Dynamics of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains to antibacterial drugs for the period 2015–2019 in Samara: opportunities for overcoming

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are one of the most dangerous diseases, that can be completely prevented by vaccination. Studies conducted in various regions of the Russian Federation and other countries have revealed certain features in the prevalence of pneumococcus strains, resistant to different antibacterial drugs, which requires local studies among patients of different age groups.The aim of the study was to determine the level of sensitivity of S. pneumoniae, isolated from adult patients, to antibacterial drugs (ABD) and the dynamics of resistance to ABD in Samara for the period of 2015–2019.Methods. A retrospective analysis of data from the microbiological department of clinical diagnostic laboratories of the Clinics of Samara State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia for 2015–2019 was carried out. The microorganism resistance to several groups of ABD was studied – macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithro mycin), cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime), fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) and penicillin. The sensitivity was determined by the disk diffusion method. Statistical processing was performed using the SPSS Statistic 22.0 program. When comparing groups, the χ2 criterion was used; to compare small groups (n < 5), the exact Fisher test was used.Results. Since 2017, there has been a tendency to increase the frequency of pneumococcus isolation in the carrier group. At the same time, a 3-fold decrease in S. pneumoniae excretion from patients with ENT pathology occurred. The highest sensitivity was detected for cephalosporins – 100% sensitivity of all S. pneumoniae strains, detected from ENT organs and during carriage. There is a low level of pneumococcus resistance to levofloxacin. The general sensitivity to ABD from penicillin group is 96.4–98.8%, while the most common resistant strains were found in patients with respiratory tract damage. The highest resistance of S. pneumoniae was revealed to ABD from the macrolide group with a tendency to increase from 4.6% in 2016 to 14.0% in 2019.Conclusion. According to the study results, a rather low level of resistance of S. pneumoniae to most ABD groups, with the exception of macrolides, was demonstrated in Samara. The greatest number of ABD-insensitive pathogens was isolated in patients with pathology of the bronchopulmonary system. A mandatory microbiological examination of the sputum of such patients is necessary with a determination of the sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms to ABD and subsequent correction of therapy upon the identification of resistant strains. Given the increasing resistance of S. pneumoniae in carriers, it is necessary to vaccinate patients in this group.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic resistance – a new challenge of modern urology

Experimental and Сlinical Urology ◽

10.29188/2222-8543-2020-13-5-113-119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 113-119

Author(s):

S.V. Kotov ◽

◽

S.A. Pulbere ◽

S.V. Belomyttsev ◽

R.A. Perov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibacterial Drugs ◽

Clinical Hospital ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Tract Infections

Introduction. Analyze of the incidence and resistance to antibacterial drugs to microorganisms isolated in urine cultures of patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) from 2012 to 2019. Materials and methods. In the clinic of urology clinical hospital № 1 named after N.I. Pirogov and in the city clinical hospital № 29 named after N.E. Bauman was analyzed the results of 6083 urine cultures in 5027 patients. The traditional standardized inoculation was carried out with a 10 μl loop on the following nutrient media: agar with the addition of 5% sheep blood (Pronadisa, Spain), Levin agar (Pronadisa, Spain), Biggie agar (BD, USA), followed by incubation at 37°C for 18-24 hours. Next, a visual colony count was performed. The sensitivity of the isolated microorganisms to antibiotics was evaluated using a Phoenix bacteriological analyzer (BD, USA) and a disk diffusion method production discs (BD, USA). ESBL producers and carbapenemases were evaluated using a Phoenix bacteriological analyzer (BD, USA) using the double disc method, by the method of inactivation of carbapenems. Results. A high level of resistance among Enterococcus faecalis strains to fluoroquinolones (> 20%) and aminoglycosides (> 35%) was revealed. Among the strains of Escherichia coli, an increase in resistance to the antibacterial group of penicillins (> 80%) was noted, at the same time, an increase in resistance to drugs of the cephalosporins group (> 60%), fluoroquinolones (> 50%) was observed. The appearance of carbapenem-resistant strains is noted. Among the strains of Klebsiella pneumonia, high resistance to fluoroquinolones (> 50%) and cephalosporins (> 45%) was found. A sharp increase in resistance to all used antibacterial drugs is noted. Separately, increase in resistance to carbapenems (27,1%) can be noted. Discussion. According to the results of our study, it can be argued that the most common causative agents of complicated UTI in 2019 were representatives of the Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceaes, there is an increase in the number of strains resistant to certain groups of antibacterial drugs. When comparing the results obtained with the data of the Internet platform «Map of antibiotic resistance. AMR map» shows comparable data on the occurrence and resistance of microorganisms. Of particular concern is the high frequency of bacterial resistance to drugs of the fluoroquinolone group and, therefore, these drugs cannot be used as empirical therapy for patients with complicated UTI. Conclusions. Adhering to the strategy of rational antibiotic therapy, further studying of the problem of antibiotic resistance, identification of resistant strains, monitoring of the of antibacterial drugs prescription at the outpatient stage and in the hospital are necessary. It is necessary to study the epidemiological data and the results of susceptibility to antibiotics in a particular region, this will help us to more accurately select antibiotic therapy and introduce accelerated laboratory diagnosis of bacteria resistance markers into practice.

Download Full-text

Comparison of methods for the determination of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. human and the food chain isolates

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/2030-vetmed ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 169-174

Author(s):

M. Holasova ◽

R. Karpiskova ◽

S. Karpiskova ◽

V. Babak ◽

J. Schlegelova

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Study Results ◽

Agar Dilution

With a microdilution method, using the commercial diagnostic test Sensititre Susceptibility Plates for Campylobacter MIC (Trek Diagnostic Systems, Cleveland, OH, USA), disk diffusion and agar dilution method, resistance to six antimicrobial agents were examined in a reference strain Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 33560 and 73 thermo-tolerant isolates of Campylobacter spp. For the microdilution method and all tested antimicrobial agents, our determined values of microbiological breakpoints of resistant strains were suggested as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICR) for ciprofloxacin ≥ 0.5, erythromycin ≥ 4, gentamicin ≥ 4, nalidixic acid ≥ 32 and tetracycline ≥ 4 μg/ml. On the basis of our study results, strains resistant to clindamycin were MICR ≥ 2 μg/ml for the dilution methods and a zone diameter R Ã¢ÂÂ¤ 16 mm for the disk diffusion method. Comparison of the results of the resistance examination, a microdilution method and disk diffusion method with the reference agar dilution method, showed that all compared methods yielded identical results with the exception of the resistance determination in erythromycin and nalidixic acid. The errors were mostly the result of the interpretation criteria for MICR of agar dilution method and different conditions of cultivation used. However, the compared methods, provide results comparable with the reference method having greater convenience of measurement.

Download Full-text

Cockroaches as a Source of High Bacterial Pathogens with Multidrug Resistant Strains in Gondar Town, Ethiopia

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/2825056 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Feleke Moges ◽

Setegn Eshetie ◽

Mengistu Endris ◽

Kahsay Huruy ◽

Dagnachew Muluye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Control Measures ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gondar Town ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

And Control

Background. Cockroaches are source of bacterial infections and this study was aimed to assess bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial profiles from cockroaches in Gondar town, Ethiopia.Methods. A total of 60 cockroaches were collected from March 1 to May 30, 2014, in Gondar town. Bacterial species were isolated from external and internal parts of cockroaches. Disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20;Pvalues <0.005 were considered as statistically significant.Results. Of 181 identified bacteria species, 110 (60.8%) and 71 (39.2%) were identified from external and internal parts of cockroaches, respectively.Klebsiella pneumoniae32 (17.7%),Escherichia coli29 (16%), andCitrobacterspp. 27 (15%) were the predominant isolates. High resistance rate was observed to cotrimoxazole, 60 (33.1%), and least resistance rate was noted to ciprofloxacin, 2 (1.1%). Additionally, 116 (64.1%) of the isolates were MDR strains;Salmonellaspp. were the leading MDR isolates (100%) followed byEnterobacter(90.5%) andShigellaspp. (76.9%).Conclusion. Cockroaches are the potential source of bacteria pathogens with multidrug resistant strains and hence effective preventive and control measures are required to minimize cockroach related infections.

Download Full-text

Genetic Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated during Ciprofloxacin Therapy from a Patient with Bronchiectasis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.47.4.1419-1422.2003 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 1419-1422 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Adela G. de la Campa ◽

María-José Ferrandiz ◽

Fe Tubau ◽

Román Pallarés ◽

Federico Manresa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Genetic Characterization ◽

Susceptible Strain ◽

Low Level ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Resistant Mutants ◽

High Level ◽

Level Resistance

ABSTRACT Five Spain9V-3 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were isolated from a patient with bronchiectasis who had received long-term ciprofloxacin therapy. One ciprofloxacin-susceptible strain was isolated before treatment, and four ciprofloxacin-resistant strains were isolated during treatment. The resistant strains were derived from the susceptible strain either by a parC mutation (low-level resistance) or by parC and gyrA mutations (high-level resistance). This study shows that ciprofloxacin therapy in a patient colonized by susceptible S. pneumoniae may select fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants.

Download Full-text

Carbapenems resistance of Acinetobacter spp strains isolated from wound swabs during 2009-2010

Medicinski pregled ◽

10.2298/mpns1112583m ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 64 (11-12) ◽

pp. 583-587 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Deana Medic ◽

Mira Mihajlovic-Ukropina ◽

Vera Gusman ◽

Zora Jelesic ◽

Biljana Milosavljevic

Keyword(s):

Continuous Monitoring ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Great Ability ◽

Clinical Center ◽

Acinetobacter Spp ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Novi Sad ◽

And Control

Introduction. Acinetobacter spp has become an important cause of nosocomial infections due to its great ability to survive and spread in a hospital setting and to develop resistance to many antibiotics. The aim of this study was to examine the resistance to carbapenems and other commonly used antibiotics in strains of Acinetobacter isolated from wound swabs. Material and Methods. In the Laboratories of Microbiology Center at the Institute for Public Health in Novi Sad wound swabs were taken from the patients hospitalized at the Institutes and Departments of the Clinical Center of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. A total of 271 Acinetobacter spp strains were tested to susceptibility on carbapenems and other most commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method according to the recommendation of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results and Discussion. Acinetobacter spp (271 isolates) developed resistance to imipenem and meropenem (67.4% and 64.4%). The resistance to both cephalosporins III and IV generation and ciprofloxacin was 100%. The resistance to ampicillin-sulbactam was 71.4%. Conclusion. Our results show high resistance to carbapenems in Acinetobacter spp strains isolated from wound swabs. These facts suggest the need for continuous monitoring of susceptibility in order to take adequate measures to prevent and control spreading of resistant strains.

Download Full-text

Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Etil Asetat dan n-Heksana dari Daun Mangga Kasturi (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.)

KOVALEN ◽

10.22487/kovalen.2021.v7.i3.15599 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 227-233

Author(s):

Dwi Lestari ◽

Desy Fitriani ◽

Serli Anngraeni

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Propionibacterium Acnes ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Study Results ◽

Mango Leaves ◽

Weak Antibacterial Activity

Kasturi mango (Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) is a typical mango of South Kalimantan. Kasturi mango leaves are reported to have antioxidant activity and are potential for treating various diseases, including diseases related to antibacterial. This study examines the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fraction and the n-hexane fraction of mango musk leaves on bacteria that cause acne. Experimental research started with plant determination, making extracts and fractions, phytochemical screening, and antibacterial testing against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes using the disk diffusion method. The study results found that the ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions had weak antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. acnes bacteria, which cause acne

Download Full-text

Antifungal Susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis Isolates from Dogs

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2019-0013 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Z. Sihelská ◽

E. Čonková ◽

P. Váczi ◽

M. Harčárová

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Agents ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Opportunistic Pathogens ◽

Ear Canal ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Malassezia Pachydermatis ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Standard Disk

Abstract The genus Malassezia belongs to Basidiomycota and includes 16 species, from which M. pachydermatis is the most common in dogs. M. pachydermatis is a member of the normal mycobiota of the skin and mucosal sites of dogs. Under certain conditions, these yeasts can be opportunistic pathogens and involved skin and ear canal infections of these animals. Topical and oral antifungal agents are used for the therapy of Malassezia dermatitis and otitis. With the expanding use of antifungal agents, resistant strains of Malassezia are increasingly detected. In this study, the susceptibility of 40 M. pachydermatis isolates to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole and nystatin were evaluated in vitro based on the modified standard disk diffusion method M44-2A.

Download Full-text

Upstream region of OprD mutations in imipenem-resistant and imipenem-sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates

10.21203/rs.3.rs-31335/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Masoumeh Kiani ◽

Akram Astani ◽

Nahid Rezaei Khozani ◽

Mansoor Khaledi ◽

Hamed Afkhami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Genomic Region ◽

Upstream Region ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Base Substitution ◽

Coding Region ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Study Results

Abstract The current study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of the mutations upstream of the oprD coding region and its promoters among imipenem-resistant and sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from educational hospitals in Yazd City, Iran. All isolates were identified by the conventional biochemical tests. Then, the antibiotic resistance of these isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. Also, the E.test was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of imipenem. The mutations of this gene were recognized by the amplification of this region and subsequently sequenced. Sequencing of the genomic region upstream of oprD these regions were done in the 29 clinical strains. Statistical analysis was done by the statistical software SPSS-18. Seventy (77.7%) of isolates had MIC ≥ 16 and were resistant to imipenem. Mutations of the upstream of the oprD gene and its promoters were seen in 25 (86.2%) isolates and 4 isolates had no mutation. One isolate had a base substitution A→Cat nt 25 in the coding region and this isolate had a point mutation leading to an amino acid change at positions 9 (I→L). Our study results indicated that none of the strains had mutation in Shine-Dalgarno and the point mutations were the most common mutations upstream of the oprD coding region among P. aeruginosa isolates. Mutations were observed in imipenem-resistant isolates and it seems this mechanism is effective in resistance of isolates to imipenem and this confirmed that the indiscriminate use of antibiotic should be controlled.

Download Full-text

Molecular Typing of Imipenem-ResistantAcinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticusComplex in a Singapore Hospital Where Carbapenem Resistance Is Endemic

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/518964 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 941-944 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Thean Yen Tan ◽

Karen Poh ◽

Siew Yong Ng

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Care ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Typing Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Resistant Strains

Objective.To investigate the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticuscomplex isolates in a tertiary care hospital where the prevalence of carbapenem resistance among these organisms is high.Design.The study was a prospective, observational study performed during an 8-month period (May 1 through December 31, 2004).A. baumanniiisolates recovered from all clinical samples during the study period were included in the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method, and all carbapenem-resistant strains were typed by a polymerase chain reaction-based typing method.Setting.An 800-bed hospital in Singapore.Results.More than half of recovered isolates were clonally unrelated, with the remaining isolates grouped into 4 genotypes.Conclusions.The results of the study suggest that the high prevalence of carbapenem resistance amongAcinetobacterorganisms in this institution is not caused by the spread of a predominant clone and that other factors may need to be investigated.

Download Full-text

Antibiotic resistance in Pakistan: a systematic review of past decade

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-05906-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hazrat Bilal ◽

Muhammad Nadeem Khan ◽

Tayyab Rehman ◽

Muhammad Fazal Hameed ◽

Xingyuan Yang

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

High Resistance ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

World Health ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Original Research ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

E Coli

Abstract Background During the last six decades, extensive use of antibiotics has selected resistant strains, increasing the rate of fatal infectious diseases, and exerting an economic burden on society. This situation is widely accepted as a global problem, yet its degree is not well elucidated in many regions of the world. Up till now, no systemic analysis of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Pakistan has been published. The current study aims to describe the antibiotic-resistance scenario of Pakistan from human samples of the last 10 y, to find the gaps in surveillances and methodology and recommendations for researchers and prescribers founded on these outcomes. Methods Original research articles analyzed the pattern of Antibiotic resistance of any World Health Organization (WHO) enlisted priority pathogens in Pakistan (published onward 2009 till March 2020), were collected from PubMed, Google scholar, and PakMedi Net search engines. These articles were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data about the study characteristics and antibiotic-resistance for a given bacterium were excluded from literature. Antibiotic resistance to a particular bacterium was calculated as a median resistance with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results Studies published in the last 10 y showed that Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is the most reported clinical diagnosis (16.1%) in Pakistan. E. coli were reported in 28 (30.11%) studies showing high resistance to antibiotics’ first line. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found in 49% of S. aureus’ total reported cases. Phenotypic resistance pattern has mostly been evaluated by Disk Diffusion Method (DDM) (82.8%), taken Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) as a breakpoint reference guideline (in 79.6% studies). Only 28 (30.11%) studies have made molecular identification of the resistance gene. blaTEM (78.94% in Shigella spp) and blaNDM-1 (32.75% in Klebsiella spp) are the prominent reported resistant genes followed by VanA (45.53% in Enterococcus spp), mcr-1 (1.61% in Acinetobacter spp), and blaKPC-2 (31.67% in E. coli). Most of the studies were from Sindh (40.86%), followed by Punjab (35.48%), while Baluchistan’s AMR data was not available. Conclusion Outcomes of our study emphasize that most of the pathogens show high resistance to commonly used antibiotics; also, we find gaps in surveillances and breaches in methodological data. Based on these findings, we recommend the regularization of surveillance practice and precise actions to combat the region’s AMR.

Download Full-text