scholarly journals FNAC as a Diagnostic Tool in the Evaluation of Cytomorphological Spectrum of Peripheral Lymphadenopathy along with Histopathological Agreement - An Experience in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital of Northern India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (49) ◽  
pp. 2937-2942
Author(s):  
Sima Chauhan ◽  
Simanta Kumar Behera
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Tertiary Teaching ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions

BACKGROUND Lymphadenopathy is one of the commonest presentations in clinical practice. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is an established, easy, cost effective, diagnostic tool for lymphadenopathies. Judicious application of FNAC can avoid the need of biopsy. We wanted to compare the accuracy of FNAC and histological analysis of peripheral lymphadenopathy among patients visiting the Departments of Oncology, Pathology, Surgery of K.D. Medical College and determine the most prevalent cause of peripheral lymphadenopathy among different age groups of patients. METHODS This study was done among cases of peripheral lymphadenopathy whose FNAC & biopsy were available. 112 cases of lymph node FNACs were carried out in the Dept. of Pathology for a period of one and half years from July 2018 till December 2019. Special stains were used whenever necessary. RESULTS Out of 112 cases studied 68 cases were male and 44 cases were female. Ratio of M : F = 1.5. The commonest anatomical site for lymphadenopathy was cervical (70 %) followed by supraclavicular (13 %) and axillary (10 %). Coming to the spectrum of the disease 103 cases (91.9 %) were non neoplastic lesions and 9 cases 8.03 % were neoplastic lesions. Reactive hyperplastic was the most common condition 51 cases (45.5 %) followed by tuberculosis 34 cases (30.35 %). Out of cases 9 cases (8.03 %) of malignancy, 5 cases (4.4 %) were metastatic deposits & 4 cases (3.57 %) were lymphomas. The peak age group ranged between 21 - 30 years. Cervical location of distribution of lymphadenopathy is noticed to be highest (70 %), which is then followed by, supra clavicular (13 %), axillary (10 %) and inguinal (5 %). (Maximum number of cases were found in the age group of 21 yr. - 30 yr., least number of cases seen in the age group of 61 yr. – 70 yr. Correlative study between cytopathological &and histopathological examination of lymphadenopathy showed diagnostic discordance in three cases and concordance in 109 cases. CONCLUSIONS Apart from reactive hyperplasia, tuberculosis is the commonest cause of lymphadenopathy & males are commonly affected. FNAC is a safe procedure with high degree of sensitivity and specificity and concordance of 96.64 % with histopathological diagnosis. For confirming the diagnosis of lymph nodes, histopathology is the gold standard. KEYWORDS Lymphadenopathy, FNAC, Histopathology, Biopsy, Tuberculosis

scholarly journals Study of Cytodiagnosis of Head and Neck Neoplastic Lesions and Comparison with Histopathology

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-122
Author(s):  
Maniyar U Amit ◽  
Harshid Laxmanbhai Patel ◽  
BH Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Excisional Biopsy ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Aspiration Cytology ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Neoplastic Lesion ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions

ABSTRACT Introduction The development of aspiration cytology is one of the biggest advances in anatomic pathology. Cancer has become one of the 10 leading causes of death in India. Head and neck neoplasia is a major form of cancer in India, accounting for 23% of all cancers in males and 6% in females. The advantages of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are: it is safe, sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of malignancy, gives a rapid report, requires little equipment, causes minimal discomfort to the patient, is an out patient procedure, repeatable and cost effective avoids the use of frozen section, reduces the rate of exploratory procedures and allows a definitive diagnosis of inoperable cases. FNAC is of particular relevance in head and neck lesions because of easy assessibility, excellent patient compliance, minimally invasive nature of procedure and helping to avoid surgery in non-neoplastic lesions, inflammatory conditions and also some tumors. Aims and objectives To test the utility of FNAC, to establish the diagnostic accuracy of cytology by comparison with histopathology diagnosis and to establish the sensitivity and specificity of this technique in head and neck neoplastic lesion. Materials and methods The present study was undertaken in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nashik, between January 2008 and June 2009. Results In the present study, maximum number of aspirates from head and neck neoplastic lesions were found to be of lymph nodes (56.37%). Of the total 378 cases, 71.69% were malignant. 6th decade was the most common age group affected (26.46%). Mean age group was found to be 45.84 years. Males were more commonly affected (65.34%). The male to female ratio was 1.8:1. Out of 92 cases available for follow-up, 85.87% of the cases were same as histopathological diagnosis. Summary and conclusion Excisional biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of head and neck neoplastic lesion, cytological study can establish the diagnosis of the majority of head and neck neoplastic lesions and can be recommended as an adjunct to histopathology. How to cite this article Amit MU, Patel HL, Parmar BH. Study of Cytodiagnosis of Head and Neck Neoplastic Lesions and Comparison with Histopathology. Int J Head Neck Surg 2013; 4(3):119-122.

scholarly journals CLINICOHISTOPATHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF NASAL AND SINONASAL LESIONS: A STUDY FROM CENTRAL INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjiri G Khade ◽  
Rekha N Patil ◽  
Dinkar T Kumbhalkar ◽  
Suwarna B Patil ◽  
Pradip S Umap
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Central India ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
P Value ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Nasal and sinonasal lesions comprise common as well as rarest rare lesions. This region being a site of histopathologically diverse lesions, interests pathologists. Objectives: The study aimed to find out incidence of nasal and sinonasal lesion with frequency of non-neoplastic, neoplastic  lesions,  to study spectrum of lesions histopathologically along with correlation of clinical and radiology findings. Material and methods: It was a 2 year retrospective observational study involving 102 cases from January 2012 to December 2013 carried out at Government medical college, Nagpur. Study included all specimens received as nasal and sinonasal lesions. Complete clinical history and radiological findings were correlated with histopathology findings.  Results: Nasal and sinonasal lesions are rare having 1.07 % incidence rate. Majority of patients of nonneoplastic and benign neoplastic category belonged to 11-20 age group while malignancies were common in 41-50 age group. We encountered more neoplastic lesions (53.92%) compared to nonneoplastic lesion (46.08%).  Male to female ratio was 1.5:1. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of clinical diagnosis was 94.73%, 97.67 % and 96 % respectively while positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 98.18 % and 93.33 %. p value was 0.317. Discordance in clinic-histopathological diagnosis was in 5.88 % Conclusion: Though there was good correlation between clinicoradiology findings and histopathology, however in 5.88% discordant cases histopathology diagnosis led to significant alteration of treatment plan proving key role of histopathology diagnosis. Keywords: Benign, Central India, Clinicohistopathology, Profile, Malignant, Nasal, Sinonasal.

scholarly journals Histopathological study of nasal lesions: 2 years study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1217
Author(s):  
Nisha Jayantilal Parmar ◽  
Deepa P. Jethwani ◽  
Gauravi A. Dhruva
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Nasal Mass ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Histopathological Lesions ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions ◽  
Male To Female

ackground: Majority of the nasal lesions are polypoid. It is difficult to comment upon the nature of the nasal lesion- whether neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Hence histopathological examination is essential for both ENT surgeons as well as pathologists. Aim to study the incidence of different nasal lesion. Also, to find out frequency of inflammatory, benign and malignant conditions of nasal lesions and to compare various histopathological lesions of nasal mass in relation to age, sex and site distribution.Methods: The present study was undertaken in histopathology laboratory of Department of Pathology, P.D.U. medical college and hospital, Rajkot for period of 2 years from October 2013 to September 2015. A histopathological study of total 100 cases of nasal lesions was done. Tissue were processed and studied.Results: Out of 100 cases, 59 were males and 41 were females. Male to Female ratio was 1.44:1. Maximum numbers of nasal lesions were detected in age group of 11-20 years with 24 (24.00%) cases. Out of these 100 cases, 80 (80.00%) were non neoplastic and 20 (20.00%) were of neoplastic origin. In neoplastic lesions, 12(12.00%) were benign, 1 (1.00%) was borderline and 7 (7.00%) were malignant nasal lesions. Non neoplastic lesions were composed of the majority of cases followed by benign neoplastic lesions.Conclusions: Most of malignant neoplastic lesions were occurs after 40 years of age. Incidence of malignant neoplastic lesions was increase with advanced age.

scholarly journals Prospective Study on Histopathological Spectrum of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Lesions in a Teaching Hospital of Southern India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eslavath Aruna ◽  
V Kalyan Chakravarthy
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Tissue Sample ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Endoscopic Biopsies ◽  
Neoplastic Lesions ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Introduction: The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (UGIT) disorders are quite common in routine clinical practice and have high degree of morbidity and mortality. They can be studied by collecting tissue sample by way of fiberoptic endoscope and by subjecting the tissue to histopathological examination. Aim: To study the spectrum of histopathological lesions of UGIT lesions by endoscopy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study done in the Department of Pathology at PSIMS, Chinna Avutapalli, Andhra Pradesh, India, over a period of one year from March 2019 to February 2020 on 160 endoscopic biopsies. All UGIT endoscopic biopsies received were examined histopathologically. The data was entered into excel sheets and percentages and ratios were calculated. Results: Lesions of UGIT were more common in the age groups of 31 to 50 years and the male to female ratio was 1.9:1. The patient age ranged from 20 years to 78 years. Stomach was the common site for UGIT endoscopic biopsies i.e., 80 (50%) followed by oesophagus 50 (31.2%) and then duodenum 30 (18.7%). At all three sites, non-neoplastic lesions predominated over neoplastic lesions. The gastric malignancies were more common in antral and pyloric regions. Conclusion: Males in the fourth and fifth decades are more prone for UGIT lesions with predominance of chronic non-specific inflammatory conditions as compared to neoplastic conditions. Malignancy within the stomach, more commonly affects the antrum and pylorus. Malignant lesions are very rare in duodenum.

scholarly journals Histopathological Analysis of Endometrial Biopsy in Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
B Parajuli ◽  
G Pun ◽  
S Ranabhat ◽  
S Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Hydatidiform Mole ◽  
College Teaching ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Dilatation And Curettage ◽  
Partial Mole ◽  
Proliferative Endometrium ◽  
The Common

Objective: To study the spectrum of histopathological diagnosis of endometrial lesions and their distribution according to age. Methods: All the endometrium samples obtained by the procedure of dilatation and curettage and hysterectomy sent for histopathological examination at Pathology Department of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. The study duration was total 12 months ranging from July 2016 to June 2017. All the endometrial samples were processed, sectioned at 4 - 6 μm and stained with routine H & E stain. Patient’s data including age, sex, procedure of the biopsy taken and histopathological diagnosis were noted. A pathologist, using Olympus microscope, reported the slides. Cases were reviewed by a second pathologist whenever necessary. Results: A total of 128 cases were studied. The most common histopathological diagnosis was proliferative endometrium (28.9%) followed by disorder proliferative endometrium (15.65%). Most of the patients were in age group 36 - 45 years comprising 32.03%. Hydatidiform mole comprised of 7.03% and among Hydatidiform mole, partial mole was more common. Dilatation and curettage (82.8%) was the common procedure in compare to hysterectomy for the evaluation of endometrial lesions. Conclusions: In this study, we observed a variety of endometrial lesions. Most of them are benign; among benign, proliferative endometrium was the common histopathological diagnosis followed by disorder proliferative endometrium. Most common presenting age group was found to be at 36 - 45 years. In evaluation of hydatidiform mole, partial mole was more frequent in compare to complete mole. Conventional dilatation and curettage is the preferred method in developing countries with limited resource to screen endometrial lesion and therefore biopsy should be sent for histopathological examination. Thus histopathological examination of routinely stained hematoxylin and eosin is readily available and widely accepted standard technique for evaluation of the endometrial lesions.

Histopathological Study of Lesions of the Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Nasopharynx in a Tertiary Care Centre, Visakhapatnam over a Period of 2 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 3054-3059
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad Jagannadham ◽  
Lakshmi Latchupatula ◽  
Sravani Ponnada ◽  
Neelima Lalam ◽  
Raghunadhababu Gudipudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male Predominance

BACKGROUND A variety of non - neoplastic and neoplastic conditions involve the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx and these are very common lesions encountered in clinical practice. Histopathological examination of these lesions is the gold standard for diagnosis because management and prognosis vary among different lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the histopathological study of the lesions of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx in relation to their incidence, age, gender and site wise distribution and to compare the results with the available data. METHODS A study of 88 cases was conducted for a period of 2 years from August 2017 to July 2019. After fixation, Processing and Haematoxylin and Eosin staining and special stains histopathological diagnosis was made. RESULTS Among 88 total cases, 58 were males and 30 were females. A male predominance was observed with a male to female ratio of 1.93 : 1. They were more common in third, fourth and fifth decade of life. Malignant nasal lesions were seen after fourth decade of life. Nasal lesions were more common in nasal cavity (67.05 %), followed by paranasal sinuses (18.18 %) and nasopharynx (14.75). Out of 88 total cases, 39 (44.32 %) were non - neoplastic, 30 (34.09 %) were benign and 19 (21.59 %) were malignant nasal lesions. CONCLUSIONS Sinonasal lesions and nasopharyngeal lesions can have various differential diagnoses. A complete clinical, radiological and histopathological correlation helps to categorize these sinonasal lesions into various non - neoplastic and neoplastic types. But histopathological examination remains the mainstay of definitive diagnosis. KEYWORDS Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Nasopharynx, Benign Tumours, Malignant Tumours, Histopathological Examination

scholarly journals Prevalence and pattern of neck masses in pediatric patient: in Aseer Central Hospital, KSA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 791
Author(s):  
Jibril Yahya Hudise ◽  
Khalid Ali Alshehri ◽  
Radeif Eissa Shamakhey ◽  
Ali Khalid Alshehri
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patient ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neck Mass ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Central Hospital ◽  
Duct Cyst ◽  
Neck Masses

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Neck masses are a common complaint in children worldwide, and constitute a major indication for surgical consultation in many pediatric surgical centers. Most of the neck masses in children are benign in their nature and clinical course. The broad spectrum of etiology of neck masses that ranged from congenital benign to acquired neoplastic lesions is varied and related to multiple factors. This retrospective study was done with the objective to assess the distribution of neck masses related to gender, age, pathology, and anatomical location of neck masses in Aseer Central Hospital. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Medical records of 62 patients with neck masses were collected from the department of pathology at Aseer Central Hospital KSA. The cases were reviewed for data on gender, age, the type of origin tissue, the type of lesion, and the anatomical location. Comparison between genders, age groups, and tissue origins were performed. All statistical tests were performed with SPSS software. We exclude thyroid, parathyroid and salivary gland masses.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Over a period of 5 years, a total of 62 patients 53.2% and women 46.8% had neck masses resected for pathological assessments. The age of presentation was ranging from 1 to 14 years. 22.6% developed in (from 1 years to 5 years old), 38.7% developed in (6 to 10 years), and 38.7% developed, in (11 to 14 years). The histopathological diagnosis of the neck masses were congenital 40.3%, inflammatory 33.9%, and malignant tumor 25.8%. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The differential diagnosis of the pediatric neck mass includes a wide array of congenital, inflammatory, benign and malignant lesions. The exact diagnosis may only be obtained by histopathological examination. In our study the most common masses in pediatric patient thyroglossal duct cyst, all midline masses are congenital.</span></p>

scholarly journals Ascitic Fluid Cytology Seen in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 345-350
Author(s):  
CC Nwafor ◽  
K Obioha ◽  
TO Akhiwu
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Ascitic Fluid ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Malignant Cells ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Fluid Cytology

Ascites is a symptom that can originate due to diverse pathologies. A lot of investigations including ascitic fluid cytology (AFC) can be done on it to help determine its origin. The aim of this study, is to document the findings and highlight the importance of AFC in patient care in Uyo. All AFC reports and slides in the Department of Histopathology, University of Uyo were retrieved, reviewed and used for this study. The age ranged from 1.5 – 80 years with mean age, 41.79 (±17.23) years. About 71.8% of the ascitic fluid (AF) specimens were from patients between the 3rd and 6th decade. Females predominated in all age groups expect 10-19 year's group, with a male to female sex ratio of 1:2.4. Malignant cells were seen in 28.7% of all the samples, while 51.2% were negative for malignant cells. Malignant cells were seen in 4 (6.7%), 11 (18.3%) and 6 (10%) of the AFC performed due to various liver pathologies, ovarian malignancies and intra-abdominal malignancies respectively. Malignant cells were found more in females with a male to female ratio of 1: 3.6. Age group 40-49 years accounted for most of the malignant cases (26.6%). The pattern of AFC in Uyo is similar to the pattern in other parts of Nigeria

scholarly journals Ophthalmic Histiocytic Lesions: A Baseline Demographic and Clinicopathological Study of 28 Cases From 2 Eye Centers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq A. Alzahem ◽  
Azza M.Y. Maktabi ◽  
HIND MANAA ALKATAN
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Rosai Dorfman Disease ◽  
Rare Group

Abstract Purpose: Ophthalmic histiocytic lesions comprise a heterogeneous rare group of disorders that are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of histiocytes and may affect all age groups of both genders. This rare group of diseases in the ophthalmic practice has not been previously studied in this area of the world and only individual cases reports were reported.Methods: This retrospective study has been approved on an expedited basis by the Human Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board (HEC/IRB) at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital (KKESH) with a collaborative agreement between KKESH and King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia aiming to collect all biopsied ocular and periocular histiocytic lesions from both centers from January 1993 to December 2018. The histopathological diagnosis was confirmed, and cases were re-classified by review of all histopathological slides. The corresponding demographic and clinical data were analyzed. Relevant literature review was also carried on for comparison of our collected analyzed data to published data and to draw our own conclusions.Results: A total of 34 ocular/periocular histiocytic lesions of 28 patients who were mostly Saudis (92.9%) were included. Male to female ratio was 4:3. The median age at presentation was 6.4 years (range: 2.8-35). Twenty-two patients had unilateral involvement and 6 patients had bilateral lesions. In Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH)=L group, the most common presenting findings were eyelid swelling (75%), periocular tenderness (37.5%), proptosis/globe displacement (37.5%) eyelid erythema (25%), and orbital pain (12.5%). In Rosai Dorfman disease (RDD)=C group, proptosis/globe displacement occurred in all patients, followed by decreased vision (80%). Patients with C group diseases had variable clinical features owing to the different locations of the histiocytic lesions with the majority involving the eyelids (66.7%). Diagnosis was accurately reached clinically in 38.8%, 33.7%, and 46.7% among patients in the L group, C group, and R group respectively. Overall, the clinical diagnosis was in concordance with the histopathologic diagnosis in 14 only out of 34 lesions (41.2%). Conclusions: We concluded that C group was the commonest histiocytic lesion encountered in about two-thirds of the lesions with particular prevalence of Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). The histiocytic disease is more likely to be overlooked clinically especially in this group owing to its rarity and is diagnosed mainly with the help of histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. The median age of presentation was higher for R group patients, while there was tendency for JXG to present at a later age compared to the published reports. Intraocular involvement was extremely rare. All L group cases were strictly unilateral disease, while RDD (C group) was most commonly bilateral. Future research on the genetic aspects, management, and prognosis are necessary.

scholarly journals Clinicopathological study of leiomyomas in hysterectomy specimens

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Rajiv Kamal Gupta ◽  
Simrat Jit Kaur ◽  
Panchampreet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Common Complaint ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background: Leiomyomas are benign tumors of smooth muscle cells commonly encountered in women of reproductive age group. Aim of this study was to conduct a histopathological study of leiomyomas in hysterectomy specimens and to correlate them with clinical findings.Methods: A prospective study was done on 130 hysterectomy specimens clinically diagnosed as leiomyoma. The specimens were subjected to histopathological examination.Results: In this study, the most common age group was 31-50 years (87.69%). Most common complaint was menorrhagia (51.54%). In endometrium, the most common histopathological diagnosis was proliferative phase (46.15%) followed by endometrial hyperplasia (19.23%). The most common secondary change was hyalinization and the most common site was intramural (62.9%).Conclusions: Hysterectomy is a commonly performed procedure in the management of uterine leiomyomas. The ultimate diagnosis and prognosis depends on the histopathological examination; therefore, every operated specimen must be subjected to histopathology. 

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