scholarly journals Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in learning and memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millena Amélia Fontes Baptista ◽  
Maria Fernanda Ribeiro Farias ◽  
Luma Lainny Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Wynni Gabrielly Pereira de Oliveira ◽  
Rafaella Dias Galvão
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Large Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Eric Kandel ◽  
Bibliographic Study

Introduction: The identification of where the different types of information are stored was one of the first questions asked about the memory neurobiology. The researchers wanted to know if there would be a large “memory center” or if there were multiple locations in the brain responsible for its storage. Therefore, a bibliographical research was carried out for the scientific knowledge of the theme. Methodology: Is a bibliographic study, carried out through a literary survey in the Google Scholar and SciELO databases, in addition to neuroscience textbooks. Results: The behavior observed in the learning process of the aplysya slug at the cellular and molecular level was developed from an experimental system made by Eric Kandel, austrian physician and neuroscientist. To try to explain these behavioral phenomena, Kandel sought to understand the functioning of the sinatic phenomena, studying the sinaptic transmission between neurons at the time the reflexes occur. Thus, it determined the molecular and cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity of aplysia, similar to vertebrate systems. Conclusions: In view of the clarifications of the components involved in the neural circuits, two stages that participate in the learning and memory process are considered: the first would be the acquisition of a short-lived memory, resulting from a transient reinforcement of the synapses, due to the modification of preexisting proteins. And the second consolidation, characterized by a persistent reinforcement of synapses, due to changes in gene expression, followed by protein synthesis, resulting in new synaptic connections.

scholarly journals Synaptic Plasticity and its Modulation by Alcohol

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosef Avchalumov ◽  
Chitra D. Mandyam
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
The Brain

Alcohol is one of the oldest pharmacological agents used for its sedative/hypnotic effects, and alcohol abuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD) continues to be major public health issue. AUD is strongly indicated to be a brain disorder, and the molecular and cellular mechanism/s by which alcohol produces its effects in the brain are only now beginning to be understood. In the brain, synaptic plasticity or strengthening or weakening of synapses, can be enhanced or reduced by a variety of stimulation paradigms. Synaptic plasticity is thought to be responsible for important processes involved in the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity, and occurs via N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR or GluN) dependent and independent mechanisms. In particular, NMDARs are a major target of alcohol, and are implicated in different types of learning and memory. Therefore, understanding the effect of alcohol on synaptic plasticity and transmission mediated by glutamatergic signaling is becoming important, and this will help us understand the significant contribution of the glutamatergic system in AUD. In the first part of this review, we will briefly discuss the mechanisms underlying long term synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum, neocortex and the hippocampus. In the second part we will discuss how alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) can modulate long term synaptic plasticity in these three brain regions, mainly from neurophysiological and electrophysiological studies. Taken together, understanding the mechanism(s) underlying alcohol induced changes in brain function may lead to the development of more effective therapeutic agents to reduce AUDs.

Resilience: Mediated by not one but many appraisal mechanisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Causal Process ◽  
Appraisal Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Goal Appraisal ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Brain

AbstractKalisch et al. discuss the causal process underlying stress in terms of a multidimensional goal-appraisal process, but there are several mechanisms at various levels of the brain that use different types of information to guide behavior. Depending on the mechanism, the characteristics of the process are different. Hence, both research and prevention must deal with appraisal in mechanism-specific ways.

Learning, Neurogenesis, and Effects of Flavonoids on Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asan Yalmaz Hasan Almulla ◽  
Rasim Mogulkoc ◽  
Abdulkerim Kasim Baltaci ◽  
Dervis Dasdelen
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hippocampal Neurogenesis ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mature Neurons ◽  
Dependent Learning ◽  
The Brain

: Learning and memory are two of our mind's most magical abilities. Different brain regions have roles in processing and storing different types of memories. The hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for receiving information and storing it in the neocortex. One of the most impressive characteristics of the hippocampus is its capacity for neurogenesis, which is a process in which new neurons are produced and then transformed into mature neurons and finally integrated into neural circuits. The neurogenesis process in the hippocampus, an example of neuroplasticity in the adult brain, is believed to aid hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. New neurons are constantly produced in the hippocampus and integrated into the pre-existing neuronal network; this allows old memories already stored in the neocortex to be removed from the hippocampus and replaced with new ones. Factors affecting neurogenesis in the hippocampus may also affect hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. The flavonoids can particularly exert powerful actions in mammalian cognition and improve hippocampal-dependent learning and memory by positively affecting hippocampal neurogenesis.

Effect of central amiloride infusion on mineralocorticoid hypertension

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (5) ◽  
pp. E754-E758 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Gomez-Sanchez ◽  
C. E. Gomez-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Na Channel ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Subcutaneous Infusion ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Infusion ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain

There is strong evidence from different types of studies, including the discrete infusion of agonists and antagonists and ablation of specific brain areas or transmitter-type neurons, that mineralocorticoids, in excess, act in the brain to elevate blood pressure. Aldosterone enhances the entry of Na+ through amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels in some mineralocorticoid-sensitive transport epithelial cells. To define possible cellular mechanisms involved in central mineralocorticoid action, benzamil, an amiloride analogue with selective affinity for the Na+ channel, was continuously infused intracerebroventricularly in three mineralocorticoid-dependent hypertension models in Sprague-Dawley rats, the continuous subcutaneous infusion of aldosterone, the intracerebroventricular infusion of aldosterone, and the ingestion of carbenoxolone, a synthetic licorice analogue. The intracerebroventricular infusion of 0.3 and 0.5 micrograms/h of benzamil, doses that did not have an adverse effect on growth and that had no effect on the blood pressure when infused subcutaneously, prevented the increase in blood pressure in these models. The infusion of these levels of benzamil had no effect on urine volume even in those animals in which it prevented an increase in blood pressure. These data suggest that the central effects of mineralocorticoids on blood pressure are mediated, at least in part, by the effects of mineralocorticoids on amiloride-sensitive sodium transport.

scholarly journals SEMIAUTOMATIC DETECTION OF TUMORAL ZONE

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezzeddine Zagrouba ◽  
Walid Barhoumi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Fuzzy Classification ◽  
Robust Method ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Segmentation Algorithms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fuzzy C Means Algorithm

This paper describes a robust method based on the cooperation of fuzzy classification and regions segmentation algorithms, in order to detect the tumoral zone in the brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). On one hand, the classification in fuzzy sets is done by the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm (FCM), where a study of its different parameters and its complexity has been previously realised, which led us to improve it. On the other hand, the segmentation in regions is obtained by an hierarchical method through adaptive thresholding. Then, an operator expert selects a germ in the tumoral zone, and the class containing the sick zone is localised in return for the FCM algorithm. Finally, the superposition of the two partitions of the image will determine the sick zone. The originality of our approach is the parallel exploitation of different types of information in the image by the cooperation of two complementary approaches. This allows us to carry out a pertinent approach for the detection of sick zone in MRI images.

scholarly journals The Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience from a Learning and Memory Perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 197-205
Author(s):  
Robert E. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Behavioral Neuroscience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Memory Perspective ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Eric Kandel

The discipline of behavioral neuroscience grew out of earlier incarnations such as biological psychology, physiological psychology, and psychobiology. All of these labels essentially refer to the idea that the principles of biology could be productively applied to the study of topics that had been studied before, but only from a more psychological perspective. These topics would include, but are not limited to, motivation, sensation, perception, sleep, emotion, and learning and memory. In this brief review, I focus on the topic of learning and memory and provide a history of the important milestones in the development of ideas about how the brain biologically accomplishes the task of learning and memory. Included are the early ideas of Plato, René Descartes, Théodule Ribot, et al. The review continues to the modern era of learning and memory research that begins with the description of H.M. by Brenda Milner, as well as the gradual discovery that the brain contains multiple learning and memory systems that operate in fundamentally different ways and that are supported by anatomically discrete brain structures. I conclude with a brief description of the work that lead to 2000 Nobel Prize being awarded to Eric Kandel and the 2014 Nobel Prize being awarded to John O’Keefe, Edvard Moser, and May-Britt Moser.

“Where is Dementia?” A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Neuroanatomical Aspects of Dementia

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chorong Oh ◽  
Leonard LaPointe
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Precise Diagnosis ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Language Literature

Dementia is a condition caused by and associated with separate physical changes in the brain. The signs and symptoms of dementia are very similar across the diverse types, and it is difficult to diagnose the category by behavioral symptoms alone. Diagnostic criteria have relied on a constellation of signs and symptoms, but it is critical to understand the neuroanatomical differences among the dementias for a more precise diagnosis and subsequent management. With this regard, this review aims to explore the neuroanatomical aspects of dementia to better understand the nature of distinctive subtypes, signs, and symptoms. This is a review of English language literature published from 1996 to the present day of peer-reviewed academic and medical journal articles that report on older people with dementia. This review examines typical neuroanatomical aspects of dementia and reinforces the importance of a thorough understanding of the neuroanatomical characteristics of the different types of dementia and the differential diagnosis of them.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Effect of sleep on memory for binding different types of visual information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J Shaw ◽  
Zhisen Urgolites ◽  
Padraic Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information

Visual long-term memory has a large and detailed storage capacity for individual scenes, objects, and actions. However, memory for combinations of actions and scenes is poorer, suggesting difficulty in binding this information together. Sleep can enhance declarative memory of information, but whether sleep can also boost memory for binding information and whether the effect is general across different types of information is not yet known. Experiments 1 to 3 tested effects of sleep on binding actions and scenes, and Experiments 4 and 5 tested binding of objects and scenes. Participants viewed composites and were tested 12-hours later after a delay consisting of sleep (9pm-9am) or wake (9am-9pm), on an alternative forced choice recognition task. For action-scene composites, memory was relatively poor with no significant effect of sleep. For object-scene composites sleep did improve memory. Sleep can promote binding in memory, depending on the type of information to be combined.

Types of refractive errors and methods for their diagnosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Olga Lemzyakova
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Vision Correction ◽  
Light Rays ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
The Brain

Refraction of the eye means its ability to bend (refract) light in its own optical system. In a normal state, which is called emmetropia, light rays passing through the optical system of the eye focus on the retina, from where the impulse is transmitted to the visual cortex of the brain and is analyzed there. A person sees equally well both in the distance and near in this situation. However, very often, refractive errors develop as a result of various types of influences. Myopia, or short-sightedness, occurs when the light rays are focused in front of the retina as a result of passing through the optical system of the eye. In this case, a person will clearly distinguish close objects and have difficulties in seeing distant objects. On the opposite side is development of farsightedness (hypermetropia), in which the focusing of light rays occurs behind the retina — such a person sees distant objects clearly, but outlines of closer objects are out of focus. Near vision impairment in old age is a natural process called presbyopia, it develops due to the lens thickening. Both myopia and hypermetropia can have different degrees of severity. The variant, when different refractive errors are observed in different eyes, is called anisometropia. In the same case, if different types of refraction are observed in the same eye, it is astigmatism, and most often it is a congenital pathology. Almost all of the above mentioned refractive errors require correction with spectacles or use of contact lenses. Recently, people are increasingly resorting to the methods of surgical vision correction.

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