynthetic pattern in tissue anatomy, molecular biology and physiology.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Yield of Peanut in Response to Biochar Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shujun Wang ◽  
Junlin Zheng ◽  
Yujia Wang ◽  
Qingfeng Yang ◽  
Taotao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Plant Nitrogen

The effect of biochar application on photosynthetic traits and yield in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is not well understood. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in Northwest Liaoning, China to evaluate the effect of biochar application [0, 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1 (B0, B10, B20, and B40)] on leaf gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and yield of peanut. B10 improved photochemical quenching at flowering and pod set and reduced non-photochemical quenching at pod set, relative to B0. B10 and B20 increased actual photochemical efficiency and decreased regulated energy dissipated at pod set, relative to B0. B10 significantly increased net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency at flowering and pod set, relative to B0. Compared with B0, B10 significantly improved peanut yield (14.6 and 13.7%) and kernel yield (20.2 and 14.4%). Biochar application increased leaf nitrogen content. B10 and B20 significantly increased plant nitrogen accumulation, as compared to B0. The net photosynthetic rate of peanut leaves had a linear correlation with plant nitrogen accumulation and peanut yield. The application of 10 t ha−1 biochar produced the highest peanut yield by enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity, and is thus a promising strategy for peanut production in Northwest Liaoning, China.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Shading Rates on the Photosynthesis and Corm Weight of Konjac Plant

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoguo QIN ◽  
Zesheng YAN ◽  
Honghui GU ◽  
Zhengxiang WANG ◽  
Xiong JIANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Relative Electron ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Non Photochemical Quenching

To study the effects of shading level on the photosynthesis and corm weight of konjac plant, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, daily variation of relative electron transport rate (rETR), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and corm weight of konjac plants under different treatments were measured and comparatively analyzed through covered cultivation of biennial seed corms with shade nets at different shading rates (0%, 50%, 70%, and 90%). The results showed that with the increase in shading rate, the maximum photochemical efficiency, potential activity, and non-photochemical quenching of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) of konjac leaves constantly increased, whereas the actual photosynthetic efficiency, rETR, and photochemical quenching of PSⅡ initially increased and then decreased. This result indicated that moderate shading could enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of konjac leaves. The daily variation of rETR in konjac plants under unshaded treatment showed a bimodal curve, whereas that under shaded treatment displayed a unimodal curve. The rETR of plants with 50% treatment and 70% treatment was gradually higher than that under unshaded treatment around noon. The moderate shading could increase the Pn of konjac leaves. The stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the leaves under shaded treatment were significantly higher than those of the leaves under unshaded treatment. Shading could promote the growth of plants and increase corm weight. The comprehensive comparison shows that the konjac plants had strong photosynthetic capacity and high yield when the shading rate was 50%-70% for the area.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

scholarly journals Orange Rust Effects on Leaf Photosynthesis and Related Characters of Sugarcane

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duli Zhao ◽  
Neil C. Glynn ◽  
Barry Glaz ◽  
Jack C. Comstock ◽  
Sushma Sood
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Maximum Quantum Yield ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis

Orange rust of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), caused by Puccinia kuehnii, is a relatively new disease in the Western Hemisphere that substantially reduces yields in susceptible sugarcane genotypes. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological mechanisms of orange rust–induced reductions in sugarcane growth and yield by quantifying effects of the disease on leaf SPAD index (an indication of leaf chlorophyll content), net photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, maximum quantum yield of CO2 assimilation, carbon fixation efficiency, and the relationships between these leaf photosynthetic components and rust disease ratings. Plants growing in pots were inoculated with the orange rust pathogen using a leaf whorl inoculation method. A disease rating was assigned using a scale from 0 to 4 with intervals of 0.5. At disease ratings ≥2, the rust-infected leaf portion of inoculated plants showed significant reductions in SPAD index, maximum quantum yield, carbon fixation efficiency, stomatal conductance, leaf transpiration rate, and net photosynthetic rate; but the rusted portion of the infected leaves had increased intercellular CO2 concentration and leaf dark respiration rate. Although leaf SPAD index, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate at the rust-infected portion decreased linearly with increased rust rating, the effect of orange rust on photosynthetic rate was much greater than that on stomatal conductance and transpiration. Unlike earlier reports on other crops, reduction in leaf photosynthesis by orange rust under low light was greater than that under high light conditions. These results help improve the understanding of orange rust etiology and physiological bases of sugarcane yield loss caused by orange rust.

scholarly journals Physiological and Gene Expression Changes of Clematis crassifolia and Clematis cadmia in Response to Heat Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingdi Hu ◽  
Renjuan Qian ◽  
Yanjun Zhang ◽  
Xule Zhang ◽  
Xiaohua Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Soluble Protein Content ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters ◽  
Temperature Adaptability

Clematis is a superior perennial ornamental vine known for varied colors and shapes of its flowers. Clematis crassifolia is sensitive to high temperature, whereas Clematis cadmia has a certain temperature adaptability. Here we analyzed the potential regulatory mechanisms of C. crassifolia and C. cadmia in response to heat stress by studying the photosynthesis, antioxidant parameters, amino acids, and gene expression patterns under three temperature treatments. Heat stress caused the fading of leaves; decreased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity; increased 13 kinds of amino acids content; and up-regulated the expression of seven genes, including C194329_G3, C194434_G1, and C188817_g1, etc., in C. crassifolia plants. Under the treatments of heat stress, the leaf tips of C. cadmia were wilted, and the net photosynthetic rate and soluble protein content decreased, with the increase of 12 amino acids content and the expression of c194329_g3, c194434_g1, and c195983_g1. Our results showed that C. crassifolia and C. cadmia had different physiological and molecular response mechanisms to heat stress during the ecological adaptation.

Promoting pepper (Capsicum annuum) photosynthesis via chloroplast ultrastructure and enzyme activities by optimising the ammonium to nitrate ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Jianming Xie ◽  
Yantai Gan ◽  
Jeffrey A. Coulter ◽  
Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
N Assimilation

Optimal plant growth in many species is achieved when the two major forms of N are supplied at a particular ratio. In this pot experiment, the effects of five different ammonium:nitrate ratios (ANRs) (0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50) on photosynthesis efficiency in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were evaluated. The results showed that an ANR of 25:75 increased the contents of chl a, leaf area and dry matter, whereas chl b content was not affected by the ANRs. Regarding chlorophyll fluorescence, an ANR of 25:75 also enhanced the actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching and maximum photosynthetic rate. However, the 0:100 and 50:50 ANRs resulted in higher values for nonphotochemical quenching. An inhibition of maximal photochemical efficiency was found when 50% NH4+ was supplied at the later stage of plant growth. The addition of 25% or 37.5% NH4+ was beneficial for gas exchange parameters and the 25% NH4+ optimised the thylakoid of chloroplasts. Compared with nitrate alone, 12.5–50% NH4+ upregulated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the large subunit and the small subunit of Rubisco. It can be concluded that the 25:75 ANR accelerated N assimilation through active GDH, which provides a material basis for chloroplast and Rubisco formation, resulting in the increased photosynthetic rate and enhanced growth in chilli pepper.

scholarly journals γ-Aminobutyric Acid Enhances Heat Tolerance Associated with the Change of Proteomic Profiling in Creeping Bentgrass

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4270
Author(s):  
Zhou Li ◽  
Weihang Zeng ◽  
Bizhen Cheng ◽  
Ting Huang ◽  
Yan Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Proteomic Profiling ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) participates in the regulation of adaptability to abiotic stress in plants. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of GABA priming on improving thermotolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) based on analyses of physiology and proteome using iTRAQ technology. GABA-treated plants maintained significantly higher endogenous GABA content, photochemical efficiency, performance index on absorption basis, membrane stability, and osmotic adjustment (OA) than untreated plants during a prolonged period of heat stress (18 days), which indicated beneficial effects of GABA on alleviating heat damage. Protein profiles showed that plants were able to regulate some common metabolic processes including porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, glutathione metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, carbon fixation, and amino acid metabolism for heat acclimation. It is noteworthy that the GABA application particularly regulated arachidonic acid metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis related to better thermotolerance. In response to heat stress, the GABA priming significantly increased the abundances of Cu/ZnSOD and APX4 that were consistent with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. The GABA-upregulated proteins in relation to antioxidant defense (Cu/ZnSOD and APX4) for the reactive oxygen species scavenging, heat shock response (HSP90, HSP70, and HSP16.9) for preventing denatured proteins aggregation, stabilizing abnormal proteins, promoting protein maturation and assembly, sugars, and amino acids metabolism (PFK5, ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase 5; FK2, fructokinase 2; BFRUCT, β-fructofuranosidase; RFS2, galactinol-sucrose galactosyltransferase 2; ASN2, asparagine synthetase 2) for OA and energy metabolism, and transcription factor (C2H2 ZNF, C2H2 zinc-finger protein) for the activation of stress-defensive genes could play vital roles in establishing thermotolerance. Current findings provide an illuminating insight into the new function of GABA on enhancing adaptability to heat stress in plants.

Corrigendum to: Promoting pepper (Capsicum annuum) photosynthesis via chloroplast ultrastructure and enzyme activities by optimising the ammonium to nitrate ratio

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Jianming Xie ◽  
Yantai Gan ◽  
Jeffrey A. Coulter ◽  
Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Chloroplast Ultrastructure ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Chilli Pepper ◽  
N Assimilation

Optimal plant growth in many species is achieved when the two major forms of N are supplied at a particular ratio. In this pot experiment, the effects of five different ammonium:nitrate ratios (ANRs) (0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50) on photosynthesis efficiency in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were evaluated. The results showed that an ANR of 25:75 increased the contents of chl a, leaf area and dry matter, whereas chl b content was not affected by the ANRs. Regarding chlorophyll fluorescence, an ANR of 25:75 also enhanced the actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching and maximum photosynthetic rate. However, the 0:100 and 50:50 ANRs resulted in higher values for nonphotochemical quenching. An inhibition of maximal photochemical efficiency was found when 50% NH4+ was supplied at the later stage of plant growth. The addition of 25% or 37.5% NH4+ was beneficial for gas exchange parameters and the 25% NH4+ optimised the thylakoid of chloroplasts. Compared with nitrate alone, 12.5–50% NH4+ upregulated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the large subunit and the small subunit of Rubisco. It can be concluded that the 25:75 ANR accelerated N assimilation through active GDH, which provides a material basis for chloroplast and Rubisco formation, resulting in the increased photosynthetic rate and enhanced growth in chilli pepper.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Novel Insights into the Blanched Stem of Oenanthe javanica

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2484
Author(s):  
Sunjeet Kumar ◽  
Xinfang Huang ◽  
Gaojie Li ◽  
Qun Ji ◽  
Kai Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Photosynthetic Organisms ◽  
And Control ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid ◽  
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Water Dropwort

In the agricultural field, blanching is a technique used to obtain tender, sweet, and delicious water dropwort stems by blocking sunlight. The physiological and nutritional parameters of blanched water dropwort have been previously investigated. However, the molecular mechanism of blanching remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated transcriptomic variations for different blanching periods in the stem of water dropwort (pre, mid, post-blanching, and control). The results showed that many genes in pathways, such as photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phytohormone signal transduction as well as transcription factors (TFs) were significantly dysregulated. Blanched stems of water dropwort showed the higher number of downregulated genes in pathways, such as photosynthesis, antenna protein, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, which ultimately affect the photosynthesis in water dropwort. The genes of hormone signal transduction pathways (ethylene, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroid, and indole-3-acetic acid) showed upregulation in the post-blanched water dropwort plants. Overall, a higher number of genes coding for TFs, such as ERF, BHLH, MYB, zinc-finger, bZIP, and WRKY were overexpressed in blanched samples in comparison with the control. These genes and pathways participate in inducing the length, developmental processes, pale color, and stress tolerance of the blanched stem. Overall, the genes responsive to blanching, which were identified in this study, provide an effective foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of blanching and photosynthesis regulations in water dropwort and other species.

scholarly journals Accumulation of End Products in Source Leaves Affects Photosynthetic Rate in Peach via Alteration of Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Efficiency

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieshan Cheng ◽  
Peige Fan ◽  
Zhenchang Liang ◽  
Yanqiu Wang ◽  
Ning Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
End Products

In ‘Beijing 24’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batch] trees, a series of source leaves with differing levels of end products were created by retaining fruit (“+fruit”), removing fruit (“−fruit”), or reducing the light period. To alter the light period, leaves were covered with a bag made of brown inner paper and outer silver paper, which was then removed at different times the next day. The highest level of end products were obtained by fruit removal, while reducing the light period resulted in a lower level than “+fruit.” Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gs) decreased, but leaf temperatures (Tleaf) increased, following an increase in end product levels in leaves. After the “−fruit” treatment, reduced Pn was correlated with lower gs, and Tleaf increase was concomitant with decreases in maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and photochemical quenching, and with an increase in nonphotochemical quenching. However, there were no significant differences in chlorophyll fluorescence between “+fruit” and the two treatments reducing the light period. The ΦPSII decreased following an increase in foliar sorbitol level, and it linearly decreased as sucrose and starch increased. Although fruit removal resulted in a significant accumulation of sucrose, sorbitol, and starch in leaves throughout the day, the extractable activities of several important enzymes involved in carbohydrate leaf storage and translocation did not decrease. Therefore, instead of feedback regulation by the accumulation of end products in source leaves, a high Tleaf induced by decreased stomatal aperture may play a key role in regulation of photosynthesis by limiting the photochemical efficiency of the PSII reaction centers under high levels of the end products in peach leaves.

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