scholarly journals Medical Sciences’ Students Responses During the Late Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Comprehensive Investigation of the Risk Perception and Information Exposure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahan Shafie ◽  
Mahsa Mayeli ◽  
Hamed Hosseini ◽  
Mahnaz Ashoorkhani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information Exposure ◽  
Risk Patients

COVID-19 pandemic obligated applying population-level behavioral modifications to effectively prevent the spread of the disease. This necessitated investigating those measures that determine population behavior. Herein we have studied risk perception and information exposure that are among those determinants in Iran. 402 cases from medical sciences students were enrolled during the last week of September 2020. Using an online questionnaire, risk perception and sources of information about COVID-19 were investigated. Although most students considered COVID-19 preventable, merely a few considered the disease curable. A higher risk was perceived concerning the families compared to themselves. Moreover, most of them believed the prognosis good even in high-risk patients. Social media was the most informative source used; however, health professionals were considered the most reliable. The risk perception was equal between those diagnosed with COVID-19 or had a family member diagnosed compared to those without such exposure in most questions. Also, no significant difference was observed in risk perception between those students with serious underlying medical conditions and those without one regarding most items. Lastly, major and grade were the most significant demographic contributors to the risk perception. Moderate risk was perceived overall among the cases in which major and grade were the only remarkable demographic contributors. Unexpectedly, underlying medical history was not significantly correlated with the perceived risk. Lastly, previous COVID-19 exposure merely altered the curability and preventability perception.

Is There an Association Between Risk Perception and Disaster Preparedness in Rural US Hospitals?

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 512-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Cliff ◽  
Laura Morlock ◽  
Amy B. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural Hospitals ◽  
National Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Education Training

AbstractIntroduction:This study examined disaster preparedness, risk perception, and their association in rural hospitals in the United States. The focus of disaster preparedness largely has been centered on urban areas, in part because of the perception that more concentrated areas have an increased risk of a disastrous event. Therefore, it was hypothesized that risk perception may be a contributing factor for adequate preparedness in rural areas. This research was a component of a larger study of rural hospital preparedness. The objective of this study was to describe the perceived risk of disaster events and the status of disaster preparedness in rural hospitals. It was hypothesized that there is a positive association between risk perception and preparedness.Methods:Secondary data analysis was conducted using the National Study of Rural Hospitals (2006–2007) from Johns Hopkins University. The study, based on a regionally stratified, random sample of rural hospitals, consisted of a mailed questionnaire and a follow-up telephone interview with each hospital's Chief Executive Officer (n = 134). A model of disaster preparedness was utilized to examine seven elements of preparedness. Risk perception was examined through seven perceived risk threats.Results:The results indicated that rural hospitals were moderately prepared, overall,(78% prepared on average), with higher preparedness in education/training (89%) and isolation/decontamination (91%); moderate preparedness in administration/planning (80%), communication/notification (83%), staffing/support (66%), and supplies/pharmaceuticals/laboratory support (70%); and lower preparedness in surge capacity (64%).The respondents reported greater perceived risk from disasters due to natural hazards (79% reported moderate to high risk) and vehicular accidents (77%) than from humanmade disasters (23%). Results obtained from logistic regression models indicated that there was no statistically significant difference in the odds of a hospital being prepared overall when comparing high versus low risk perception (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.26–1.44). Positive associations were identified only between higher perceived risk overall and the subcategory of education/training preparedness (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.05–1.27).Conclusions:Rural hospitals reported being moderately prepared in the event of a disaster with a low perception of risk for human-made disasters. Further research should be conducted to identify predictors of preparedness in rural hospitals in order to optimize readiness for potential disaster events.

scholarly journals Self-Affirmation Effect on Risk Perception and the Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy in Anti-Alcohol Messages

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Milena Stanojlović Ph.D ◽  
Prof. Ubaldo Cuesta Cambra ◽  
Ph.D. Candidate Borja Paredes
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
The People ◽  
Daily Alcohol Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Message Acceptance

The beneficial effect of self-affirmation on the reduction of people’s defensive responses and the increase in message acceptance has been widely demonstrated in different health-related topics. However, little is known about the specific conditions in which self-affirmation strategies might be more effective. Our objective is to explore the interplay of self-affirmation and self-efficacy in the context of alcohol consumption. Recruited participants were randomly assigned to either a self-affirmation group or a no-treatment group and exposed to a video describing several consequences of alcohol consumption. Following the message exposure, participant’s drinking refusal self-efficacy was measured together with their perceived risk of daily alcohol intake. In line with our predictions, self-affirmed individuals who reported higher drinking refusal self-efficacy perceived daily alcohol consumption as a significantly higher risk than those who were assigned to the no-treatment condition. In contrast, for individuals with low drinking refusal self-efficacy, there was no significant difference in the perceived risk between the self-affirmed and the non-affirmed. We predicted and showed that self-affirmation influences the risk perception of daily drinking only for the people who reported higher drinking refusal self-efficacy. This indicates that self-efficacy could be an important factor that moderates the effect of self-affirmation in alcohol consumption domain.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic and dental hygienists in Italy: a questionnaire survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Bontà ◽  
Guglielmo Campus ◽  
Maria Grazia Cagetti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Dental Hygienists ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objective This online cross-sectional survey assesses the signs/symptoms, the protective measures taken and the awareness and risk perception regarding COVID-19 among Italian dental hygienists. All Italian dental hygienists were invited to participate. The ad hoc online questionnaire was divided into four domains: personal data, protective measures (−before patient arrival; −in the waiting room; −in the operating room) and PPE, awareness and risk perception. Results Two-thousand-seven-hundred-ninety-eight subjects participated. Only 0.25% of the sample was positive to the virus. Sense of fatigue (8.19%), headache (7.81%) and sore throat (7.32%) were the most common symptoms. A statistically significant trend across the areas with a different prevalence of COVID-19 was observed related to the number of signs/symptoms (areas z = 6.38 p < 0.01). Overall, 90.55% of the sample used protective glasses or visor, 90.10% disposable gloves and 82.80% surgical mask. Regarding the confidence to avoid the infection, a statistically significant difference was found among dental hygienists belonging to the 3 years-professional-experiences groups who worked in the high COVID-19 prevalence area. The findings of this survey show that Italian dental hygienists have modified their working habits according to the professional risk related to the current pandemic and they seem correctly prepared to face the risk of a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the COVID-19 Pandemic Risk Perception, Psychology and Behaviors of Spanish University Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3908
Author(s):  
Stephanie Rodriguez-Besteiro ◽  
José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera ◽  
Jesús Fernández-Lucas ◽  
Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
University Students ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Personal Lives ◽  
Physical Activity Patterns

The actual COVID-19 pandemic scenario has generated a context of uncertainty, helplessness, and inequality. Yet, the perception of COVID-19 risk has influenced nutritional, psychological, and physical activity patterns depending on gender. We conducted the present research with the aim of studying gender differences of university students in the perceived risk of the COVID-19 pandemic, and in psychological, nutritional, oral health, and physical activity habits. To reach the study’s aim, 300 volunteer university students completed an online questionnaire which analyzed variables of perceived risk of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychological profiles, and nutritional, oral health, and physical activity habits. Results showed that females presented a higher perception of danger to the COVID-19 virus than males but showed no differences in how the pandemic has affected personal lives. Females showed higher values of anxiety, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience, while males presented higher values of extraversion. Nutritionally, males presented greater consumption of soft drinks, meat, and pasta or rice, and lower buccal hygiene. Yet, no differences were found regarding physical activity patterns. Results from the present study could be used by various educational institutions to implement multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the stress and risk perception.

scholarly journals Title: Risk Perception related to COVID-19 among Sub-Sahara Africans: A Web-based Comparative Survey of local and diaspora residents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kwasi Abu ◽  
Richard Oloruntoba ◽  
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu ◽  
Dipesh Bhattarai ◽  
Chundung Asabe Miner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Abstract Background Perceived risk towards the coronavirus pandemic is a key to improved compliance with public health measures to reduce the infection. This study investigated how Sub-Saharan Africans (SSA) living in their respective countries and those in the diaspora perceive their risk of COVID-19 outbreak and the factors associated. Methods A web-based cross-sectional survey on 1969 participants aged 18 years and above (55.1% male) was conducted between April 27th and May 17th 2020. The dependent variable was perception of risk for contracting COVID-19 scores. Independent variables included demographic characteristics; COVID-19 related knowledge and attitude scores. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses identified the factors associated with risk perception towards COVID-19. Results Among SSA respondents, majority were living in SSA (n = 1855, 92.8%) and 143 (7.2%) in the diaspora. There was no significant difference in the mean risk perception scores between the two groups (p = 0.117), however, those aged 18–28 years had lower risk perception scores (p = 0.003) than the older respondents, while those who were employed (p = 0.040) and had higher level of education (p < 0.001) had significantly higher risk perception scores than other respondents. After adjusting for covariates, multivariable analyses revealed that SSA residents aged 39–48 years (adjusted coefficient, β = 0.06, 95% CI [0.01, 1.19]) and health care sector workers (β = 0.61, 95% CI [0.09, 1.14]) reported a higher perceived risk of COVID-19. Knowledge and attitude scores increased as perceived risk for COVID-19 increases for both SSAs in Africa (β = 1.19, 95% CI [1.05, 1.34] for knowledge; β = 0.63, 95% CI [0.58, 0.69] for attitude) and in Diaspora (β = 1.97, 95% CI [1.16, 2.41] for knowledge; β = 0.30, 95% CI [0.02, 0.58] for attitude). Conclusions There is a need to promote preventive measures with focus on increasing people’s knowledge about COVID-19 and encouraging positive attitude towards the mitigation measures. Such interventions should target older participants and non-healthcare workers.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic and dental hygienists in Italy: a questionnaire survey.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Bontà ◽  
Guglielmo Giuseppe Campus ◽  
Maria Grazia Cagetti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Dental Hygienists ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: This online cross-sectional survey assesses the signs/symptoms, the protective measures taken and the awareness and risk perception regarding COVID-19 among Italian dental hygienists. All Italian dental hygienists were invited to participate. The ad hoc online questionnaire was divided into four domains: personal data, protective measures (-before patient arrival; -in the waiting room; -in the operating room) and PPE, awareness and risk perception. Results: Two-thousand-seven-hundred-ninety-eight subjects participated. Only 0.25% of the sample was positive to the virus. Sense of fatigue (8.19%), headache (7.81%) and sore throat (7.32%) were the most common symptoms. A statistically significant trend across the areas with a different prevalence of COVID-19 was observed related to the number of signs/symptoms (areas z=6.38 p<0.01). Overall, 90.55% of the sample used protective glasses or visor, 90.10% disposable gloves and 82.80% surgical mask. Regarding the confidence to avoid the infection, a statistically significant difference was found among dental hygienists belonging to the three years-professional-experiences groups who worked in the high COVID-19 prevalence area. The findings of this survey show that Italian dental hygienists have modified their working habits according to the professional risk related to the current pandemic and they seem correctly prepared to face the risk of a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic and dental hygienists in Italy: a questionnaire survey.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliana Bontà ◽  
Guglielmo Giuseppe Campus ◽  
Maria Grazia Cagetti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Dental Hygienists ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract ObjectiveThis online cross-sectional survey assesses the signs/symptoms, the protective measures taken and the awareness and risk perception regarding COVID-19 among Italian dental hygienists. All Italian dental hygienists were invited to participate. The ad hoc online questionnaire was divided into four domains: personal data, protective measures (-before patient arrival; -in the waiting room; -in the operating room) and PPE, awareness and risk perception.ResultsTwo-thousand-seven-hundred-ninety-eight subjects participated. Only 0.25% of the sample was positive to the virus. Sense of fatigue (8.19%), headache (7.81%) and sore throat (7.32%) were the most common symptoms. A statistically significant trend across the areas with a different prevalence of COVID-19 was observed related to the number of signs/symptoms (areas z=6.38 p<0.01). Overall, 90.55% of the sample used protective glasses or visor, 90.10% disposable gloves and 82.80% surgical mask. Regarding the confidence to avoid the infection, a statistically significant difference was found among dental hygienists belonging to the three years-professional-experiences groups who worked in the high COVID-19 prevalence area. The findings of this survey show that Italian dental hygienists have modified their working habits according to the professional risk related to the current pandemic and they seem correctly prepared to face the risk of a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Risk perception of COVID-19 among sub-Sahara Africans: a web-based comparative survey of local and diaspora residents

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Kwasi Abu ◽  
Richard Oloruntoba ◽  
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu ◽  
Dipesh Bhattarai ◽  
Chundung Asabe Miner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Abstract Background Perceived risk towards the coronavirus pandemic is key to improved compliance with public health measures to reduce the infection rates. This study investigated how Sub-Saharan Africans (SSA) living in their respective countries and those in the diaspora perceive their risk of getting infected by the COVID-19 virus as well as the associated factors. Methods A web-based cross-sectional survey on 1969 participants aged 18 years and above (55.1% male) was conducted between April 27th and May 17th 2020, corresponding to the mandatory lockdown in most SSA countries. The dependent variable was the perception of risk for contracting COVID-19 scores. Independent variables included demographic characteristics, and COVID-19 related knowledge and attitude scores. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses identified the factors associated with risk perception towards COVID-19. Results Among the respondents, majority were living in SSA (n = 1855, 92.8%) and 143 (7.2%) in the diaspora. There was no significant difference in the mean risk perception scores between the two groups (p = 0.117), however, those aged 18–28 years had lower risk perception scores (p = 0.003) than the older respondents, while those who were employed (p = 0.040) and had higher levels of education (p < 0.001) had significantly higher risk perception scores than other respondents. After adjusting for covariates, multivariable analyses revealed that SSA residents aged 39–48 years (adjusted coefficient, β = 0.06, 95% CI [0.01, 1.19]) and health care sector workers (β = 0.61, 95% CI [0.09, 1.14]) reported a higher perceived risk of COVID-19. Knowledge and attitude scores increased as perceived risk for COVID-19 increased for both SSAs in Africa (β = 1.19, 95% CI [1.05, 1.34] for knowledge; β = 0.63, 95% CI [0.58, 0.69] for attitude) and in Diaspora (β = 1.97, 95% CI [1.16, 2.41] for knowledge; β = 0.30, 95% CI [0.02, 0.58] for attitude). Conclusions There is a need to promote preventive measures focusing on increasing people’s knowledge about COVID-19 and encouraging positive attitudes towards the mitigation measures such as vaccines and education. Such interventions should target the younger population, less educated and non-healthcare workers.

scholarly journals Investigating Managers' Perceptions of Teaching Hospitals of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd about Diversity in Crisis Management in 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Jafari ◽  
Mohammad Ranjbar ◽  
Razieh Montazeralfaraj ◽  
Seyed Kazem Abghary
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work History ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Level Of Importance

Intoduction: Today, due to the diversity of organizational structure and culture, the diversity is one of the basic principle in crisis management.Crisis management consists of six components including flexibility, inclusion, trust, risk perception, adaptability and equity.The purpose of this study was to Investigate the managers' perceptions in teaching hospitals of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd about the diversity in crisis management in 2020. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional analytic type. To collect data from standard questionnaires and reliability it was use before the validity has been a study.because of the limitation of the number  of  subjects failed and census sampling was used method and using SPSS24 software and the use of statistics to examine the perception of the amount of the descriptive variation in the crisis management component and also such tests, pearson solidarity with the help of variances and independent t-analysis to examine the connection between the administrators and demographic factors were dealt with the perception .  Results: The highest and the lowest level of managers' perception were inclusion and equity (3.37 ± 0.64) and adaptability (3 ± 0.71), respectively. There was a statistical significant difference between crisis management components with work history, age and job type. The highest level of importance was regarded to inclusion and the flexibility of crisis management programs, and the lowest level was related Equity in hospital crisis management.  Conclusion: Employees in diverse positions have different definitions of adaptability in crisis. It is necessary to perform further research and educate hospital manager’s duties.  

Cranial crassicaudiasis in two coastal dolphin species from South Africa is predominantly a disease of immature individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
MF Van Bressem ◽  
P Duignan ◽  
JA Raga ◽  
K Van Waerebeek ◽  
N Fraijia-Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Osteolytic Lesions ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Crassicauda spp. (Nematoda) infest the cranial sinuses of several odontocetes, causing diagnostic trabecular osteolytic lesions. We examined skulls of 77 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins Sousa plumbea and 69 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus, caught in bather-protecting nets off KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from 1970-2017, and skulls of 6 S. plumbea stranded along the southern Cape coast in South Africa from 1963-2002. Prevalence of cranial crassicaudiasis was evaluated according to sex and cranial maturity. Overall, prevalence in S. plumbea and T. aduncus taken off KZN was 13 and 31.9%, respectively. Parasitosis variably affected 1 or more cranial bones (frontal, pterygoid, maxillary and sphenoid). No significant difference was found by gender for either species, allowing sexes to be pooled. However, there was a significant difference in lesion prevalence by age, with immature T. aduncus 4.6 times more likely affected than adults, while for S. plumbea, the difference was 6.5-fold. As severe osteolytic lesions are unlikely to heal without trace, we propose that infection is more likely to have a fatal outcome for immature dolphins, possibly because of incomplete bone development, lower immune competence in clearing parasites or an over-exuberant inflammatory response in concert with parasitic enzymatic erosion. Cranial osteolysis was not observed in mature males (18 S. plumbea, 21 T. aduncus), suggesting potential cohort-linked immune-mediated resistance to infestation. Crassicauda spp. may play a role in the natural mortality of S. plumbea and T. aduncus, but the pathogenesis and population level impact remain unknown.

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