scholarly journals EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND HUMIC FERTILIZERS ON THE BIOCHEMICAL STATE OF OIL‐CONTAMINATED CHERNOZEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
T. V. Minnikova ◽  
S. I. Kolesnikov ◽  
T. V. Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Ordinary Chernozem ◽  
Biochemical State

Aim. In this paper, we aim to assess the effect of nitrogen and humic fertilizers on the biochemical state of oil‐contaminated chernozem.Methods. In order to simulate the oil pollu‐ tion, chernozem was exposed to oil doses constituting 1, 5 and 10% of the soil mass for 30, 60 and 90 days. For simulating bioremediation of oil‐contaminated chernozem, the following fertilizers were used: potassium and sodium humates, urea and nitroammophos. Nitrogen fertilizers – urea and nitroammophos having a nitrogen content of 46% and 15%, respectively – were applied to the soil for the purposes of restoring the equilibrium between carbon and nitrogen. Humic fertilizers (potassium and sodium humates) were applied to the soil for stimulating the indigenous oil destructive microbiota. In order to assess the biological activity of the soil, we determined catalase activity, invertase activity, as well as CO2 emission intensity.Results. The effect of urea, nitroammophos, potassium and sodium humates on the enzymatic activity and CO2 emissions of ordinary chernozem, which had been exposed to various doses of oil (1, 5 and 10% of the soil mass) for 90 days, was studied in a model experiment. Following the introduction of nitroammophos into soil with low levels of oil pollution, catalase activity decreased, whereas respiration and invertase activity increased. Urea introduced into the soil contaminat‐ ed with a 10% dose of oil stimulated catalase activity. At oil concentrations of 1 and 5%, the introduction of potassium and sodium humates had a stimulating effect on enzymic activity and carbon dioxide evolution.Conclusions. It is advisable to use the intensity of CO2 emissions released from the soil, as well as the invertase activity for diagnosing the state of chernozem con‐ taminated with oil (5‐10%) following the introduction of nitrogen and humic ameliorants. At lower doses of oil, it is advisable to assess the state of the soil following the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers by catalase activity. 

The French Nitrogen Industry during the Interwar Period: The Ambiguous Relationship between the State and Manufacturers

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Michael Llopart
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
The State ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The First World War ◽  
French Case ◽  
International Cartel ◽  
First World

Abstract At the end of the First World War, the French government seized the opportunity to acquire the chemical processes of the German firm BASF, including the Haber-Bosch process. This patent made it possible to synthesize nitrogen from the air and thus produce nitrogen fertilizers in large quantities. French industrialists, however, refused to acquire these patents, and to make up for this lack of private sector involvement, the French Parliament decided in 1924 to create a national plant (ONIA), which became the first state-owned plant to be exposed to market competition. The intention was for the ONIA to supply the army with nitric acid in times of war, and, in peacetime, to sell fertilizers at the lowest possible prices in order to curb the monopoly of the private industry cartel. The purpose of this article is therefore to study the establishment and organisation of the French market for nitrogen fertilisers during the inter-war period by raising a number of questions about the ambiguous and complex relations between the state and private industry in this strategic sector. Why was the state policy initiated with the ONIA not successful at first? From 1927-1928, once the ONIA was operational, why and how did the public and private players jointly organise the marketing of fertilisers even though their interests were partially divergent? From the economic crisis of the 1930s onwards, how did the regulation of this mixed market evolve and how were public/private tensions overcome? In the French case, why did French producers leave the international cartel very early on in favour of state protectionism? And finally, to what extent can it be said that this “managed economy” framework succeeded in satisfying all the players in the French nitrogen industry?

scholarly journals Influence of increasing doses of nitrogen on feed productivity of perennial grasses

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vasil'evna Ivanova ◽  
Olga Vasil'evna Kurdakova ◽  
Aminat Msostovna Konova ◽  
Anna Yurievna Gavrilova
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
The State ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
State Register ◽  
Second Year ◽  
First Year Of Life

In the course of the experiment, the effect of increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizers on the yield of clover of the meadow variety Nadezhny, entered in the State Register of Breeding Achievements in 2012, was analyzed. A comparison is also made of this influence with the timothy of the meadow variety Leningradskaya 204. It was established that the pre-sowing introduction of mineral nitrogen for clover and timothy has influenced the productivity of these crops, but the nature of this effect varies depending on the type of grass. The introduction of N20 against the background of P30K90, which provided an increase in control of 51.2% for green mass and 33.6% for air-dry matter, was optimal for meadow clover of the first year of life. For grassland clover second year of life, the best option was N0P30K90, which gave an increase of 56.6% to the control on green mass and 50.6% on air-dry matter. A further increase in the dose of nitrogen on the options caused a decrease in yield increase. Timothy meadow for two years of life was traced responsiveness to the provision of nitrogen. The most productive in all respects was the option N120P30K90.    

scholarly journals Influence of Pollution by Antibiotics on Biological Properties of Soils (Through the Example of Ordinary Chernozem)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliya Akimenko
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Ordinary Chernozem ◽  
Biological Parameters

Abstract In model laboratory and field conditions, the influence of pollution by antibiotics (benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, tylosin, pharmasin, tromexin, aliseryl, and nystatin) on the biological properties of ordinary chernozem was examined in concentrations of 1-1000 mg/kg. A decrease in the majority of the basic biological parameters of chernozem occurs when the concentration of antibiotics is 100 mg/kg of soil. In most cases, there was a direct relationship between the content of antibiotics in the soil and the scale of a decrease in the studied parameters. The degree of the influence of antibiotics was determined by their nature, concentration and time of exposure. Antibacterial antibiotics had more negative impact on the studied indicators than fungicidal ones. By the degree of inhibiting the biological properties of chernozem, antibiotics formed the following sequence: ampicillin > benzylpenicillin ≥ streptomycin ≥ oxytetracycline > tylosin ≥ pharmasin > nystatin > tromexin > aliseryl. Among the examined biological parameters when polluted by antibiotics, the most informative one was the number of ammonifying bacteria and the activity of dehydrogenases. The least informative was the indicator of catalase activity. The abundance of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter in case of pollution by antibiotics was not informative. The degree of a decrease in biological indicators was more pronounced in laboratory conditions than in the field ones. The rate of the biological activity recovery of chernozem after pollution in the field was 2 times higher. According to the degree of resistance to antibiotics, the investigated microorganisms of chernozem formed the following sequence: bacteria of the genus Azotobacter > micromycetes > amylolytic bacteria > ammonifying bacteria. Enzymes formed the following sequence: peroxidase ≥ polyphenol oxidase > catalase > dehydrogenase > invertase ≥ phosphatase. Antibiotics had prolonged influence on the biological properties of ordinary chernozem. The examined parameters were observed not to be recovered to control values even on the 120th day after the pollution.

scholarly journals Investigations of electrophysical monitoring in a full-scale experiment to clean soil contaminated with oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Sergey Prostov ◽  
Evgeniy Shabanov
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Used Oil ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Full Scale Experiment ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Processing Zone ◽  
Conductive Properties

This article presents the main results of the study of electrophysical processes occurring in the zone of electrical processing during the cleaning of soils from oil pollution. The main conclusions are formulated about the processes occurring in the electric processing zone by changing the relative electrical resistance of the soil, which was measured using microprobe sensors. A comparative analysis of the results of a laboratory experiment on the electrochemical cleaning of contaminated soil in a tank is carried out with the results of a full-scale experiment conducted on a plot of a soil mass in real conditions, but artificially contaminated with oil products (gasoline, used oil. Using single measurements of electrical resistivity by microprobe sensors, the spread of the pollutant in the soil was clarified , the relationship between the physical properties of the array and its electrical wire is established conductive properties. Confirmed high efficiency of this type of control in the study of complex processes occurring in the contaminated ground array.

scholarly journals Influence of fat-free, fat and sucrose diets on rat periodont condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
T. I. Pupin
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
Tooth Decay ◽  
Elastase Activity ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Stimulation Of

Aim. To investigate the effect of consumption of diets with different content of fat and sugar on the state of the periodontium of rats.Methods. The rats received a semi-synthetic fat-free diet (FFD), a fat diet (5 % sunflower oil), and a sucrose diet (50 % sucrose) for 30 days. Determined the degree of periodontal atrophy, tooth decay and in the gum homogenate - the activity of elastase, catalase, urease, lysozyme and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA).Results. Sugar diet increases the degree of periodontal atrophy and tooth decay, but decreases elastase activity in the gums and increases catalase activity.  Fat diet does not affect periodontal atrophy and tooth decay, but it reduces catalase activity.Conclusion. The increase in the intensity of caries and periodontal atrophy under the influence of a sucrose diet is probably due to the stimulation of the formation of lactic acid. Fat nutrition does not affect the intensity of dental caries and the degree of periodontal atrophy.

How About Farms and Ranches?

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 819-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha A. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
The State ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Farm Equipment ◽  
Initial Results

ABSTRACT During the past several years it has become apparent that farms and ranches have been delinquent in compliance regarding oil pollution prevention planning and practices. Some deaths have been caused by practices used at these aboveground oil storage tanks. These facilities store smaller quantities of oil, but they can be a great concern for human health and the environment. Some farmers and ranchers store large quantities of oil for the fueling of farm equipment. Yet others have tanks located directly on the shores of lakes and rivers in order to run the pumps needed to irrigate of crops. These tanks are often moved to adjust for rising and lowering of the water level. Region VIII has worked with the state of Montana and several tribes to increase awareness of the need for following spill prevention practices. The initial results have been mixed. There are many farmers and ranchers who work with the state or tribe and come into compliance, while others prefer to take their chances on being selected for a random inspection.

scholarly journals Indicators of antioxidant protection of blood in necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in experimental animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Yuliia Hafizivna Kilmukhametova ◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Malonic Dialdehyde ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Work Tasks

This article highlights the results of a study of blood parameters in animals with simulated necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and compares them, under the same conditions, with animals that received local treatment with a developed complex of antioxidant drugs. Following the work tasks, the nature of changes in the state of the antioxidant - prooxidant system and their influence on quantitative and functional indicators of markers of inflammatory intensity was analyzed and investigated during the pathological process in the background and without treatment with a developed complex. This work shows the changes of malonic dialdehyde concentration as an indicator of lipid peroxidation intensity in experimental animals, the level of catalase activity in the blood of animals, and antioxidant-prooxidant balance in the dynamics of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES TRANSPORTATION IN THE STATE OF MATO GROSSO: SCENARIOS DESTINED TO EXPORTATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Tássia Faria de Assis ◽  
Daniel Neves Schmitz Gonçalves ◽  
Marcelino Aurélio Vieira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Data Envelopment Analysis ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Freight Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Transportation Process ◽  
Dea Method

The purpose of study is to assess alternatives for commodities transportation, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, by adopting a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. Therefore, we used three models, called traditional (VRS and CRS) and the Cross - Evaluation. The inputs were the freight rate, cost of accidents and CO2 emissions, while the output was the weighted average speed of each alternative. The study evaluated the performance of seven macroregions. Results indicated the best alternatives for each microregion, in particular, the adoption of railway mode all over the transportation process was indicated considering all scenarios.

scholarly journals Prooxidant and antioxidant systems’ indices as the markers of endogenous intoxication in ronchopathy and syndrome of obstructive sleep apnea in the dynamics of treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Yuriy V. Minin ◽  
Natalya M. Voroshilova ◽  
Julia B. Burlaka ◽  
Julia G. Klys ◽  
Tetiana I. Kucherenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
The State ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endogenous Intoxication ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Introduction: Ronchopathy is a chronic progressive disease manifested by upper airway obstruction and chronic respiratory failure. The key process of pathological snoring is the obstructive breathing disorders. The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) develops on the basis of snoring. OSAS is accompanied by episodes of hypoxia and reoxygenation, which cause an increase of the level of reactive free radicals whith following development of the oxidative stress. The activation of peroxidative processes of proteins (POP) and lipids (POL) are initiated by free radicals which are noticeable components of endogenous intoxication (EI). The aim of the study was to investigate the intensity of POP and POL processes, the levels of OSAS components, and the indices EI in patients with ronchopathy and OSAS of varying severity in the dynamics of treatment. Materials and methods: 40 patients with ronchopathy and OSAS were examined at the State Institution “Institute of otolaryngology named after prof. O.S. Kolomiychenko of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”. All patients were divided according to the degree of snoring and hypoxia index (HI) into 4 groups of 10 persons each. Control group was formed by 10 healthy donors. The object of biochemical studies was blood serum. The intensity of POP was assessed by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazine by the Levin’s method in Reznick’s modification. POL intensity was determined by the interaction with 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) by Goncharenko. Catalase activity was determined by the method of Korolyuk and co-authors. The content of free thiol groups was determined by interaction with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The content of medium weight molecules (MWM) and tyrosine-containing peptides (TCPs) were determined by spectroscopy at 254 and 280 nm, respectively. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the software package for biometric data WinPEPI. Results: Prior to the treatment in patients with ronchopathy and OSAS of varying severity, an increase in the content of MWM and TCPs were noted, that indicates the development of endogenous intoxication. In patients of all groups there was an intensification of POP, which was manifested by a significant increase of aDNFGn, aDNFGo, and kDNFGn levels. The content of TBA-positive products in patients with ronchopathy of both groups was at the level of control and increased significantly at progression of pathological process. In addition, in all groups of patients an increase of catalase activity was detected on the background of TCPs level decrease. It was found the efficacy of the offered treatment of patients with ronchopathy and OSAS of varying severity. The indices of EI, POP, POL, and antioxidant system’s were directed to improvement in contrast to the state before treatment, and some of them were improved almost to the level of control. Conclusions: It is established that the progression of hypoxia is accompanied by autointoxication, which is manifested by an increase in the content of MWM, as well as prove for the activation of catabolic reactions and excessive formation of cells’ breakdown products. It was also revealed by the intensification of POP and POL processes, the activation of which are associated with the development of insufficiency of enzymatic and nonenzymatic components of antioxidant system. The performed treatment can be considered as the effective one since on its completion all the studied indices were restored almost to the level of control.

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