scholarly journals Life expectancy at birth and life disparity: an assessment of sex differentials in mortality in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Laishram Ladusingh
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Replacement Algorithm ◽  
Sex Differentials ◽  
Length Of Life

This study aims to examine the sex differentials in life expectancy at birth and life disparity, and to estimate the age-specific contribution of the differences for India and its major states. Life dispari-ty measures the variation in the distribution of deaths, and life expectancy at birth measures the average length of life. Complete life tables generated from death rates and abridged life tables of the Sample Reg-istration System in India from 1970–1975 to 2006–2010 were used to fulfill the research goals. Stepwise replacement algorithm was used for the decomposition of sex differences in life expectancy at birth and in life disparity. The results indicate that the increase in life expectancy at birth and decline in life disparity was higher for females. The sex differential was more prominent in urban areas than in rural areas. A ma-jority of the states in India experienced changes in the direction and magnitude of sex differentials in life expectancy at birth and life disparity from 1970–1975 to 2006–2010. The sex differentials in life expec-tancy at birth and life disparity in 1970–1975 were primarily attributed to child mortality, whereas the sex differentials in recent decades were attributed to adult mortality.

scholarly journals Narrowing sex differences in life expectancy: regional variations, 1971-1991

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Trovato ◽  
N. M. Lalu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Length Of Life

A number of industrialized nations have recently experienced some degrees of constriction in their long-standing sex differentials in life expectancy at birth. In this study we examine this phenomenon in the context of Canada’s regions between 1971 and 1991: Atlantic (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island); Quebec, Ontario, and the West (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon and Northwest Territories). Decomposition analysis based on multiple decrement life tables is applied to address three questions: (1) Are there regional differentials in the degree of narrowing in the sex gap in life expectancy? (2) What is the relative contribution of major causes of death to observed sex differences in average length of life within and across regions? (3) How do the contributions of cause-of-death components vary across regions to either widen or narrow the sex gap in survival? It is shown that the magnitude of the sex gap is not uniform across the regions, though the differences are not large. The most important contributors to a narrowing of the sex gap in life expectancy are heart disease and external types of mortality (i.e., accidents, violence, and suicide), followed by lung cancer and other types of chronic conditions. In substantive terms these results indicate that over time men have been making sufficient gains in these causes of death as to narrow some of the gender gap in overall survival. Regions show similarity in these effects.

THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AND INFANT MORTALITY IN TURKEY

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmet Koç ◽  
Mehmet Alİ Eryurt
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

SummaryTurkey has high levels of infant mortality and consanguineous marriages. It has had a high level of infant mortality for its economic level for many years. Over recent decades, although adult mortality rates have not been very different from those of other countries with similar socioeconomic structures, its life expectancy at birth has remained low due to its high infant mortality rate. This has been called the Turkish Puzzle. According to the Turkey Family Structure and Population Issues Survey, 27% of women had a consanguineous marriage in 1968. Subsequent Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHSs) found the rate of consanguineous marriages to be stagnated at 22–24%, with a resistance to reduction. According to the TDHS-2008, 24% of women had a consanguineous marriage. Numerous studies in various countries of the world have indicated that consanguineous marriages, particularly of first-degree, have the effect of increasing infant mortality. The main aim of this study was to assess the causal impact of consanguineous, particularly first-degree consanguineous, marriages on infant mortality, controlling for individual, cultural, bio-demographic and environmental factors. Data were merged from four Turkish DHS data sets (1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008). Multivariate analysis revealed that first-degree consanguineous marriages have increased infant mortality by 45% in Turkey: 57% in urban areas and 39% in rural areas. The results indicate that there is a causal relationship between consanguineous marriages and infant mortality. This finding should be taken into account when planning policies to reduce infant mortality in Turkey, and in other countries with high rates of consanguineous marriage and infant mortality.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study to assess knowledge of women about cervical cancer: an urban and rural comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Lesińska-Sawicka
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Average Life Expectancy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The City

Abstract Introduction Cervical cancer and its etiopathogenesis, the age of women in whom it is diagnosed, average life expectancy, and prognosis are information widely covered in scientific reports. However, there is no coherent information regarding which regions—urban or rural—it may occur more often. This is important because the literature on the subject reports that people living in rural areas have a worse prognosis when it comes to detection, treatment, and life expectancy than city dwellers. Material and methods The subjects of the study were women and their knowledge about cervical cancer. The research was carried out using a survey directly distributed among respondents and via the Internet, portals, and discussion groups for women from Poland. Three hundred twenty-nine women took part in the study, including 164 from rural and 165 from urban areas. The collected data enabled the following: (1) an analysis of the studied groups, (2) assessment of the respondents’ knowledge about cervical cancer, and (3) comparison of women’s knowledge depending on where they live. Results The average assessment of all respondents’ knowledge was 3.59, with women living in rural areas scoring 3.18 and respondents from the city—4.01. Statistical significance (p < 0.001) between the level of knowledge and place of residence was determined. The results indicate that an increase in the level of education in the subjects significantly increases the chance of getting the correct answer. In the case of age analysis, the coefficients indicate a decrease in the chance of obtaining the correct answer in older subjects despite the fact that a statistically significant level was reached in individual questions. Conclusions Women living in rural areas have less knowledge of cervical cancer than female respondents from the city. There is a need for more awareness campaigns to provide comprehensive information about cervical cancer to women in rural areas. A holistic approach to the presented issue can solve existing difficulties and barriers to maintaining health regardless of the place of life and residence. Implication for cancer survivors They need intensive care for women’s groups most burdened with risk factors.

scholarly journals Caste, religion and regional differentials in life expectancy at birth in India: cross-sectional estimates from recent National Family Health Survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e035392
Author(s):  
Meena Kumari ◽  
Sanjay K Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
National Family

ObjectiveThough estimates of longevity are available by states, age, sex and place of residence in India, disaggregated estimates by social and economic groups are limited. This study estimates the life expectancy at birth and premature mortality by caste, religion and regions of India.DesignThis study primarily used cross-sectional data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–2016 and the Sample Registration System (SRS), 2011–2015. The NFHS-4 is the largest ever demographic and health survey covering 601 509 households and 811 808 individuals across all states and union territories in India.MeasuresThe abridged life table is constructed to estimate the life expectancy at birth, adult mortality (45q15) and premature mortality (70q0) by caste, religion and region.ResultsLife expectancy at birth was estimated at 63.1 years (95% CI 62.60 -63.64) for scheduled castes (SC), 64.0 years (95% CI 63.25 - 64.88) for scheduled tribes (ST), 65.1 years (95% CI 64.69 - 65.42) for other backward classes (OBC) and 68.0 years (95% CI 67.44 - 68.45) for others. The life expectancy at birth was higher among o Christians 68.1 years (95% CI 66.44 - 69.60) than Muslims 66.0 years (95% CI 65.29 - 66.54) and Hindus 65.0 years (95% CI 64.74 -65.22). Life expectancy at birth was higher among females than among males across social groups in India. Premature mortality was higher among SC (0.382), followed by ST (0.381), OBC (0.344) and others (0.301). The regional variation in life expectancy by age and sex is large.ConclusionIn India, social and religious differentials in life expectancy by sex are modest and need to be investigated among poor and rich within these groups. Premature mortality and adult mortality are also high across social and religious groups.

scholarly journals Life Expectancy in Germany Based on the 2011 Census: Was the Healthy Migrant Effect Merely an Artefact?

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Zur Nieden ◽  
Bettina Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Life Table ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
German Population ◽  
Healthy Migrant Effect ◽  
Foreign Population ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Do So

The Federal Statistical Office’s 2010/12 general life table is the first to provide results on life expectancy based on census data for reunified Germany. This article therefore examines the question of how the revisions of the population figures from the 2011 census affected the measured life expectancy. To do so, we analysed both the official life tables based on the old intercensal population updates before the census and those based on the population data from the 2011 census. The method used to calculate the census-adjusted 2010/12 general life table was also transferred to separate life tables drawn up for the German and the foreign population. In this way, findings on the so-called “healthy migrant effect” can be discussed, ruling out possible errors in the intercensal population updates. These errors had previously been cited as the main causes for a distinctly longer life expectancy among the foreign population compared with the German population. As expected, a census-based calculation for the total population and for the German population resulted in only minor revisions to the life expectancy figures. The use of the census results does, however, distinctly alter the life expectancy of foreign women and men. An advantage of over 5 years in life expectancy at birth, measured on the basis of the old population data, needs to be revised to about 2.9 years for men and 2.1 years for women based on the 2011 census. The healthy migrant effect therefore cannot be traced back solely to data artefacts from the old intercensal population updates – even with revised data, the foreign population shows marked survival advantages.

scholarly journals Demographic perspectives on the rise of longevity

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (9) ◽  
pp. e2019536118
Author(s):  
James W. Vaupel ◽  
Francisco Villavicencio ◽  
Marie-Pier Bergeron-Boucher
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Estimate Life Expectancy ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Length Of Life

This article reviews some key strands of demographic research on past trends in human longevity and explores possible future trends in life expectancy at birth. Demographic data on age-specific mortality are used to estimate life expectancy, and validated data on exceptional life spans are used to study the maximum length of life. In the countries doing best each year, life expectancy started to increase around 1840 at a pace of almost 2.5 y per decade. This trend has continued until the present. Contrary to classical evolutionary theories of senescence and contrary to the predictions of many experts, the frontier of survival is advancing to higher ages. Furthermore, individual life spans are becoming more equal, reducing inequalities, with octogenarians and nonagenarians accounting for most deaths in countries with the highest life expectancy. If the current pace of progress in life expectancy continues, most children born this millennium will celebrate their 100th birthday. Considerable uncertainty, however, clouds forecasts: Life expectancy and maximum life span might increase very little if at all, or longevity might rise much faster than in the past. Substantial progress has been made over the past three decades in deepening understanding of how long humans have lived and how long they might live. The social, economic, health, cultural, and political consequences of further increases in longevity are so significant that the development of more powerful methods of forecasting is a priority.

scholarly journals The Linear Link: Deriving Age-Specific Death Rates from Life Expectancy

Risks ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Marius Pascariu ◽  
Ugofilippo Basellini ◽  
José Aburto ◽  
Vladimir Canudas-Romo
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
R Package ◽  
Value Of Life ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
New Model ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Age Patterns ◽  
Full Life

The prediction of human longevity levels in the future by direct forecasting of life expectancy offers numerous advantages, compared to methods based on extrapolation of age-specific death rates. However, the reconstruction of accurate life tables starting from a given level of life expectancy at birth, or any other age, is not straightforward. Model life tables have been extensively used for estimating age patterns of mortality in poor-data countries. We propose a new model inspired by indirect estimation techniques applied in demography, which can be used to estimate full life tables at any point in time, based on a given value of life expectancy at birth. Our model relies on the existing high correlations between levels of life expectancy and death rates across ages. The methods presented in this paper are implemented in a publicly available R package.

scholarly journals P111: Presentations for hypoglycemia associated with diabetes mellitus to emergency departments in a Canadian province: a database and epidemiological analysis

CJEM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (S1) ◽  
pp. S115-S115
Author(s):  
C. Alexiu ◽  
S. Jelinski ◽  
A. Chuck ◽  
B.H. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Administrative Database ◽  
Average Length Of Stay ◽  
Using Data

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major chronic disease. Prevalence of diabetes was 9% globally in 2014 and 9.3% in Canada and 7.2% in Alberta in 2015. Complications of the disease are numerous and frequent. Hypoglycemia is one complication of diabetes treatment. The objective of this study was to quantify and characterize presentations by adults to Alberta emergency departments (EDs) for hypoglycemia associated with type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 (T2DM) diabetes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data for Alberta for a five-year period (fiscal years 2010/11-2014/15). Data were sourced from an administrative database: National Ambulatory Care Reporting System (NACRS). Records of interest were those with an ICD-10-CA diagnosis of DM-associated hypoglycemia (i.e., E10.63, E11.63, E13.63, or E14.63). A descriptive analysis was conducted. Results: Data extraction yielded 7,835 presentations by 5,884 patients. The majority of presentations were by males (56.2%) and median patient age was 62. These episodes constituted 0.08% of presentations to Alberta EDs and they occurred at an event rate of 0.67 episodes per 100 patient-years (95% CI: 0.66-0.69). The annual rate of presentations decreased by 11.8% during the five-year period. Most presentations (63.4%) involved transportation to the ED via ambulance. Relative to LOS for ED presentations for all reasons, average length-of-stay (LOS) was 3.2x longer and 1.4x longer for discharged and admitted patients, respectively. For 27.5% of presentations, an X-ray was obtained. Most hypoglycemic episodes (65.2%) were considered to be of moderate severity while 34.3% were considered to be severe. None were mild because all involved access to an ED. The condition mainly (absolute terms) afflicted people with T2DM and urban areas; however, it disproportionately afflicted people with T1DM and rural areas. Conclusion: For a condition that is largely preventable with effective blood glucose management, DM-associated hypoglycemia incurs significant healthcare resource use. People with DM would be better served with more effective and safer euglycemic agents.

scholarly journals Disability-Free Life Expectancy among People Over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4636
Author(s):  
Shengwei Wang ◽  
Songbo Hu ◽  
Pei Wang ◽  
Yuhang Wu ◽  
Zhitao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Elderly ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽  
The Difference

Objective: To estimate and compare age trends and the disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) of the population over 60 years old in 2018 in Jiangxi Province, China, by sex and urban–rural areas. Methods: The model life table was employed to estimate the age-specific mortality rate by sex and urban–rural areas, based on the Summary of Health Statistics of Jiangxi Province in 2018 and the Sixth National Health Service survey of Jiangxi Province. DFLE and its ratio to life expectancy (LE) were obtained by the Sullivan method. Results: In 2018, the DFLE among people over 60 is 17.157 years for men and is 19.055 years for women, accounting for 89.7% and 86.5% of their LE respectively. The DFLE/LE of men is higher than that of women at all ages. LE and DFLE are higher for the population in urban areas than in rural areas. For women, DFLE/LE is higher in urban areas than in rural areas (except at ages 75 and 80). Urban men have a higher DFLE/LE than rural men (except at age 85). The difference in DFLE between men and women over 60 years is 1.898 years, of which 2.260 years are attributable to the mortality rate, and 0.362 years are due to the disability-free prevalence. In addition, the difference in DFLE between urban–rural elderly over 60 years old is mostly attributed to the mortality rate by gender (male: 0.902/1.637; female: 0.893/1.454), but the impact of the disability-free rate cannot be ignored either (male: 0.735/1.637; female: 0.561/1.454). Conclusions: The increase in DFLE is accompanied by the increase in LE, but with increased age, DFLE/LE gradually decreases. With advancing age, the effect of disability on elderly people becomes more severe. The government administration must implement some preventive actions to improve health awareness and the life quality of the elderly. Rural elderly; rural women in particular, need to be paid more attention and acquire more health care.

scholarly journals Health status of the rural population in Poland

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bem ◽  
Paulina Ucieklak-Jeż
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Good Health ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Central Statistical

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the health of the elderly, living in rural areas of Poland. The analysis based on a survey “The health status of the Polish population” carried out by the Central Statistical Office (GUS). In order to assess the differences in the health status of the villagers and townsfolk’s we have examined the share of older people living in rural and urban areas in the structure of the whole population. We have also identified the measures of the health status. We have calculated, using the Sullivan method, the value of Healthy Life Expectancy, Disability Free Life Expectancy,.Chronic Disease Life for the Polish rural and urban elderly population. The study has shown, the villagers live shorter in good health (without disability and chronic diseases). Presented study allows to formulate the desirable directions of changes to improve the health status of rural population. This should lead to more effective health care in rural areas.

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