Tapping to Carter: Mensural Determinacy in Complex Rhythmic Sequences

The tapping paradigm has played an important role in formulating beat induction models. However, experimental studies that make use of actual music as source materials to investigate pulse finding mechanisms in complex rhythmic sequences are lacking. The present study proposes to use the concept of mensural determinacy, that is, the emergence of temporal expectations that may or may not be realized (Hasty, 1997), to explore the relative salience of an implied beat in two contrasting rhythmic sequences extracted from Elliott Carter's 90+ for piano (1994), and test the influence of style-specific expertise on listeners' spontaneous tapping performance. The results of the experiment were consistent with the hypothesis that familiarity with the style represented by the source materials contributes to a more stable tapping period. In addition, although accent was found to have a main effect on tapping behavior, it also interacted with global temporal structure and a number of musical parameters and participant characteristics, including gender. Exploratory analyses of several additional musical parameters and participants' characteristics are also suggestive of how experimental methods could be complemented by post-hoc score analysis to investigate the contributions of specific factors to the relative influence of first- and second-order periodicity on musicians' beat percepts.

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Does the model of additive effect in placebo research still hold true? A narrative review

JRSM Open ◽

10.1177/2054270416681434 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 205427041668143 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Katja Boehm ◽

Bettina Berger ◽

Ulrich Weger ◽

Peter Heusser

Keyword(s):

Context Effects ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Additive Model ◽

Drug Effects ◽

Future Research ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Integrative Study ◽

Additive Relation ◽

Specific Factors ◽

Study Designs

Personalised and contextualised care has been turned into a major demand by people involved in healthcare suggesting to move toward person-centred medicine. The assessment of person-centred medicine can be most effectively achieved if treatments are investigated using ‘with versus without’ person-centredness or integrative study designs. However, this assumes that the components of an integrative or person-centred intervention have an additive relationship to produce the total effect. Beecher’s model of additivity assumes an additive relation between placebo and drug effects and is thus presenting an arithmetic summation. So far, no review has been carried out assessing the validity of the additive model, which is to be questioned and more closely investigated in this review. Initial searches for primary studies were undertaken in July 2016 using Pubmed and Google Scholar. In order to find matching publications of similar magnitude for the comparison part of this review, corresponding matches for all included reviews were sought. A total of 22 reviews and 3 clinical and experimental studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results pointed to the following factors actively questioning the additive model: interactions of various effects, trial design, conditioning, context effects and factors, neurobiological factors, mechanism of action, statistical factors, intervention-specific factors (alcohol, caffeine), side-effects and type of intervention. All but one of the closely assessed publications was questioning the additive model. A closer examination of study design is necessary. An attempt in a more systematic approach geared towards solutions could be a suggestion for future research in this field.

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Experimental Determination of KI for Short Internal Cracks

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.1381004 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 68 (6) ◽

pp. 937-943 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

K. Bearden ◽

J. W. Dally ◽

R. J. Sanford

Keyword(s):

Stress Intensity ◽

Stress Intensity Factors ◽

Edge Crack ◽

Series Solution ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Experimental Methods ◽

Internal Crack ◽

Intensity Factors ◽

Mode Stress

Since the pioneering discussion by Irwin, a significant effort has been devoted to determining stress intensity factors (K) using experimental methods. Techniques have been developed to determine stress intensity factors from photoelastic, strain gage, caustics, and moire´ data. All of these methods apply to a relatively long single-ended-edge crack. To date, the determination of K for internal cracks that are double-ended by experimental methods has not been addressed. This paper describes a photoelastic study of tension panels with both central and eccentric internal cracks. The data recorded in the experiments was analyzed using a new series solution for the opening-mode stress intensity factor for an internal crack. The data was also analyzed using the edge-crack series solution, which is currently employed in experimental studies. Results indicated that the experimental methods usually provided results accurate to within three to five percent if the series solution for the internal crack was employed in an overdeterministic numerical analysis of the data. Comparison of experimental results using the new series for the internal crack and the series for an edge crack showed the superiority of the new series.

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Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.100.2.488-492 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 488-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽

Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽

Vladimir Takšić

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Optimal Number ◽

Female Students ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Main Effect ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

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Associations Between Smoking Abstinence, Inhibitory Control, and Smoking Behavior: An fMRI Study

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.592443 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Spencer Bell ◽

Brett Froeliger

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

Inhibitory Control ◽

Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Smoking Abstinence ◽

Monetary Rewards ◽

Fmri Study ◽

Main Effect ◽

The Right ◽

Post Hoc

Nicotine addiction is associated with dysregulated inhibitory control (IC), mediated by corticothalamic circuitry including the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Among sated smokers, worse IC task performance and greater IC-related rIFG activity have been shown to be associated with greater relapse vulnerability. The present study investigated the effects of smoking abstinence on associations between IC task performance, rIFG activation, and smoking behavior. Smokers (N = 26, 15 female) completed an IC task (Go/Go/No-go) during fMRI scanning followed by a laboratory-based smoking relapse analog task (SRT) on two visits: once when sated and once following 24 h of smoking abstinence. During the SRT, smokers were provided with monetary rewards for incrementally delaying smoking. A significant main effect of No-go accuracy on latency to smoke during the SRT was observed when collapsing across smoking states (abstinent vs. sated). Similarly, a significant main effect of IC-related activation in rIFG on SRT performance was observed across states. The main effect of state, however, was non-significant in both of these models. Furthermore, the interaction between smoking state and No-go accuracy on SRT performance was non-significant, indicating a similar relationship between IC and lapse vulnerability under both sated and abstinent conditions. The state X rIFG activation interaction on SRT performance was likewise non-significant. Post-hoc whole brain analyses indicated that abstinence resulted in greater IC-related activity in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and insula. Activation during IC in these regions was significantly associated with decreased No-go accuracy. Moreover, greater abstinence induced activity in right MFG during IC was associated with smoking sooner on the SRT. These findings are bolstered by the extant literature on the effects of nicotine on executive function and also contribute novel insights on how individual differences in behavioral and neuroimaging measures of IC may influence relapse propensity independent of smoking state.

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Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces

Psihologija ◽

10.2298/psi1603301m ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 301-311 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tatjana Mentus ◽

Slobodan Markovic

Keyword(s):

Facial Attractiveness ◽

Cognitive Factor ◽

Perceptual Factor ◽

Main Effect ◽

Perfect Symmetry ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Human Faces ◽

Main Effects ◽

Unfamiliar Faces ◽

Font Color

The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive factor) on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL) and right-right (RR) versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar) faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn?t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor) play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033] This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI1701101E">10.2298/PSI1701101E</a>

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Theoretical and Experimental Studies for Inhibition Potentials of Imidazolidine 4-One and Oxazolidine 5-One Derivatives for the Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Sea Water

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2020.61.11.3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 2776-2796

Author(s):

Rehab M Kubba ◽

Nada M. Al-Joborry ◽

Naeemah J. Al-lami

Keyword(s):

Carbon Steel ◽

Density Functional ◽

Sea Water ◽

Physical Adsorption ◽

Population Analysis ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Experimental Methods ◽

Equilibrium Geometry ◽

Quantum Mechanical Method ◽

Derivatives Of

Two derivatives of Iimidazolidin 4-one (IMID4) and Oxazolidin 5-one (OXAZ5), were investigated as corrosion inhibitors of corrosion carbon steel in sea water by employing the theoretical and experimental methods. The results revealed that they inhibit the corrosion process and their %IE followed the order: IMID4 (89.093%) > OXAZ5 (80.179%). The %IE obtained via theoretical and experimental methods were in a good agreement with each other. The thermodynamic parameters obtained by potentiometric polarization measurements have supported a physical adsorption mechanism which followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Quantum mechanical method of Density Functional Theory (DFT) of B3LYP with a level of 6-311++G (2d, 2p) were used to calculate the geometrical structure, physical properties and inhibition efficiency parameters, in vacuum and two solvents (DMSO and H2O), all calculated at the equilibrium geometry, and correlated with the experimental %IE. The local reactivity has been studied through Mulliken charges population analysis. The morphology of the surface changes of carbon steel were studied using SEM and AFM techniques.

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Achieving the Split Position in a Saut de Chat Leap

Medical Problems of Performing Artists ◽

10.21091/mppa.2020.2011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 68-72

Author(s):

Danielle N Jarvis ◽

Kornelia Kulig

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

Peak Height ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Similar Time ◽

Dance Training ◽

Main Effect ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Coordination Patterns

OBJECTIVES: Dancers frequently perform complex jumping skills that involve achieving specific body positions while in the air. An examination of how skilled dancers achieve these aesthetic demands can provide information useful for dance training. The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal coordination of the hip and knee joints during the flight phase of a saut de chat leap, where dancers aim to achieve a split position in the air when the center of mass (COM) reaches peak height. METHODS: Thirty healthy, experienced dancers with 22.5±4.5 years of dance training performed 5 saut de chat leaps. The timing of peak hip and knee joint angles and velocities for the takeoff and leading legs were extracted and compared to the time when COM reached peak height in the leap using a repeated measures ANOVA, with post-hoc comparisons made using paired t-tests. RESULTS: Dancers demonstrated significant differences in timing associated with achieving the split position (main effect p<0.001), with only peak leading leg hip flexion occurring at a similar time to the COM reaching peak height (paired t-test p=0.074). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide insight into coordination patterns used by trained dancers. Trained dancers demonstrate patterns in timing that may be important for successful performance. The hip and knee coordination patterns during flight demonstrate how dancers work to achieve the desired aesthetics of a saut de chat leap. However, it appears that dancers do not reach the full split position at the height of the leap, as would be aesthetically desirable.

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Anthropomorphic Teiloperation: Controlling Remote Manipulators with the Dataglove

Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129203600130 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 126-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joseph P. Hale

Keyword(s):

Time Delay ◽

Pairwise Comparison ◽

Input Device ◽

Main Effect ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Manipulator Arm ◽

Task Time ◽

Post Hoc ◽

Teleoperation Systems ◽

Full Factorial

A study was conducted to assess the capabilities and limitations of the DataGlove, a lightweight glove input device that can output signals in real time based on hand shape, orientation, and movement. The DataGlove was used as an input device to control the Proto-Flight Manipulator Arm (PFMA), a large telerobotic arm with an 8-foot reach. Twelve volunteers (six males and six females) participated in a 2×3(×2) full-factorial experiment in a simple retraction, slewing, and insertion task. Two within-subjects variables, time delay (0,1, and 2 seconds) and PFMA wrist flexibility (rigid/flexible) were manipulated. Gender served as a blocking variable. Retraction, insertion, and slew times, as well as total task time were collected as the dependent variables. An analysis of variance found a main effect of time delay for slewing and total task times. A post hoc Newman-Keuls pairwise comparison of the means was performed for the significant effects. Slew times with no time delay were significantly faster than slew times with either 1- or 2-second time delays. Total task time with no time delay was significantly faster than total task time with a 2-second time delay. PFMA wrist flexibility had no significant main effect on the ability of the subject to accurately and effectively operate the PFMA with the DataGlove. It was concluded that the DataGlove is a legitimate teleoperations input device that provides a natural, intuitive user interface and should be considered in future trades in teleoperation systems' designs.

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The scientific foundations of cognitive behaviour therapy

10.1093/med:psych/9780192627254.003.0002 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Gelder

Keyword(s):

Visual Imagery ◽

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Experimental Methods ◽

Behaviour Therapy ◽

Clinical Observations ◽

Cognitive Behaviour ◽

Attention Memory

Chapter 2 explores the scientific foundations of cognitive behaviour therapy, and reviews some of the advances in treatment, and the experimental studies that support them. It includes clinical observations, characterizing cognitions (thinking, attention, memory, visual imagery, worry, meta-cognition), the experimental methods used to test predictions, and factors that maintain cognitions.

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Differences in the Magnitude of Representational Momentum Between School-Aged Children and Adults as a Function of Experimental Task

i-Perception ◽

10.1177/2041669518791191 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 204166951879119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nobu Shirai ◽

Erika Izumi ◽

Tomoko Imura ◽

Masami Ishihara ◽

Kuniyasu Imanaka

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Representational Momentum ◽

Age Difference ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Computer Mouse ◽

Main Effect ◽

Pointing Task ◽

Moving Stimulus ◽

Post Hoc

Representational momentum (RM) is the phenomenon that occurs when an object moves and then disappears, and the recalled final position of the object shifts in the direction of its motion. Some previous findings indicate that the magnitude of RM in early childhood is comparable to that in adulthood, whereas other findings suggest that the magnitude of RM is significantly greater in childhood than in adulthood. We examined whether the inconsistencies between previous studies could be explained by differences in the experimental tasks used in these studies. Futterweit and Beilin used a same-different judgment between the position where a moving stimulus disappeared and where a comparison stimulus reappeared (judging task), whereas Hubbard et al. used a task wherein a computer mouse cursor pointed to the position where the moving stimulus disappeared (pointing task). Three age groups ( M = 7.4, 10.7, and 22.1 years, respectively) participated in both the judging and pointing tasks in the current study. A multivariate analysis of variance with the magnitudes of RM in each task as dependent variables revealed a significant main effect for age. A one-way analysis of variance performed for each of the judging and pointing tasks also indicated a significant main effect of age. However, post hoc multiple comparisons detected a significant age effect only for the pointing task. The inconsistency between the judging and pointing tasks was discussed related to the distinct effect size of the age difference in the magnitude of RM between the two tasks.

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