scholarly journals Bacteriological qualities of sources of domestic water supply and prevalence of typhoid fever in some communities of Enugu State, Southeast, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1805
Author(s):  
Emmanuel I. Umegbolu ◽  
Moses E. Offor
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

Background: From the public health point of view, the microbiological properties of domestic water supply are the most important parameters of domestic water supply because of the propensity for microbial water-related diseases. In Enugu State, statistics have shown that reported cases of waterborne diseases (including typhoid fever) have been on the increase since 2003. The aim of the study was to determine the bacteriological qualities of domestic water supply and prevalence of typhoid fever in five communities of Enugu State in connection with the rising incidence of typhoid fever in the state.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of sources of domestic water supply and prevalence of typhoid fever in five rural communities of Ezeagu Local Government Area. 297 copies of structured questionnaire, 10 grab water samples analysed using the membrane filtration method and 227 blood samples collected for Widal test were used to generate the data for the study, analysed as frequency distributions, t-test of means difference and Pearson product moment correlations using MaxStat (version 3.60) statistical software.Results: 2 (40%) of the 5 communities complied with the WHO standard for faecal coliform counts. Prevalence of typhoid fever was high in all the communities (71.4%-100%). Only faecal coliform counts correlated positively and strongly (r=0.69) with prevalence of typhoid fever.Conclusions: Since faecal coliform counts correlated positively and strongly (r=0.69) with prevalence of typhoid fever, improving the bacteriological qualities of domestic water supply may help to reduce the prevalence of typhoid fever. 

scholarly journals Sero-prevalence of Salmonella typhi antibodies among adult residents of some selected rural communities of Abia and Enugu States, Southeast Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3400
Author(s):  
Emmanuel I. Umegbolu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Improved Sanitation

Background: Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) antibodies may be considered as biomarkers of typhoid fever, a severe febrile systemic illness caused by an invasive Gram-negative Bacterium S. typhi. Worldwide, about 21-26.9 million cases of typhoid fever and 200 000-215 000 deaths, occur annually. Between 2003 and 2005, statistics have shown a rising trend in the incidence of typhoid fever in Abia and Enugu States. The aim of the study was to determine the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in some rural communities of Abia and Enugu States as proxy indicators of prevalence typhoid fever (TF) in the two states.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies in ten rural communities of Umunneochi Local Government Area (LGA) of Abia State and Ezeagu LGA of Enugu State using 421 (200 in Abia and 221 in Enugu) blood samples for the Widal test to determine the titres of these antibodies.Results: In the Abia communities the mean sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was 68.2%, while in Enugu it was 87.1%. Between the two states, difference in the sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was significant (p=0.03).Conclusions: The sero-prevalence of S. typhi antibodies was higher (87.1%) in the Enugu communities, compared to the Abia communities (68.2%). To reduce the incidence and prevalence of TF in the communities, access to safe domestic water, improved sanitation and good food hygiene needs to be improved. Health-seeking behaviour also needs improvement. 

scholarly journals A national cross-sectional study on effects of fluoride-safe water supply on the prevalence of fluorosis in China

BMJ Open ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. e001564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Yanhui Gao ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Lijun Zhao ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Safe Water

scholarly journals Bacteriological quality of household drinking water in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia; a community-based cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atalay Getachew ◽  
Alebachew Tadie ◽  
Daniel Haile Chercos ◽  
Tadesse Guadu ◽  
Marta Alemayehu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Solid Waste Disposal ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
North Gondar Zone

AbstractEthiopia is one of the developing countries where only 52% of its population have access to safe drinking water. To determine the level of faecal contamination in drinking water, the E. coli has been found to be the most specific indicator. The purpose of this study was to determine household bacteriological drinking water quality and its associated factors in rural North Gondar Zone Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in rural parts of North Gondar Zone from April to June, 2016. Water samples from water storage at household level were taken using standardized water sampling techniques to determine the level of faecal contamination. Face-to-face interview using structured questionnaires and checklist were used to identify the associated factors. A total of 736 households participated in this study. The prevalence of positive faecal coliform in the households is found to be 72.6% (95%C.I; 69.4–75.8). In multivariate analysis; occupational status [AOR; 0.35, 95%; CI (0.16,0.77)], income [(AOR);0.45, 95%; CI (0.3, 0.68)], type of solid waste disposal habit [AOR; 0.16, 95%; CI (0.36, 0.66)], source of water [AOR; 0.42, 95%; CI (0.28, 0.65)], shortage of water [AOR; 2.8, 95%; CI (1.88, 4)] were variables identified as predictors for faecal coliform contamination of water in the household. There is high level of faecal contamination of household drinking water in North Gondar Zone. Occupational status, income, solid waste disposal habit, sources of drinking water, and shortage of water were predictor for presence of faecal coliform contamination in household drinking water.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Mono-pumps and Boreholes used as Sources of Domestic Water Supply in Abonnema Rivers State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Douglas Salome Ibietela ◽  
Alambo, Ayaba Alabo ◽  
Obire, Omokaro
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Rivers State ◽  
Domestic Water Supply

Aim: This study was carried out to compare the bacteriological and physicochemical qualities of boreholes and mono-pumps water samples used as sources of domestic water supply, in Abonnema Community, Akuku-Toru Local Government Area, Rivers State. Methodology: A total of forty-eight water samples were collected twice monthly for four months and evaluated. The bacteriological parameters such as total heterotrophic bacterial, total coliform, faecal coliform, Vibrio, Salmonella - Shigella and Pseudomonas were analyzed using standard microbiological methods.  The coliform was determined using the Most Probable number technique while, the physicochemical parameters were determined using Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Results: The total heterotrophic bacterial, coliform, faecal coliform, Vibrio, Salmonella-Shigella and Pseudomonas counts of the borehole samples ranged from 7.2×102 - 2.4×103, 2.3×102–4.0×102, 3.6×102-4.8×102, 7.3×102-1.4×103, 2.1×102-2.8×102 and 0.0×100Cfu/ml, respectively. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts, coliform counts, faecal coliform counts, Vibrio counts, Salmonella-Shigella counts and Pseudomonas counts for the mono-pump samples ranged from: 1.1×103- 1.8×103, 2.0×102– 9.1×102, 2.4×102- 3.8×102, 4.5×102-8.6×102, 1.4×102 - 4.2×102 and 0.0×100Cfu/ml, respectively. The bacterial genera identified were: Bacillus, Lynsinibacillus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Serratia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, Salmonella, Paenibacillus, Aeromonas and Geobacillus. The means of physicochemical parameters for borehole and mono-pump, respectively were: alkalinity: 41.72±0.01-60.85±0.20 and 29.14±0.01-214.87±1.36mg/l; BOD: 8.26±0.01-10.44±0.0 and 5.12±0.01-5.79±0.01; COD: 126.52±0.01-172.41±0.04 and 83.20±0.44-218.00±0.57; DO: 6.31±0.01 and 3.05±0.07-8.29±0.01; calcium: 5.10±0.28-; 4.83±0.00-10.15±0.00 and 2.71±0.00-14.04±0.00; iron: 2.01±0.00-3.37±0.00 and 1.90±0.00-4.73±0.00; lead: 0.38±0.00-1.07±0.00 and 1.24±0.00-1.63±0.00; nitrate: 0.42±0.00-1.08±0.00 and 1.14±0.00-1.75±0.00; zinc:1.10±0.00-3.18±0.00 and 0.39±0.00-1.82±0.00; phosphate: 0.03±0.00-0.13±0.00 and 0.15±0.00-0.87±0.00; pH: 6.54±0.00-7.05±0.07 and 6.29±0.00-6.93±0.01; salinity: 4.02±0.00-5.14±0.00 and 2.83±0.00-5.88±0.00; total organic carbon: 1.39±0.01-2.81±0.010 and 1.64±0.00-3.42±0.01; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: 32.69±0.00-55.73±0.00 and 45.10±0.00-61.49±0.00mg/l; total petroleum hydrocarbon:58.90±0.00-66.15±0.00 and 60.31±0.00-92.11±0.00 mg/l. Conclusion: The high counts of bacterial groups of public health importance identified from this study, including the presence of: COD, DO, Fe, Pb, Phosphate, Zinc, TPH and PAH in high concentrations reveals contamination of the water sources. Thus, treatment before drinking is recommended.

scholarly journals Adult male involvement in maternity care in Enugu State, Nigeria: A cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (September) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chisom Mbadugha ◽  
Chinenye Anetekhai ◽  
Adaobi Obiekwu ◽  
Ijeoma Okonkwo ◽  
Justin Ingwu
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Maternity Care ◽  
Male Involvement ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Enugu State

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 on doctor-patient relationship

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4690
Author(s):  
Hope O. Nwoga ◽  
Miriam O. Ajuba ◽  
Uche E. Ezeoke
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Doctor Patient Relationship ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Background: The doctor-patient relationship has been linked to patient satisfaction, treatment adherence and outcome. It remains the cornerstone of medical practice though may be affected in this era of COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the doctor-patient relationship.Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary health facility in Enugu State South-East Nigeria. It involved all the doctors working in the hospital as at the time of data collection. Patients that attended the general out-patient clinic of the hospital were selected using convenience sampling. One hundred and eighty six (186) doctors and 155 patients participated in the study. A similarly structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from both the doctors and the patients.Results: There was disparity in some of the studied aspect of the doctor-patient relationship as reported by the doctors and the patients. The prominent being the social distancing practice which almost all the patients (91.6%) said that it has affected their relationship with their doctors while only about half of the doctors (52.7%) agreed to this assertion. However both parties agreed that the level of physical examination have reduced to the barest minimum.Conclusions: The present COVID-19 pandemic have affected the doctor-patient relationship adversely.

scholarly journals Factors associated with incomplete immunisation in children aged 12–23 months at subnational level, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e047445
Author(s):  
Paul Eze ◽  
Ujunwa Justina Agu ◽  
Chioma Lynda Aniebo ◽  
Sergius Alex Agu ◽  
Lucky Osaheni Lawani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Immunisation Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Local District ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Enugu State

ObjectivesNational immunisation coverage rate masks subnational immunisation coverage gaps at the state and local district levels. The objective of the current study was to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with incomplete immunisation in children at a sub-national level.DesignCross-sectional study using the WHO sampling method (2018 Reference Manual).SettingFifty randomly selected clusters (wards) in four districts (two urban and two rural) in Enugu state, Nigeria.Participants1254 mothers of children aged 12–23 months in July 2020.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFully immunised children and not fully immunised children.ResultsFull immunisation coverage (FIC) rate in Enugu state was 78.9% (95% CI 76.5% to 81.1%). However, stark difference exists in FIC rate in urban versus rural districts. Only 55.5% of children in rural communities are fully immunised compared with 94.5% in urban communities. Significant factors associated with incomplete immunisation are: children of single mothers (aOR=5.74, 95% CI 1.45 to 22.76), children delivered without skilled birth attendant present (aOR=1.93, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.99), children of mothers who did not receive postnatal care (aOR=6.53, 95% CI 4.17 to 10.22), children of mothers with poor knowledge of routine immunisation (aOR=1.76, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.87), dwelling in rural district (aOR=7.49, 95% CI 4.84 to 11.59), low-income families (aOR=1.56, 95% CI 1.17 to 2.81) and living further than 30 min from the nearest vaccination facility (aOR=2.15, 95% CI 1.31 to 3.52).ConclusionsAlthough the proportion of fully immunised children in Enugu state is low, it is significantly lower in rural districts. Study findings suggest the need for innovative solutions to improve geographical accessibility and reinforce the importance of reporting vaccination coverage at local district level to identify districts for more targeted interventions.

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