Depression, anxiety and stress amongst students in science verses non-science stream: a comparative study

Background: Depression (D), anxiety (A) and stress (S) are common issues among students nowadays. The occurrence of D, A, and S was primarily considered to be associated with the students’ academics, especially in twelfth standard because these groups are highly vulnerable to immense pressure, rising competition for undergraduate courses and constant changes in the education system. The objective of this study was to find the comparative magnitude of occurrence and severity of D, A, and S in the science and non-science stream among twelfth standard students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out across 460 students of twelfth standard from all streams. A socio-demographic questionnaire along with DASS-42 was distributed. The scores were calculated and percentage, mean scores, standard deviation, p values, odds ratio were obtained.Results: A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean scores of depression and anxiety among science and non-science students (p<0.005). Students belonging to science stream showed more depression and anxiety overall as well as when compared on basis of age groups. Similar results were also observed among science students who said it was not their own decision to choose their stream. Anxiety was found to be higher in science students from nuclear families where as depression was higher in those from joint family. On the contrary, occurrence of all states was found to be more in females of non-science field as compared to science field.Conclusions: Along with academic pressure, various other factors like gender, voluntary choice of stream, type of student’s family etc. contributed to D, A, and S in students.

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The influence of varying maxillary central incisor vertical dimension on perceived smile aesthetics

Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1177/1465312519839713 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 137-142

Author(s):

Elis Janaina Lira dos Santos ◽

Alana Moura Xavier Dantas ◽

Raíssa Marçal Vilela ◽

Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago de Lima ◽

Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Educational Background ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Central Incisor ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Maxillary Central Incisor ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Objective: To evaluate patient perception of the smile focused on analysis of the upper incisors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry at Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil. Participants: The sample consisted of 135 individuals (73 women and 62 men). Methods: Images with different characteristics associated with the incisal edges were shown at random and analysed using a Likert scale. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test with a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). Results: Smile I (difference of 1.5 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) was considered the most aesthetic, while Smile III (no difference in height between the central and lateral incisors) was the least aesthetic. A significant difference was found between perception of smile II (difference of 1 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) and age groups ( P < 0.005), with 31% (n = 13) of individuals aged 45–64 years considering smile II as not pleasant, 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years and 8.3% (n=4) aged 25–44 years and 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years considering the same. A significant difference was also found in relation to educational background of the assessor and smile perception, with smile III ( P = 0.0441) and smile IV ( P = 0.0053) considered the most aesthetic ( P = 0.0116). Conclusion: The smile considered most attractive among the sample was that with 1.5 mm steepness between the central and lateral incisors, while a flat smile arc was considered least attractive.

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Investigating social media statistics of usage and its determinant factors in students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2018: A cross-sectional study.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-257862/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hiva Bozorgpanah ◽

Ghobad Moradi ◽

Pourya Bahrami ◽

Elham Noori ◽

Mohammad Pourya Ezati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Determinant Factors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Improper Use ◽

Spss Software ◽

Use Of Social Media

Abstract Background and Aim: the present study was conducted to investigate social media statistics of usage and its determinant factors in students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2018.Materials and Methods: This study is a cross-sectional-analytical study. The total of 380 students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences were randomly selected by Probability Proportional to Size Sampling method, from the lists of the students in each faculty. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, organized in four sections. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics by SPSS software version 21.Results: Based on the results of this study 373 (98.2%) of the sample students were on social media, which the most popular ones among them were Telegram (94.1%), Instagram (78.8%) and Whatsapp (61.9%), respectively. The average time spent on social media among students was reported to be 2.78 hours per day and is a significant difference between age groups in terms of attitudes toward using social media (P = 0.031).Conclusion: the results of this study suggested that the majority of students use social media. Since improper use of social media can exert unfortunate effects on different aspects of life of students, and negatively influence their education.

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Relationship of occupational health and safety training with health literacy among employees working in the various lines of business

Zinc supplementation improves heme biosynthesis in rats exposed to lead ◽

10.18051/univmed.2020.v39.171-177 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 171

Author(s):

Nergiz Sevinc ◽

Burcu Korkut

Keyword(s):

Health Literacy ◽

Occupational Health ◽

Age Groups ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Occupational Health And Safety ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adult Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Scale Scores

Background Health literacy is vital for people’s ability to manage health. It has been known for a long time that the importance of education in increasing health literacy is an undeniable fact. The first aim of this study was to investigate the health literacy levels of employees working in different business lines receiving service from the occupational health and safety unit. The second aim was to reveal how health literacy levels are affected according to the training duration. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 202 employees receiving service from the Karabuk occupational health and safety unit. The employees were divided into three groups as workers, officers and others. All employees were given the questionnaire consisting of 31 questions including sociodemographic characteristics and the adult health literacy scale. A face-to-face interview was performed with each of the employees. Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze the data. Results The range of adult health literacy scale scores of the employees was 4-23. There was no significant difference in adult health literacy scale scores between age groups (p=0.38). The percentage of employees who received more than 16 hours training course was 19.3%, 20.6%, and 46.7% for workers, civil servants and other employees, respectively. Adult health literacy scale scores increased in proportion to the amount of training the employees received (p=0.001). Conclusion This study reveals that occupational health training has a positive effect on health literacy.

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Prevalence and risk factors for myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria

African Vision and Eye Health ◽

10.4102/aveh.v76i1.369 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Uchenna C. Atowa ◽

Alvin J. Munsamy ◽

Samuel O. Wajuihian

Keyword(s):

School Children ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Age Groups ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Significant Difference

Aim: To study the prevalence of myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in public and private (primary and secondary) schools. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used for selecting participants aged between 8 and 15 years from 12 schools in Aba, Nigeria. Data were analysed for 1197 children who underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The children were divided according to the following criteria: age groups (group 1 [8–11 years] or group 2 [12–15 years]), gender (male or female), level of education (primary or secondary) and type of school (public or private). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D in the poorer eye.Results: The prevalence of myopia was estimated to be 2.7%. Of the 96 children with refractive error, 78.1% were uncorrected. In using logistic regression analysis, risk of developing myopia was associated with older age groups (odds ratio [OR]: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–9.11; p < 0.010) and higher level of education (OR: 1.73; 95% CI, 1.05–2.86; p < 0.030). There was no significant difference in myopia prevalence between male and female children (p = 0.89).Conclusion: Although the prevalence of myopia and overall prevalence of refractive error in school children in Aba were low, the high prevalence of uncorrected refractive error is a significant public health problem. An effective and sustainable children’s vision screening programme is needed to prevent visual impairment and blindness.

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Behavior of fetal longitudinal myocardial fibers assessed by speckle tracking to obtain strain and strain rate values for low-risk pregnancies

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2019-0342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 144-152

Author(s):

Mariana Biancardi ◽

Renato Augusto Moreira de Sa

Keyword(s):

Strain Rate ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Speckle Tracking ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Observer Agreement ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Strain And Strain Rate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Myocardial Fibers

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the behavior of fetal longitudinal myocardial fibers assessed by speckle tracking (STE) after fetal viability.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in 156 women with normal singleton pregnancies from 22 to 31 weeks of gestation. Strain (S) and strain rate (SR) values were measured in both ventricles during the fetal cardiac cycle. The population was divided into five gestational age groups based on 2-week intervals. The correlations of maternal variables with the S and SR variables and intra-observer analysis were performed.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the S and SR values of the left ventricle (LV) among the gestational age groups (P = 0.007). Significantly higher S and SR values were observed in early age groups demonstrating reductions in LV S and SR values at 26 weeks, followed by stabilization. For the right ventricle (RV), there was no significant difference between gestational age groups. Significant intra-observer agreement was observed for S values of the RV (P = 0.008) and LV (P = 0.0004) and SR values of the RV (P = 0.0001) and LV (P = 0.015).ConclusionDecreases in the S and SR values of the LV occurred after 26 weeks, followed by stabilization. No significant difference was observed in the S or SR value of the RV among the gestational age groups, and no significant association of any maternal variable evaluated with S and SR values was observed. Significant intra-observer agreement was obtained among the results.

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Keratoconus staging by decades: a baseline ABCD classification of 1000 patients in the Homburg Keratoconus Center

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316789 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316789

Author(s):

Elias Flockerzi ◽

Kassandra Xanthopoulou ◽

Susanne Christiane Goebels ◽

Elena Zemova ◽

Sonia Razafimino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Grading System ◽

Matched Pairs ◽

Corneal Curvature ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stage Distribution ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Advanced Stages

BackgroundThis retrospective cross-sectional study aims to analyse the keratoconus (KC) stage distribution at different ages within the Homburg Keratoconus Center (HKC).Methods1917 corneae (1000 patients) were allocated to decades of age, classified according to Belin’s ABCD KC grading system and the stage distribution was analysed.Results73 per cent (n=728) of the patients were males, 27% (n=272) were females. The highest KC prevalence occurred between 21 and 30 years (n=585 corneae, 294 patients). Regarding anterior (A) and posterior (B) curvature, the frequency of A was significantly higher than B in all age groups for stage 0, 1 and 2 (A0>B0; A1>B1; A2>B2; p<0.03, Wilcoxon matched-pairs test). There was no significant difference between the number of A3 and B3, but significantly more corneae were classified as B4 than A4 in all age groups (p<0.02). The most frequent A|B combinations were A4|B4 (n=451), A0|B0 (n=311), A2|B4 (n=242), A2|B2 (n=189) and A1|B2 (n=154). Concerning thinnest pachymetry (C), most corneae in all age groups were classified as C0>C1>C2>C3>C4 (p<0.04, Wilcoxon matched-pairs test). For the best distance visual acuity (D), a significantly higher number of corneae were classified as D1 compared to D0 (p<0.008; D1>D0>D2>D3>D4).ConclusionThe stage distributions in all age groups were similar. Early KC rather becomes manifest in the posterior than the anterior corneal curvature whereas advanced stages of posterior corneal curvature coincide with early and advanced stages of anterior corneal curvature. Thus, this study emphasises the necessity of posterior corneal surface assessment in KC as enabled by the ABCD grading system.

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A Cross-Sectional Study of Moral Development in the South African Context

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3.851 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 78 (3) ◽

pp. 851-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kevin Smith ◽

Angina Parekh

Keyword(s):

Moral Development ◽

South African ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The South ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Black And White ◽

Significant Difference ◽

African Context ◽

Moral Choices

This study has two aims, to examine aspects of Kohlberg's claims of universality within a unique research context and to explore differences in moral development between black and white South Africans. 81 participants from four different age groups were administered Form A of Kohlberg's moral judgement interviews. Analysis supported the age-relatedness of Kohlberg's stages of moral development and provided some support for the notion that the stages should be evident in various cultures. A significant difference in moral development between black and white groups in the 19- to 28-yr. age group was found. Further, black and white groups had different concerns when justifying moral choices. The results were discussed in the context of the South African system, which until recently has been one of institutionalised racial division.

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Fatigue in patients with epilepsy and its association with depression and sleep quality

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20130075 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 71 (8) ◽

pp. 533-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gisele S. M. Leite Neves ◽

Marleide da Mota Gomes

Keyword(s):

Sleep Quality ◽

Daytime Sleepiness ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tertiary Center ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patients With Epilepsy

OBJECTIVE: It was to evaluate the relationships between fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, depression and anxiety. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on 98 unselected adult patients with epilepsy (PWE) at a tertiary center. It used clinical-sociodemographic characteristics, fatigue measured by the SF-36 vitality subscale (VsSF-36) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. RESULTS: We observed that our patients presented vitality or fatigue similar to drivers with chronic headaches evaluated in the same city. Fatigue was related to depression, anxiety and sleep quality, but not to daytime sleepiness. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted and we observed that fatigue was independently correlated with depression and quality of sleep. However, no significant difference was observed regarding seizure frequency or number of antiepileptic drugs. CONCLUSION: Fatigue needs to be studied more in PWE, and its risk factors need to be controlled, along with sleep quality and psychiatric disorders.

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Using a screening tool to identify the auditory behavior of students who are learning to read and write

Revista CEFAC ◽

10.1590/1982-0216/202123413020 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Giulia Ádni Viana Santos ◽

Maria Luiza Lopes Timóteo de Lima ◽

Manoelina Xavier Cavalcante ◽

Leonardo Gleygson Angelo Venâncio ◽

Cleide Fernandes Teixeira

Keyword(s):

School Performance ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Screening Tool ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Learning To Read ◽

Significance Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Auditory Behavior

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the use of a screening tool, by teachers, to identify the auditory behavior of students who are learning to read and write. Methods: a cross-sectional study including 22 students who answered the Fisher’s Auditory Problems Checklist (QFISHER). The analysis of this questionnaire approached the categories of hearing, attention, memory, language, and school performance. The chi-square statistical test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the scores between the age groups, considering the 5% significance level. Results: school performance had the worst frequency in QFISHER (87.72%), followed by attention (62.10%), language (60.53%), and hearing (59.65%). The median revealed worse assessment in school performance (100.0%) followed by attention (60.0%). The QFISHER overall score was 66.7%. The comparison between age groups did not reveal any significant difference for the domains assessed. Conclusion: the QFISHER, used by teachers, as a screening tool for children who are learning to read and write, can identify behavioral changes suggestive of auditory processing disorder, broadening the possibility of early interventions.

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Frequency Distribution of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes with Reference to Age and Sex in Various Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

EMJ Hepatology ◽

10.33590/emjhepatol/20-00268 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 83-88

Author(s):

Bakht Biland ◽

Mohsina Haq ◽

Sardar Muhammad ◽

Mohsan Subhani ◽

Syed Gardezi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Female Population ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Age And Sex ◽

Genotype 3A

Background: Pakistan has the second highest prevalence of hepatitis C in the world after Egypt. Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Pakistan and, worryingly, reinfection rates are also on the rise. This cross-sectional study was aimed at finding the most common genotypes of hepatitis C in terms of age and sex in a Pakistani cohort. Materials and methods: The authors collected blood samples from 1,260 patients with diagnosed hepatitis C visiting a primary teaching hospital affiliated with Peshawar Medical College, Pakistan, from different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, between January 2017 and April 2019. Hepatitis C virus RNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and genotyping was then performed. Results: The authors found that genotype 3a was the most prevalent type followed by 1a, mixed, and 3b, respectively. Genotypes 2a and 1b were the least prevalent in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The most common genotype was 3a, observed in 75.87% of cases. The most common mixed genotype was 3a+1a, observed in 39 cases (3.10%); it had a prevalence of 3.49% in females compared with 2.70% in males. Overall, the most common age group affected by hepatitis C virus was 41–50 years (31.35%), followed by the 51–60 years group (24.45%). Infection rate was comparatively low in other age groups. A significant difference was observed in the prevalence of genotype 3a and 2a among different districts. Conclusion: The authors concluded that genotype 3a was the most prevalent genotype and it was observed more frequently in the female population, with a median age of 45 years.

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