Space Weather: The Significance of e-CALLISTO (Malaysia) as One of Contributor of Solar Radio Burst due to Solar Activity

The impact of solar activities indirectly affected the conditions of earth's climate and space weather in general. In this work, we will highlight a low cost project, however, potentially gives a high impact through a dedicated long-term and one of the most successful space weather project. This research is a part of an initiative of the United Nations together with NASA in order to support developing countries participating in ‘Western Science’ research. At the beginning of 2007, the objective to monitor the solar activities (solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections) within 24 hours all over the world has positively turned to reality. Realize how important for us to keep doing a research about the solar bursts, by using the new radio spectrometer, CALLISTO. This research is not only hoping to give a knowledge to the people about how the solar bursts are produced, the characteristics of every type of solar burst at the wide range (45 MHz to 870 MHz) but also the effect of the solar burst toward the Earth. By using the same CALLISTO spectrometer within the 45-870 MHz, designing and leading by Christian Monstein from ETH Zurich, Switzerland, this research project is the one of successful project under ISWI program. Malaysia becomes the 19th countries that involve this research. One of the advantages to start the solar monitoring in Malaysia is because our strategic location as equator country that makes possible to observing a Sun for 12 hours daily throughout a year. We strongly believe that Malaysia as one of contributor of solar activity data through E-CALLISTO network. This is a very good start for developing a radio astronomy in Malaysia.

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The Development of Solar Astronomy in Malaysia

International Letters of Chemistry Physics and Astronomy ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.38.46 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 ◽

pp. 46-55

Author(s):

Zety Sharizat Hamidi ◽

N.N.M. Shariff ◽

C. Monstein

Keyword(s):

Solar Activity ◽

Radio Astronomy ◽

Low Cost ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Science Research ◽

Radio Observation ◽

The Sun ◽

Activity Data ◽

Solar Astronomy

Monitoring the Sun reveals a variety of fascinating and complex physical phenomena which are being studied mainly by analyzing its emission. Solar activity has an impact with space weather. The characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature, very high humidity and copious rainfall. It has an average of temperature of 26.7 °C. Therefore, it is suitable to monitor the Sun. In following work, we will emphasize the development of solar astronomy in Malaysia. The ground based observation (i) optical and (ii) radio are the main region that we focused on. Optical observation has started earlier comparing with radio observation. In optical region it covers from 400 – 700 nm while in radio region, we focus from 45 MHz to 870 MHz. The number of observatories is increasing. A dedicated work to understand the Sun activity in radio region is a part of an initiative of the United Nations together with NASA in order to support developing countries participating in „Western Science‟ research. Realize how important for us to keep doing a research about the solar bursts, by using the new radio spectrometer, CALLISTO (Compound Low Cost Low Frequency Transportable Observatories) spectrometer. Malaysia is one of the earliest country from South-East Asia (ASEAN) that involve this research. One of the advantages to start the solar monitoring in Malaysia is because our strategic location as equator country that makes possible to observing a Sun for 12 hours daily throughout a year. We strongly believe that Malaysia as one of contributor of solar activity data through E-CALLISTO network. This is a very good start for developing a radio astronomy in Malaysia. With the implementation of 45 MHz - 870 MHz CALLISTO systems and development of solar burst monitoring network, a new wavelength regime is becoming available for solar radio astronomy. Overall, this article presents an overview of optical and radio astronomy in Malaysia. With the present level of the international collaboration, it is believed that the potential involvement of local and international scientist in solar astrophysics will increase.

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Understanding Climate Changes in Malaysia through Space Weather Study

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.13.9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 9-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Zety Sharizat Hamidi ◽

N.N.M. Shariff ◽

C. Monstein

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Low Cost ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Science Research ◽

The Sun ◽

Activity Data ◽

New Radio ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Sun Activity

Space weather has a close connection with the interaction of the Earth and the Sun. As equatorial country, the characteristic features of the climate of Malaysia are uniform temperature, very high humidity and copious rainfall. Malaysia has an average of temperature of 26.7 °C per year. Therefore, it is suitable to monitor the Sun. In the following work, we will emphasize the development of Sun monitoring in Malaysia. The number of observatories are increasing. A dedicated work to understand the Sun activity in radio region is a part of an initiative of the United Nations together with NASA in order to support developing countries participating in „Western Science‟ research. Realizing how important for us to monitor the space weather, therefore, we have been utilizing the new radio spectrometer, CALLISTO (Compound Low Cost Low Frequency Transportable Observatories) spectrometer. Malaysia is one of the earliest country from South- East Asia (ASEAN) that involve this research. One of the advantages to start the solar monitoring in Malaysia is because our strategic location as equator country that makes possible to observing a Sun for 12 hours daily throughout a year. We strongly believe that Malaysia as one of contributor of solar activity data through E-CALLISTO network. This is a very good start for developing a space weather in Malaysia. With the implementation of CALLISTO systems and development of solar monitoring network, a new wavelength regime is becoming available for solar radio astronomy. Overall, this article presents an overview of space weather in Malaysia. With the present level of the international collaboration, it is believed that the potential involvement of local and international scientist in space weather will increase.

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Developing Relative Humidity and Temperature Corrections for Low-Cost Sensors Using Machine Learning

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21103338 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3338

Author(s):

Ivan Vajs ◽

Dejan Drajic ◽

Nenad Gligoric ◽

Ilija Radovanovic ◽

Ivan Popovic

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Air Quality ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Low Cost ◽

Quality Monitoring ◽

Air Quality Monitoring ◽

Lower Accuracy ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact ◽

Monitoring Stations

Existing government air quality monitoring networks consist of static measurement stations, which are highly reliable and accurately measure a wide range of air pollutants, but they are very large, expensive and require significant amounts of maintenance. As a promising solution, low-cost sensors are being introduced as complementary, air quality monitoring stations. These sensors are, however, not reliable due to the lower accuracy, short life cycle and corresponding calibration issues. Recent studies have shown that low-cost sensors are affected by relative humidity and temperature. In this paper, we explore methods to additionally improve the calibration algorithms with the aim to increase the measurement accuracy considering the impact of temperature and humidity on the readings, by using machine learning. A detailed comparative analysis of linear regression, artificial neural network and random forest algorithms are presented, analyzing their performance on the measurements of CO, NO2 and PM10 particles, with promising results and an achieved R2 of 0.93–0.97, 0.82–0.94 and 0.73–0.89 dependent on the observed period of the year, respectively, for each pollutant. A comprehensive analysis and recommendations on how low-cost sensors could be used as complementary monitoring stations to the reference ones, to increase spatial and temporal measurement resolution, is provided.

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Atmospheric escape from rocky M-dwarf planets orbiting within the habitable zone

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13528 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chuanfei Dong

Keyword(s):

Space Weather ◽

Climate Science ◽

Magnetic Activity ◽

Habitable Zone ◽

Atmospheric Escape ◽

Dwarf Planets ◽

James Webb Space Telescope ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Many ◽

The Impact

<p>In the last two decades, the field of exoplanets has witnessed a tremendous creative surge. Research in exoplanets now encompasses a wide range of fields ranging from astrophysics to heliophysics and climate science. One of the primary objectives of studying exoplanets is to determine the criteria for habitability, and whether certain exoplanets meet these requirements. The classical definition of the Habitable Zone (HZ) is the region around a star where liquid water can exist on the planetary surface given sufficient atmospheric pressure. However, this definition largely ignores the impact of the stellar wind and stellar magnetic activity on the erosion of an exoplanet's atmosphere. Amongst the many factors that determine habitability, understanding the mechanisms of atmospheric loss is of paramount importance.</p><p>We will discuss the impact of exoplanetary space weather on the&#160;long-term climate evolution and habitability, which offers fresh insights concerning the habitability of exoplanets, especially those orbiting M-dwarfs, such as Proxima b and the TRAPPIST-1 planets. We will focus on a wide range of atmospheric compositions, ranging from exo-Venus candidates to Earth twins, as many factors remain unresolved at this stage. Future missions such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will play a crucial role in constraining the atmospheres of those exoplanets.&#160;For each of these cases, we will demonstrate the importance of the exoplanetary space weather on atmospheric ion loss and habitability.</p>

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SOLAR SPECTROPOLARIMETER FOR SPACE WEATHER FORECAST

Solar-Terrestrial Physics ◽

10.12737/stp-54201903 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 21-26

Author(s):

Evgeniy Ivanov ◽

Aleksey Gubin ◽

Sergey Lesovoi ◽

Ramses Zaldivar Estrada

Keyword(s):

Solar Activity ◽

Space Weather ◽

Linear Polarization ◽

Coronal Mass Ejections ◽

Software Defined Radio ◽

Low Cost ◽

Weather Forecast ◽

The Internet ◽

Type Ii ◽

Continuous Observation

We propose a project of the meter wavelength range solar spectropolarimeter designed for a ground-based network developing for space weather forecast. The Software-Defined Radio (SDR) solution is chosen to meet such instrument network requirements as specification identity, low cost, possibility of controlling and transmitting data remotely via the Internet. Along with these requirements, the proposed SDR solution allows us to measure Stokes I and V easily, which contrasts the proposed instrument with e-CALLISTO network spectropolarimeters, most of which can record only one linear polarization. Deployment of such instruments at various longitudes will allow continuous observation of type II bursts, often related to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) — the most geoeffective solar activity events that affect the space weather significantly.

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At what Pressure Shall CO2 Be Transported by Ship? An in-Depth Cost Comparison of 7 and 15 Barg Shipping

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14185635 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (18) ◽

pp. 5635

Author(s):

Simon Roussanaly ◽

Han Deng ◽

Geir Skaugen ◽

Truls Gundersen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Capture ◽

Economies Of Scale ◽

Optimal Transport ◽

Low Cost ◽

Carbon Capture And Storage ◽

Cost Comparison ◽

Wide Range ◽

Annual Volume ◽

Efficient Option ◽

The Impact

The pipeline has historically been the preferred means to transport CO2 due to its low cost for short distances and opportunities for economies of scale. However, interest in vessel-based transport of CO2 is growing. While most of the literature has assumed that CO2 shipping would take place at low pressure (at 7 barg and −46 °C), the issue of identifying best transport conditions, in terms of pressure, temperature, and gas composition, is becoming more relevant as ship-based carbon capture and storage chains move towards implementation. This study focuses on an in-depth comparison of the two primary and relevant transport pressures, 7 and 15 barg, for annual volumes up to 20 MtCO2/year and transport distances up to 2000 km. We also address the impact of a number of key factors on optimal transport conditions, including (a) transport between harbours versus transport to an offshore site, (b) CO2 pressure prior to conditioning, (c) the presence of impurities and of purity constraints, and (d) maximum feasible ship capacities for the 7 and 15 barg options. Overall, we have found that 7 barg shipping is the most cost-efficient option for the combinations of distance and annual volume where transport by ship is the cost-optimal means of transport. Furthermore, 7 barg shipping can enable significant cost reductions (beyond 30%) compared to 15 barg shipping for a wide range of annual volume capacities.

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SOLAR SPECTROPOLARIMETER FOR SPACE WEATHER FORECAST

Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika ◽

10.12737/szf-54201903 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 26-33

Author(s):

Evgeniy Ivanov ◽

Aleksey Gubin ◽

Sergey Lesovoi ◽

Ramses Zaldivar Estrada

Keyword(s):

Solar Activity ◽

Space Weather ◽

Linear Polarization ◽

Coronal Mass Ejections ◽

Software Defined Radio ◽

Low Cost ◽

Weather Forecast ◽

The Internet ◽

Type Ii ◽

Continuous Observation

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Extreme ultraviolet spectral irradiance measurements since 1946

History of Geo- and Space Sciences ◽

10.5194/hgss-6-3-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 3-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G. Schmidtke

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Space Weather ◽

Extreme Ultraviolet ◽

Dominant Role ◽

Low Cost ◽

Solar Spectrum ◽

Upper Atmosphere ◽

Spectral Irradiance ◽

Time Space ◽

The Impact

Abstract. In the physics of the upper atmosphere the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation plays a dominant role controlling most of the thermospheric/ionospheric (T/I) processes. Since this part of the solar spectrum is absorbed in the thermosphere, platforms to measure the EUV fluxes became only available with the development of rockets reaching altitude levels exceeding 80 km. With the availability of V2 rockets used in space research, recording of EUV spectra started in 1946 using photographic films. The development of pointing devices to accurately orient the spectrographs toward the sun initiated intense activities in solar–terrestrial research. The application of photoelectric recording technology enabled the scientists placing EUV spectrometers aboard satellites observing qualitatively strong variability of the solar EUV irradiance on short-, medium-, and long-term scales. However, as more measurements were performed more radiometric EUV data diverged due to the inherent degradation of the EUV instruments with time. Also, continuous recording of the EUV energy input to the T/I system was not achieved. It is only at the end of the last century that there was progress made in solving the serious problem of degradation enabling to monitore solar EUV fluxes with sufficient radiometric accuracy. The data sets available allow composing the data available to the first set of EUV data covering a period of 11 years for the first time. Based on the sophisticated instrumentation verified in space, future EUV measurements of the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) are promising accuracy levels of about 5% and less. With added low-cost equipment, real-time measurements will allow providing data needed in ionospheric modeling, e.g., for correcting propagation delays of navigation signals from space to earth. Adding EUV airglow and auroral emission monitoring by airglow cameras, the impact of space weather on the terrestrial T/I system can be studied with a spectral terrestrial irradiance camera (STI-Cam) and also be used investigating real-time space weather effects and deriving more detailed correction procedures for the evaluation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. Progress in physics goes with achieving higher accuracy in measurements. This review historically guides the reader on the ways of exploring the impact of the variable solar radiation in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region on our upper atmosphere in the altitude regime from 80 to 1000 km.

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The chemical versus energy cost tug of war: A pulp mill perspective

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj10.7.37 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

PETER W. HART

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Pulp Mill ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Operating Point ◽

Cost Constraints ◽

Cooking Process ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

As the cost of energy and processing chemicals changes, the optimal, lowest cost operating conditions within a pulp mill also change. Additionally, the optimal cost operating point within one area of the mill may not result in a total mill low cost operation. Three practical pulp mill examples have been analyzed under varying cost constraints for energy and chemicals to determine the impact of energy and chemical cost changes on the low cost operating point. These examples include changing the digester kappa number target, changing the brownstock washing dilution factor, and the conversion of a continuous digester from one type of cooking process to a lower energy cooking process. Selected mill operating results and laboratory data were employed to tune various process simulation models to obtain cost predictions over a wide range of operating conditions.

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Privacy as a secondary goal problem: an experiment examining control

Information and Computer Security ◽

10.1108/ics-10-2014-0068 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 382-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Thomas Hughes-Roberts

Keyword(s):

Social Network ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Personal Information ◽

Low Cost ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Content Type ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on results of an investigation into the impact of adding privacy salient information (defined through the theory of planned behaviour) into the user interface (UI) of a faux social network. Design/methodology/approach – Participants were asked to create their profiles on a new social network specifically for Nottingham Trent University students by answering a series of questions that vary in the sensitivity of personal information requested. A treatment is designed that allows participants to review their answers and make amendments based on suggestions from the treatment. A dynamic privacy score that improves as amendments are made is designed to encourage privacy-oriented behaviour. Results from the treatment group are compared to a control group. Findings – Participants within the treatment group disclosed less than those in the control with statistical significance. The more sensitive questions in particular were answered less when compared to the control, suggesting that participants were making more privacy-conscious decisions. Practical implications – Work within this paper suggests that simple UI changes can promote more privacy-conscious behaviour. These simple changes could provide a low-cost method to ensuring the Internet safety of a wide range of users. Originality/value – This study provides a clear definition of privacy salient UI mechanisms based on a well-established theory of behaviour and examines their potential effect on end-users through a novel experiment. Results and methods from this work can enable researchers to better understand privacy behaviour.

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