scholarly journals A. Maas, H. Hooijmaijers (eds.), Scientific Research in World War II: What Scientist did in the War

2011 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
D. Baneke
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
World War

scholarly journals Sir Frederick William George White, C. B. E., 26 May 1905 - 17 August 1994

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 497-521
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Professional Lives ◽  
World War ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Australian Council ◽  
Australian Science

Sir Frederick White was one of the most influential men in Australian science during and after World War II. At the comparatively early age of 39, he resigned from his Chair of Physics at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand, to become an Executive Officer of the Australian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (C.S.I.R.). Many years later he was to write ‘In doing so I abandoned any future personal activity in scientific research. I have never regretted doing so.’ His acceptance of the challenge to participate in leading C.S.I.R. had a profound influence on the advancement of Australian science and on the professional lives of the scientists involved.

African Studies in Czechoslovakia: Achievements and Perspectives

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Peter Skalník
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
African Studies ◽  
World War ◽  
Dark Continent ◽  
Zambezi River

Scientific research of African societies and cultures in Czechoslovakia has developed only in the last two decades. Nevertheless, to precede the research there was a relatively extensive background shaped by the tradition of travelers whose interest was centered especially on geography, biology, and descriptive and collective ethnography. The most important of these travelers were Dr. Emil Holub (1847-1902), who crossed South Africa as far as the Zambezi River and published several books, most of which are now available in English, about his experiences; Remedius Prutký, a missionary who visited Ethiopia in 1751-1753 and not only described his travels but even compiled a vocabulary of the Amharic language; and Dr. Stecker and Čeněk Paclt, who traveled in the nineteenth century through Ethiopia and South Africa, respectively. In the twentieth century there was a considerable number of Czechoslovak travelers who acquainted their compatriots with the “Dark Continent.” Before World War II, three professor of Semitology at Charles University, Prague -- R. Dvořák, R. Ru̇žička, and A. Musil -- started to study Ethiopian languages and history. The well-known Austrian scholar of Czech origin, Dr. Pavel Šebesta (Schebesta) became one of the best specialists in the anthropology and ethnography of the Pygmies.

scholarly journals Georg von Neumayer: his influence on marine meteorology in the German Meteorological Service

2011 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Kusch ◽  
Reinhold Zöllner ◽  
Frank-Ulrich Dentler
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
World War ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Marine Meteorology

Georg von Neumayer achieved outstanding scientific results and created the organisational framework for the successful completion of scientific tasks. Returning from Australia, Neumayer aimed to set up in Germany a state-owned centre for marine meteorology, hydrography, navigation, marine instruments and geomagnetism, with an emphasis on scientific research with practical application of the findings. Since 1868, a successfully operating private institute, Norddeutsche Seewarte, had existed in Hamburg. This institute provided instructions for sailing routes and the optimal use of favourable winds and currents. In 1875, the institute was transformed into an imperial institution, the ‘Deutsche Seewarte’ (German Marine Observatory), with a broad spectrum of marine responsibilities including meteorological forecasts and warnings, data acquisition and management, and climatology. Its first director was Georg von Neumayer, who led it to worldwide recognition. In 1903, he retired but the Deutsche Seewarte continued in his spirit. At the end of World War II, the institute was destroyed by bombs and ceased to exist. Today, the tasks are shared between Marine Meteorological Office of the Deutscher Wetterdienst specialising in the marine meteorological and related topics and the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency.

Values of "pure science": Nishina Yoshio's wartime discourse between nationalism and physics, 1940-1945

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Ito
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
National Identities ◽  
World War ◽  
Pure Science ◽  
Nuclear Power Project ◽  
Power Project

This paper discusses Nishina Yoshio's attitude toward World War II and scientific research during the war. Nishina was the leading Japanese physicist in interwar Japan and the chief scientist of Japan's wartime nuclear power project. The paper describes how Nishina was caught between conflicting norms of his professional and national identities and how he tried to resolve the conflicts.

scholarly journals Die nationalsozialistischen Propagandatexte in Bezug auf den Distrikt Lublin 1939–1944

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
World War ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich

Der Artikel soll einen kurzen Überblick über die Entstehung und Verbreitung der Propagandatexte im Distrikt Lublin geben. Das Textkorpus besteht aus den Texten über den Distrikt Lublin mit der damals größten Anzahl der verlegten Exemplare. Die damals von deutschen Journalisten, Archivaren, Historikern und Volkskundlern verfassten Texte waren vor allem als Propagandamittel für den Gebrauch der im Distrikt Lublin eingesetzten Deutschen, die über den ganzen Distrikt verstreut waren, gedacht. Zahlreiche Autoren haben sowohl gegenwärtige als auch geschichtliche Themenbereiche ins Auge gefasst. Mit Rücksicht auf den geplanten Weitergang des sog. Nationalsozialistischen Aufbaus wurden verschiedene Themenbereiche aufgeworfen. Das Ziel, der von den NS-Forschern „produzierten“ Texte über den Distrikt Lublin war vor allem die Festigung des deutschen Volkstums auf den besetzten Gebieten.National Socialist propaganda texts in relation to the Lublin district 1939–1944Propaganda texts published in the period of World War II by German journalists, historians and cultural analysts first of all consist of propaganda materials dedicated to Germans and Volksdeutsche scattered around the entire district. The corpus consists of texts about the Lublin district with the largest number of copies published at the time. The propaganda texts created in those times also aroused interest in the problems of Germans and Volksdeutsche from the General Governorate in the Third Reich. In relation to the National Socialist plan of “Aufbauarbeit” the texts addressed numerous topics which required scientific research of the district’s area and a statistical analysis. The aim of these texts “produced” by National Socialist researchers concerning the Lublin district was primarily to strengthen Germanness in the occupied areas.

Patronage and Science: Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy, and Oceanography at the Scripps Institution

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Rainger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
World War ◽  
Scripps Institution ◽  
The World ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

In the years between 1940 and 1955, American oceanography experienced considerable change. Nowhere was that more true than at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California. There Roger Revelle (1909-1991) played a major role in transforming a small, seaside laboratory into one of the leading oceanographic centers in the world. This paper explores the impact that World War II had on oceanography and his career. Through an analysis of his activities as a naval officer responsible for promoting oceanography in the navy and wartime civilian laboratories, this article examines his understanding of the relationship between military patronage and scientific research and the impact that this relationship had on disciplinary and institutional developments at Scripps.

The Summing Up: The Astonishing Successes of the LMB and the Dawn of a New Structural Biological Era

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-266
Author(s):  
John Meurig Thomas
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
World War ◽  
Cavendish Laboratory ◽  
Biological Unit ◽  
Immense Potential

The contrast between the related pre-World War II attitudes to scientific research and those of the current era are described and how this affects modern research. There follows a summary of the numerous major achievements in advanced research conducted at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) from its existence as a biological unit at the Cavendish Laboratory from 1957 onwards. The impressive commercial successes of the LMB, made possible by recent changes in the policy of the Medical Research Council, are also outlined. The second half of the chapter describes the arrival, importance, and immense potential of electron cryo-microscopy (which is described in a non-technical manner) in structural molecular biology, with examples drawn from the study of neurodegenerative diseases and other areas of biology.

The Evolution of Public Funding of Science in the United States From World War II to the Present

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kei Koizumi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Support ◽  
World War ◽  
Experimental Development ◽  
Vannevar Bush ◽  
The U.S

Large-scale U.S. government support of scientific research began in World War II with physics, and rapidly expanded in the postwar era to contribute strongly to the United States’ emergence as the world’s leading scientific and economic superpower in the latter half of the 20th century. Vannevar Bush, who directed President Franklin Roosevelt’s World War II science efforts, in the closing days of the War advocated forcefully for U.S. government funding of scientific research to continue even in peacetime to support three important government missions of national security, health, and the economy. He also argued forcefully for the importance of basic research supported by the federal government but steered and guided by the scientific community. This vision guided an expanding role for the U.S. government in supporting research not only at government laboratories but also in non-government institutions, especially universities. Although internationally comparable data are difficult to obtain, the U.S. government appears to be the single largest national funder of physics research. The U.S. government support of physics research comes from many different federal departments and agencies. Federal agencies also invest in experimental development based on research discoveries of physics. The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Science is by far the dominant supporter of physics research in the United States, and DOE’s national laboratories are the dominant performers of U.S. government-supported physics research. Since the 1970s, U.S. government support of physics research has been stagnant with the greatest growth in U.S. government research support having shifted since the 1990s to the life sciences and computer sciences.

Thomas Midgley and the Politics of Industrial Research

1980 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart W. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
General Motors ◽  
World War ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Gasoline Additives

The conventional distinctions between “practical” and “scientific” research and development can be misleading. The experience of Thomas Midgley, Jr., at the General Motors Corporation in the three decades before World War II, and especially his critical role in the development of “antiknock” gasoline additives, freon refrigerant, and synthetic rubber, illustrate this fact. Dr. Leslie demonstrates that the management of corporate research and development, especially as that management affects uniquely talented individuals whose interests do not necessarily reflect the immediate needs of the company as seen by management, is basic to success. To solve such problems as they arose, Charles F. Kettering, himself a sympathetic scientist as well as distinguished inventor, worked closely with chief executive Alfred P. Sloan, whose genius for solving managerial problems matched the scientific genius of the most brilliant men in the General Motors laboratories.

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