scholarly journals Pre- and postheading growth rate and its association with grain yield in barley.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
A.A. Salman ◽  
M.A. Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Preheading and postheading growth rates, grain yield and other traits were evaluated in 5 cultivars grown at 2 sites in Wisconsin (Madison in 1985 and Arlington in 1985 and 1986). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Significant differences were observed among cultivars in preheading and postheading growth rates and DM accumulation. Correlation coefficients for growth rate at maturity and postheading growth rate with grain yield were highly significant (r = 0.93 and 0.79, respectively). Robust produced the highest grain yield (363.1 g/msuperscript 2). There were significant differences among cultivars in harvest index which was also correlated with grain yield (r = 0.41). Thus, differences in preheading and postheading growth traits among barley cultivars are highly associated with yield and may be useful for grain yield improvement. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

IMPROVEMENT OF SPRING DURUM WHEAT SELECTION METHODOLOGIES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
А. I. Grabovets ◽  
V. P. Kadushkina ◽  
S. А. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Main Method ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of

With the growing aridity of the climate on the Don, it became necessary to improve the methodology for conducting the  breeding of spring durum wheat. The main method of obtaining the source material remains intraspecific step hybridization. Crossings were performed between genetically distant forms, differing in origin and required traits and properties. The use of chemical mutagenesis was a productive way to change the heredity of genotypes in terms of drought tolerance. When breeding for productivity, both in dry years of research and in favorable years, the most objective markers were identified — the size of the aerial mass, the mass of grain per plant, spike, and harvest index. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients between the yield per unit area and the elements of its structure is established. It was most closely associated with them in dry years, while in wet years it decreased. Power the correlation of the characteristics of the pair - the grain yield per square meter - the aboveground biomass averaged r = 0.73, and in dry years it was higher (0.91) than in favorable ones (0.61 - 0.70) , between the harvest and the harvest index - r = 0.81 (on average). In dry years, the correlation coefficient increased to 0.92. Research data confirms the greatest importance of the mass of grain from one ear and the plant in the formation of grain yield per unit area in both dry and wet years. In dry years, the correlation coefficient between yield and grain mass per plant was on average r = 0.80; in favorable years, r = 0.69. The relationship between yield and grain mass from the ear was greater — r = 0.84 and r = 0.82, respectively. Consequently, the breeding significance of the aboveground mass and the productivity of the ear, as a criterion for the selection of the crop, especially increases in the dry years. They were basic in the selection.

CONTRIBUTION OF GROWTH RATE AND HARVEST INDEX TO GRAIN YIELD IN F9-DERIVED LINES OF OATS (AVENA SATIVA L.)

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. TAKEDA ◽  
K. J. FREY ◽  
T. B. BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Heading Date ◽  
Genotypic Correlations ◽  
Day Plot

The contributions of growth rate (GR) and harvest index (HI) to grain yield (GYD) were studied using 1200 F9-derived lines of oats tested for 2 yr. Heritability ranged from 20 to 40% for GYD, GR, and HI. Genotypic correlations of GYD with GR were ca. 0.7 and with HI ca. 0.3. More than 95% of GYD variation was due to GR and HI. An increase of 0.1 g/day/plot GR would result in a 14% increase in GYD, and a 5% increase of HI would cause an 18–19% increase in GYD. GR was positively correlated with heading date and plant height, and negatively with HI.

Integrating dual-purpose wheat and canola into high-rainfall livestock systems in south-eastern Australia. 1. Crop forage and grain yield

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Sprague ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
J. M. Graham ◽  
S. E. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Winter Canola ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Livestock Systems

The development of guidelines for successful dual-purpose (graze and grain) use of wheat and canola in Australia’s high-rainfall zones (HRZ) has mostly emerged from separate wheat- and canola-focused research. Less attention has been placed on the benefits of integrating dual-purpose wheat and canola into pasture-based grazing enterprises. We conducted a farming systems experiment during 2010–11 to evaluate the benefits of integrating wheat and canola as dual-purpose crops into a pasture-based grazing system in Australia’s south-eastern tablelands. We compared forage production and grain yield in three separate crop–livestock systems in which the sheep grazed long-season wheat, winter canola or a combination of these. Initial growth rates were higher in early-autumn-sown canola than wheat in 2010, but were much lower although similar in both crops in 2011. Significant forage was available from both canola (3.1–3.4 t ha–1) and wheat (2.3–2.4 t ha–1) at the onset of grazing, but winter growth rates of wheat were higher than those of canola, leading to increased sheep grazing days (SGD). In the favourable 2010 season, dual-purpose wheat and canola separately provided 2393 and 2095 SGD ha–1, and yielded 5.0 and 1.9 t ha–1 grain, respectively, with an apparent nitrogen limitation in canola. In the drier season of 2011, grazing was reduced to 1455 and 735 SGD ha–1 in wheat and canola, respectively. Wheat yield was reduced from 5.9 to 5.4 t ha–1 grain by grazing, whereas canola yield was unaffected (3.6 t ha–1). In both years, grazing did not affect harvest index or oil content of canola, but harvest index was higher in grazed wheat crops. The yield of wheat and canola crops grazed in sequence did not differ from yield in treatments where animals grazed only a single crop, but the total overall grazing window when crops were grazed sequentially increased by 1054 and 618 SGD ha–1 in wheat, and by 1352 and 1338 SGD ha–1 in canola in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The major benefits of including crops that can be grazed sequentially were the widening of the grazing window and other operational windows (sowing, harvest), along with the rotational benefits for wheat by including canola in the system. Additional benefits to pastures may include eliminating the need to re-sow, because a more productive pasture composition is maintained under lower grazing pressure while stock are on crops, and reduced weed invasion. The commercial availability of new, herbicide-tolerant winter canola varieties provides significant opportunities to underpin the performance of dual-purpose crop sequences on mixed farms in the high-rainfall zone.

The development of barley grain: comparisons between cultivars for growth rate and α-amylase activity

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Riggs ◽  
P. G. Gothard
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Days After Anthesis

SummaryGrains from ears of known anthesis time in seven spring barley cultivars were measured for dry weight and α-amylase activity at regular intervals during grain maturation. During the period 10–31 days after anthesis, dry weight increase of the grain was found to be substantially linear in all the cultivars. Comparisons between linear slopes fitted for this phase of growth were found to provide an objective means of comparing grain growth rates in different cultivars.α-Amylase activity per grain reached a peak in all except one cultivar at between 10 and 16 days after anthesis but declined rapidly during the linear phase of grain growth. α-Amylase activity per gram grain dry weight decreased exponentially during this period and transformation of the data to logarithms allowed a substantially linear fit to be made. Slopes for each of the cultivars were compared.Differences were found between cultivars in grain growth rates, total α-amylase activity and rates of fall of α-amylase activity per gram for the period 10–31 days after anthesis. No relationship could be found between grain growth rate and either the absolute level of α-amylase activity achieved in the grain or the rate of fall in activity during development.

scholarly journals Impact of Bi-Parental Mating on Character Association in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-29
Author(s):  
Ved Prakash ◽  
S. R. Pancholi
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Character Association ◽  
Parental Mating

Correlation between grain yield and contributing characters in 100 biparental progenies (BIPs) developed from a barley cross RD-2035 x RD-2552 and corresponding F3 progenies were compared. The correlation coefficients in BIPs were found generally of higher magnitude than F3 progenies. Even, non-significant negative association in F3 between grain yield per plant and harvest index converted into significant and positive in BIP progenies. Higher degree of positive and significant correlation was observed in tillers per plant, spikelets per spike and grain per spike with grain yield per plant in BIPs as well as F3 population.

scholarly journals Fertilización y densidad de población en genotipos de maíz cultivados bajo condiciones de temporal.

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Octavio Cano ◽  
Oscar Hugo Tosquy ◽  
Mauro Sierra ◽  
Flavio Antonio Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Densities

During the rainy season in 1998/98 a reseach was conducted in Campo Experimental Cotaxtla, Veracruz, México, with the objectives of knowing the response of five corn genotypes to doses fertilizer and plant density. A completed randomized block experimental design with two replications was used arranged in split plots where the genotypes (G) VS-536, H-512, H-513, HTV1 and HTV2 were considered as small plots ; The medium plots were doses of fertilization (F) of N2,P2O5,K2O: 161-46-0, 184-69-0, 184-69-30, 207-92-0 and 207-92-30 ; and the big plots were plant densities(D): 50, 62.5, 75, 93.75, 100 and 125 thousand plants/hectare. The characteristics studied were: harvest index, ears per plant, and grain yield. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for some characteristics in D, F, DxF y DxG and for all in G. According to this, the best genotype was the experimental hybrid HTV1 with yield 6.74 t/ha. The response to fertilization was only of to harvest index, where the best dose was 184-69-0. In relation with plant density, with 62500 plants/hectare, all genotypes showed their best yield and number of ears per plant.

scholarly journals Mapping the Fundamental Niches of Two Freshwater Microalgae,Chlorella vulgaris(Trebouxiophyceae) andPeridinium cinctum(Dinophyceae), in 5-Dimensional Ion Space

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence J. Evens ◽  
Randall P. Niedz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Freshwater Microalgae ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Fundamental Niche ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Cell Densities

The fundamental niche defined by five ions,NO3 −,PO4 3−, K+, Na+, andCl−, was mapped forChlorella vulgaris(Trebouxiophyceae) andPeridinium cinctum(Dinophyceae) growth rates and maximum cell densities in batch cultures. A five dimensional ion-mixture experimental design was projected across a total ion concentration gradient of 1 to 30 mM to delineate the ion-based, “potential” niche space, defined as the entiren-dimensional hypervolume demarcated by the feasible ranges of the independent factors under consideration. The growth rate-based, fundamental niche volumes overlapped for ca. 94% of the ion mixtures, although the regions of maximal growth rates and cell densities were different for each alga. BothC. vulgarisandP. cinctumexhibited similar positive responses to cations and negative responses to anions. It was determined that total ion concentration for these five ions, from 1 to 30 mM, did not directly affect either growth rate or maximal cell density for either alga, although it did play an interactive role with several ions. This study is the first that we are aware of to attempt the mapping of a multivariate, ion-based, fundamental niche volume. The implications of the experimental design utilized and the potential utility of this type of approach are discussed.

scholarly journals Observation and Simulation Studies of Three Types of Wire Icing

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianshu Wang ◽  
Shengjie Niu ◽  
Jingjing Lv ◽  
Yue Zhou ◽  
Yuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Freezing Rain ◽  
Meteorological Elements

Research on three types of wire icing evolution mechanism is of great significance for ice disaster recognition and prediction. Comprehensive field observations of wire icing were conducted in the winters of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 at the Lushan Mountain Meteorological Bureau Observatory (elevation 1164.5 m), Jiangxi Province, China, and the ice thickness, weather phenomena, meteorological elements, and fog spectrum were measured. Four icing cases were recorded, in which high ice-producing conditions, such as freezing rain, snow and supercooled fog, occurred. The icing growth and shedding mechanisms in three types of weather (freezing rain, snow, and supercooled fog) were analyzed and compared. Considering mixed ice-producing conditions, the ice thickness was simulated by integrating freezing rain, snow, and supercooled fog icing models, with inputs such as the precipitation rate and wind speed. The average measured icing growth rates in freezing rain, snow, and supercooled fog were 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 mm h−1, respectively. The correlations between the icing growth rate and both the temperature and the wind speed were stronger in the snow and supercooled fog than in freezing rain. With the decreasing temperature, the icing growth rate increased faster with snow, while that in supercooled fog increased faster as the wind speed increased. In freezing rain, snow, and supercooled fog, the icing growth rates were all positively correlated with the ice thickness, with correlation coefficients of 0.55, 0.67, and 0.79, respectively. Ice was shed when the temperature remained below 0 °C, the wind speed fell to 2.7 m s−1, and the fog liquid water content fell to 0.036 g m−3 in supercooled fog, and when the solar radiation increased and the temperature exceeded 0 °C in freezing rain. The average sticking efficiency of the wire to snow was 0.03; its variation range was 0.01–0.10. The integrated model can simulate the changes in actual ice thickness well.

GROWTH RATES, HARVEST INDEX AND MOISTURE USE OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN, TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. DAVIDSON ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Absolute Growth Rate ◽  
Absolute Growth

Manitou spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown at combinations of three day/night temperatures (27/12 °C (T27), 22/12 °C (T22) and 17/12 °C (T17)), three levels of fertilizer N (58, 116 and 174 kg/ha), and three moisture stresses (nominally −0.03, −1.5 and −4.0 MPa) applied for four durations (viz., no stress throughout, stress from (i) four-tiller (Tg), (ii) near ligule of last leaf visible (LLV), or (iii) flowering (F1) stages to harvest (Hvst)). Weights of plant parts and photosynthetic area of leaves and stems were measured at eight growth stages. Mean net rate of photosynthesis [Formula: see text] was estimated by dividing plant dry weight by photosynthetic area duration. Temperature was the main factor affecting net photosynthesis and growth. Under optimum moisture and fertility, net photosynthesis was inversely related to temperature being 1.15, 1.19 and 1.29 μg∙cm−2∙day−1 at T27, T22 and T17, respectively. However, absolute growth rates were highest at T22. For example, at low moisture stress and N174, absolute growth rates were 0.69, 0.77 and 0.66 g∙day−1 at T27, T22 and T17, respectively. High moisture stress from Tg to maturity reduced absolute growth rate by about 60%. Low N rates also reduced absolute growth rate. Relative growth rate was constant and highest between emergence and LLV; it then declined rapidly and was negative after soft dough. It was suggested that the absolute growth rates and relative growth rates generated in this study could be adapted for use in simulation modelling exercises. Moisture stress was the most important factor influencing the proportion of the plant’s weight that was harvested in the grain (harvest index). Moisture stress from Tg to harvest resulted in a harvest index of 0.34 ± 0.03; for all other treatments the index was 0.28 ± 0.01. The rate and amount of water used by the plants was greatest at T27 and lowest at T22, consequently water use effeciency was lowest at T27 and highest at T22.Key words: Net photosynthesis, growth kinetics of wheat, leaf area duration

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