scholarly journals Application of a distributed 2D overland flow model for rainfall/runoff and erosion simulation in a Mediterranean watershed

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Juez ◽  
A. Tena ◽  
J. Fernández-Pato ◽  
R.J. Batalla ◽  
P. García-Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
Overland Flow Model ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Catchment Model

Soil erosion has reemerged as an environmental problem associated with climate change that requires the help of simulation tools for forecasting future consequences. This topic becomes even more relevant in Mediterranean catchments due to the highly variable and irregular rainfall regime. Hence, an approach that includes the rainfall/runoff and erosion phenomena is required for quantifying the amount of soil the catchments are transferring to the rivers. As the calibration process of the infiltration and erosion parameters can become cumbersome in terms of iterations to the optimal values to fit experimental data, a Simplified Catchment Model (SCM) is introduced as a first approach. The set of tuning constants that provides the best fit are used as input for re-calibrating the parameters by means of the simulation of the real catchment. The modeling effort here presented opens its application to the analysis of the hydro-sedimentary processes at larger temporal and spatial scales.

Coupled 1D-river and 2D-overland flow model to simulate the rainfall-runoff process in watersheds

2014 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Karima El Wassifi ◽  
Abdellatif Ouahsine ◽  
Hassan Smaoui ◽  
Philippe Sergent ◽  
Rachid Khiri
Keyword(s):  
Flow Model ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Overland Flow Model

Algebraic Solution of the Horton-Izzard Turbulent Overland Flow Model of the Rising Hydrograph

1977 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Akram Gill
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Turbulent Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flow Equation ◽  
Algebraic Solution ◽  
Mixed Flow ◽  
Overland Flow Model

In the differential equation of the overland turbulent flow which was first postulated by Horton, Eq.(6), the value of c equals 5/3. For this value of c, the flow equation could not be integrated algebraically. Horton solved the equation for c = 2 and believed that his solution was valid for mixed flow. The flow equation with c = 5/3 is solved algebraically herein. It is shown elsewhere (Gill 1976) that the flow equation can indeed be integrated for any rational value of c.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Model-Based Assessment of Green-Grey Infrastructures for Urban Flood Mitigation

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Carlos Martínez ◽  
Zoran Vojinovic ◽  
Arlex Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Urban Catchment ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Model Domain ◽  
Infiltration Processes ◽  
2D Model

This paper presents the performance quantification of different green-grey infrastructures, including rainfall-runoff and infiltration processes, on the overland flow and its connection with a sewer system. The present study suggests three main components to form the structure of the proposed model-based assessment. The first two components provide the optimal number of green infrastructure (GI) practices allocated in an urban catchment and optimal grey infrastructures, such as pipe and storage tank sizing. The third component evaluates selected combined green-grey infrastructures based on rainfall-runoff and infiltration computation in a 2D model domain. This framework was applied in an urban catchment in Dhaka City (Bangladesh) where different green-grey infrastructures were evaluated in relation to flood damage and investment costs. These practices implemented separately have an impact on the reduction of damage and investment costs. However, their combination has been shown to be the best action to follow. Finally, it was proved that including rainfall-runoff and infiltration processes, along with the representation of GI within a 2D model domain, enhances the analysis of the optimal combination of infrastructures, which in turn allows the drainage system to be assessed holistically.

scholarly journals Modelling Pluvial Flooding in Urban Areas Coupling the Models Iber and SWMM

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2647
Author(s):  
Esteban Sañudo ◽  
Luis Cea ◽  
Jerónimo Puertas
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Dynamic Link Library ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Urban Street ◽  
Sewer Network ◽  
Overland Flow Model

Dual urban drainage models allow users to simulate pluvial urban flooding by analysing the interaction between the sewer network (minor drainage system) and the overland flow (major drainage system). This work presents a free distribution dual drainage model linking the models Iber and Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), which are a 2D overland flow model and a 1D sewer network model, respectively. The linking methodology consists in a step by step calling process from Iber to a Dynamic-link Library (DLL) that contains the functions in which the SWMM code is split. The work involves the validation of the model in a simplified urban street, in a full-scale urban drainage physical model and in a real urban settlement. The three study cases have been carefully chosen to show and validate the main capabilities of the model. Therefore, the model is developed as a tool that considers the main hydrological and hydraulic processes during a rainfall event in an urban basin, allowing the user to plan, evaluate and design new or existing urban drainage systems in a realistic way.

Structural, Hydrologic, and Sediment Connectivity in a Shrub-Encroached and Restored Semiarid Grassland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Johnson ◽  
Jason Williams ◽  
Phillip Guertin ◽  
Steven Archer ◽  
Philip Heilman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Semiarid Grassland ◽  
Concentrated Flow ◽  
Shrub Canopy

<p>Shrub encroachment of semiarid grasslands is influenced by connected runoff and erosion patterns that preferentially accumulate resources under vegetated patches (canopy microsites) and deplete interspaces. Soil loss from dryland hillslopes results when areas of bare ground become structurally and functionally connected through overland flow. Although these patterns have been well-described, uncertainty remains regarding how these feedbacks respond to restoration practices. This study compared the structure and hydrologic function of a shrub-encroached semiarid grassland treated five years prior with the herbicide, tebuthiuron, to that of an adjacent untreated grassland. Through a series of hydrologic experiments conducted at increasing spatial scales, vegetation and soil structural patterns were related to runoff and erosion responses. At a fine scale (0.5 m<sup>2</sup>), rainfall simulations (120 mm·h<sup>-1</sup> rainfall intensity; 45 min) showed herbicided shrub canopy microsites had greater infiltration capacities (105 and 71 mm·h<sup>-1</sup> terminal infiltration rates) and were less susceptible to splash-sheet erosion (3 and 26 g sediment yield) than untreated shrub canopy microsites, while interspaces were statistically comparable between study sites. Concentrated flow simulations at a coarse scale (~9 m<sup>2</sup>) revealed that gaps between the bases of vegetation (i.e. basal gaps) > 2 m<sup></sup>were positively related to both concentrated flow runoff (r = 0.72, p = 0.008) and sediment yield (r = 0.70, p = 0.012). Modeled hillslope-scale (50 m<sup>2</sup>) runoff and erosion (120 mm·h<sup>-1</sup> rainfall intensity; 45 min) indicated less soil loss in the tebuthiuron-treated site (1.78 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup> tebuthiuron; 3.19 Mg·ha<sup>-1</sup> untreated), even though runoff was similar between sites. Our results suggest interspaces in shrub-encroached grasslands continue to be runoff sources following herbicide-induced shrub mortality and may be indicators of runoff responses at larger spatial scales. In contrast, sediment sources are limited post-treatment due to lesser sediment detachment from sheet-splash and concentrated flow processes. Reduced sediment supplies provide evidence that connectivity feedbacks that sustain a shrub-dominant ecological state may have been dampened post-treatment. Our study also highlights the utility of simple measures of structural connectivity, such as basal gaps, as an indicator of hillslope susceptibility to increased runoff and erosion.</p>

scholarly journals CLASSIC: a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff modelling system

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 516-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Crooks ◽  
P. S. Naden
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Digital Terrain Model ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Flow Duration Curves ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Modelling System

Abstract. This paper describes the development of a semi-distributed conceptual rainfall–runoff model, originally formulated to simulate impacts of climate and land-use change on flood frequency. The model has component modules for soil moisture balance, drainage response and channel routing and is grid-based to allow direct incorporation of GIS- and Digital Terrain Model (DTM)-derived data sets into the initialisation of parameter values. Catchment runoff is derived from the aggregation of components of flow from the drainage module within each grid square and from total routed flow from all grid squares. Calibration is performed sequentially for the three modules using different objective functions for each stage. A key principle of the modelling system is the concept of nested calibration, which ensures that all flows simulated for points within a large catchment are spatially consistent. The modelling system is robust and has been applied successfully at different spatial scales to three large catchments in the UK, including comparison of observed and modelled flood frequency and flow duration curves, simulation of flows for uncalibrated catchments and identification of components of flow within a modelled hydrograph. The role of such a model in integrated catchment studies is outlined.

scholarly journals Numerical analysis of coupled hydrosystems based on an object-oriented compartment approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Kolditz ◽  
Jens-Olaf Delfs ◽  
Claudius Bürger ◽  
Martin Beinhorn ◽  
Chan-Hee Park
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Solution ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Shallow Water Equation ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Saturated Flow ◽  
Flow Processes

In this paper we present an object-oriented concept for numerical simulation of multi-field problems for coupled hydrosystem analysis. Individual (flow) processes modelled by a particular partial differential equation, i.e. overland flow by the shallow water equation, variably saturated flow by the Richards equation and saturated flow by the groundwater flow equation, are identified with their corresponding hydrologic compartments such as land surface, vadose zone and aquifers, respectively. The object-oriented framework of the compartment approach allows an uncomplicated coupling of these existing flow models. After a brief outline of the underlying mathematical models we focus on the numerical modelling and coupling of overland flow, variably saturated and groundwater flows via exchange flux terms. As each process object is associated with its own spatial discretisation mesh, temporal time-stepping scheme and appropriate numerical solution procedure. Flow processes in hydrosystems are coupled via their compartment (or process domain) boundaries without giving up the computational necessities and optimisations for the numerical solution of each individual process. However, the coupling requires a bridging of different temporal and spatial scales, which is solved here by the integration of fluxes (spatially and temporally). In closing we present three application examples: a benchmark test for overland flow on an infiltrating surface and two case studies – at the Borden site in Canada and the Beerze–Reusel drainage basin in the Netherlands.

Rainfall runoff in soil erosion with simulated rainfall, overland flow and cover

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Singer ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil Transport ◽  
Raindrop Impact

The 20-100 mm portion of a yellow podzolic soil (Albaqualf) from the Ginninderra Experiment Station (A.C.T.) was used in a rainfall simulator and flume facility to elucidate the interactions between raindrop impact, overland water flow and straw cover as they affect soil erosion. A replicated factorial design compared soil loss in splash and runoff from 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall, the equivalent of 100 mm h-1 overland flow, and 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall plus the equivalent of 100 mm h-' overland flow, all at 0, 40 and 80% straw cover on a 9% slope. As rainfall intensity increased, soil loss in splash and runoff increased. Within cover levels, the effect of added overland flow was to decrease splash but to increase total soil loss. This is due to an interaction between raindrops and runoff which produces a powerful detaching and transporting mechanism within the flow known as rain-flow transportation. Airsplash is reduced, in part, because of the changes in splash characteristics which accompany changes in depths of runoff water. Rain-flow transportation accounted for at least 64% of soil transport in the experiment and airsplash accounted for no more than 25% of soil transport The effects of rainfall, overland flow and cover treatments, rather than being additive, were found to correlate with a natural log transform of the soil loss data.

Spatial covariation in survival rates of Northeast Pacific pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1501-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J Pyper ◽  
Franz J Mueter ◽  
Randall M Peterman ◽  
David J Blackbourn ◽  
Chris C Wood
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus Gorbuscha ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Stock Recruitment ◽  
Best Fit

We examined spatial patterns of covariation in indices of survival rate (residuals from the best-fit stock- recruitment curve) across four decades among 43 wild pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) stocks from 14 geographical regions in Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. We found strong evidence of positive covariation among stocks within each region and between certain adjacent regions (e.g., correlations from 0.3 to 0.7) but no evidence of covariation between stocks of distant regions (e.g., separated by 1000 km or more). This suggests that important environmental processes affecting temporal variation in survival rates of pink salmon from spawners to recruits operate at regional spatial scales rather than at the larger ocean basin scale. Based on limited fry abundance data, we found that this covariation in spawner-to-recruit survival rates may be strongly influenced by marine processes.

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