scholarly journals An Introduction to SARS Coronavirus 2; Comparative Analysis with MERS and SARS Coronaviruses: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahsa TAHERIZADEH ◽  
Alireza TABIBZADEH ◽  
Mahshid PANAHI ◽  
Fahimeh SAFARNEZHAD TAMESHKEL ◽  
Mahsa GOLAHDOOZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Organization ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Current Review ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Since the 1970 the replication and pathogenesis mechanism of different coronaviruses have been studded.. In 2002-2003, SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) in China emerged which resulted in 8098 cases and 774 deaths. About 10 years later in 2012, the MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus) spread in Middle Eastern countries and leads to infection in 2465 cases. In Dec 2019, another acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-2 emerged in Wuhan, China. The virus is assumed to be mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets. Travels and communications leads to high prevalence of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) in the world, and currently in Iran. The current review was conducted to compare the virus structure, genome organization, virus life cycle, pathogenesis and prediction the future of COVID-19.

Aftermath of Covid -19 Pandemic in the community

2021 ◽  
pp. 498-500
Author(s):  
Sholly. CK
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Novel corona virus (COVID-19) is an infectious condition, which can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another and causes respiratory illnesses, range from common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. The first cases of this virus were found in Wuhan, China. According to the World Health Organization, COVID-19 is serious health concern and has higher risk for severe illness and spreading rapidly all over the world.This novel coronavirus was named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO in February 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease 2019 a pandemic, in the year2020 March. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus. Among all cases about 92% of the confirmed cases were recorded from China. Initial reports suggest that death rate ranges from 1% to 2% which varies in the study and country. The most of the death have occurred in patients over 50 years of age followed by young children. For the confirmed cases which included both laboratory and clinically diagnosed till now there is no specific antiviral treatment recommended but there is vaccine currently available. Once the virus develops in people, corona viruses can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. The viral material hangs out in these droplets and can be breathed into the respiratory tract, where the virus can then lead to an infection. Repercussions of Covid -19 on individuals, families and on front line warriors are countless1.

scholarly journals Promiscuous Biological Features of Newly Emerged SARS-CoV-2 Facilitate its Unrestrained Outbreak: An Update

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Azhar ◽  
Khaled Al-hosaini ◽  
Parvez Anwar Khan ◽  
Abdul M Oanz ◽  
Qamar Zia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Virus World ◽  
Insight Into

: The unrelenting protraction of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), inflicted by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is tending to craft havoc all over the world for the past ten months. Keeping into consideration looming repercussions due to this deadly virus world over, there is an impending necessity to comprehend this newfangled contagion. To develop an effective eradication measure and preventive strategy, knowledge about the virus structure, life cycle, and metabolism is imperative. Better insight into the virus life cycle helps us to identify and design drugs that can hit crucial targets of this dreadful virus. The close genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which triggeredan outbreak in the year 2003, could be of great strategic importance in designing effective drug formulations. This will also help in leveraging immunological measures and development of leveraging immunological measures to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. This eventually will help us to progress our strategies to contain the virus. Not on the positive side, there is some misinformation going all around the world despite the strict regulations from the WHO and other government agencies to inform the citizens to abstain from the rumour-mongering to contain the COVID-19. Further, evidence needs to be gathered on vaccine strategies to cure the patients suffering from COVID-19. This information will also help us in designing both drug inhibitors as well as prophylactic measures against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2: A Critical Review of Virus Biology, Genome and Pathophysiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 286-295
Author(s):  
Akhilesh Agrawal ◽  
Supriya Kashikar ◽  
kaivalya Deo ◽  
Abhay Gaidhane ◽  
Anand Bansod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Coronavirus ◽  
Host Cell Interaction ◽  
Genomic Organisation

Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2] emerged as a great threat to the world at the end of December 2019 in China. The SARS-CoV-2 evolved from a virus responsible for the SARS epidemic in 2002. The SARS-CoV-2 has a high rate of human-human transmission and originated from the bat. It has a close resemblance with bat-like-SARS-CoV compared to SARS-CoV; however, the Spike protein responsible for virus-host cell interaction possesses the least similarity with that of SARS-CoV. Cytokine Storm is associated with the severity of Covid-19 and leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS] and/or multiple organ dysfunction syndromes [MODS]. In the current review article, the features of a novel coronavirus, including viral biology, genomic organisation, life cycle, pathophysiology and genetic diversity, have been discussed. The development of policies and plans which can prepare the world for future pandemics has also been proposed. In addition, the drug development pipelines, diagnostic facilities and management of such pandemics need an up-gradation to contain the current as well as future outbreaks.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and acute kidney injury – A new medical condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Silva ◽  
◽  
Catarina Ribeiro ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Diffuse Alveolar Damage ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Current Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Low Prevalence

Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly discovered contagious disease that has affected many countries around the world. Although diffuse alveolar damage and acute respiratory failure are the main features, involvement of other organs is recognized and needs to be explored. Information on kidney disease in patients with COVID-19 is limited, with many studies showing that acute kidney injury is an uncommon disorder in COVID-19. Despite this low prevalence, it can lead to potentially significant morbidity and mortality in these patients. Thus the authors consider the development of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 an important issue, worthy of clinical attention, and they present this point in the current review

scholarly journals Insights into the Recent 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Light of Past Human Coronavirus Outbreaks

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossam M. Ashour ◽  
Walid F. Elkhatib ◽  
Md. Masudur Rahman ◽  
Hatem A. Elshabrawy
Keyword(s):  
Genome Organization ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The City

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are RNA viruses that have become a major public health concern since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002. The continuous evolution of coronaviruses was further highlighted with the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 2012. Currently, the world is concerned about the 2019 novel CoV (SARS-CoV-2) that was initially identified in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Patients presented with severe viral pneumonia and respiratory illness. The number of cases has been mounting since then. As of late February 2020, tens of thousands of cases and several thousand deaths have been reported in China alone, in addition to thousands of cases in other countries. Although the fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 is currently lower than SARS-CoV, the virus seems to be highly contagious based on the number of infected cases to date. In this review, we discuss structure, genome organization, entry of CoVs into target cells, and provide insights into past and present outbreaks. The future of human CoV outbreaks will not only depend on how the viruses will evolve, but will also depend on how we develop efficient prevention and treatment strategies to deal with this continuous threat.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Cancer Care in Indonesia: What we have done in Dharmais Cancer Center Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Fifi Dwijayanti ◽  
Hendi Setiadi ◽  
Martya Rahmaniati Makful
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Providers ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Droplet Transmission

At the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus (CoV) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), named SARS- CoV-2 was approved as a microbial agent that causes viral pneumonia in patients who are linked epidemiologically to the seafood market in Wuhan (Wuhan) Hubei province, China [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated the coronavirus or COVID-19 as a pandemic because it has spread globally in the world since March 11, 2020 [2]. There have been more than 8 million cases reported with more than 450 thousand deaths around the world until June 19, 2020 [3]. Indonesia reported the first cases of COVID-19 in early March 2020 and currently 43,803 cases with 2,373 deaths [4]. Indonesia has the highest cases of COVID-19 in Southeast Asia [5]. WHO stated that according to the current evidence, coronavirus is transmitted among people through respiratory droplets and contact routes [6-8]. Droplet transmission is different from airborne disease. Droplet transmission occurs when a person closely contacted (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory symptoms (e.g. coughing or sneezing,) and was therefore at risk of having his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva (eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets. Droplet transmission may also occur through fomites in the immediate environment around the infected person [9]. Increasing cases occur continuously become alert for our institution as health care providers.

scholarly journals Emerging Understanding of Etiology and Epidemiology of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in Wuhan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daibing Zhou ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
Chen Bao ◽  
Youzhi Zhang ◽  
Ning Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

The latest emergence of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) had caused an outbreak of respiratory virus infections in Wuhan, China, and other countries so that the world health organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 31, 2020. At present, it is the fact that we have identified the bats as the host, the route of respiratory droplets, contact, and aerosol can accelerate the transmission from person to person. However, it is not well known about the intermediator and other approaches. Identifying and characterizing the origin and host(s) of COVID-19 can help us to evaluate the potential risk of COVID-19 for transmission among humans or cross-species.

scholarly journals Role of disinfection and hand hygiene: a COVID-19 perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2845
Author(s):  
Adrija Roy ◽  
Swayam Pragyan Parida ◽  
Vikas Bhatia
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Hand Disinfection ◽  
Acute Respiratory Disease ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Respiratory Droplets ◽  
Handwashing With Soap

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) being an acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted in most instances through respiratory droplets, direct contact with cases, and also through contaminated surfaces/objects. Though the virus survives on environmental surfaces for varied periods, it gets easily inactivated by disinfectants. Therefore, this article aims to highlight the role of surface disinfection and hand disinfection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Disinfection with appropriate and recommended physical or chemical disinfectants will not only reduce the spread of the disease but also play a significant part in flattening the curve. Alcohol-based disinfectants and other chemical disinfectants play major roles. Ether, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, other chlorine-containing disinfectants, peracetic acid, chloroform used under appropriate concentrations and techniques are necessary to stop the chain of transmission. Hand disinfection using soap and water or alcohol-based hand rubs are also of equal importance. Irrespective of the importance, the judicious use of disinfectants is also necessary. Therefore, the fastest, easiest, and most effective way to halt or reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 the virus resulting in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is through surface disinfection and handwashing with soap and water and its role in the COVID-19 pandemic is highly important.

scholarly journals Shifting Approach to Environmentally Mediated Pathways for Mitigating COVID-19: A Review of Literature on Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahad Azimuddin ◽  
Shakeel Thakurdas ◽  
Aamir Hameed ◽  
Garrett Peel ◽  
Faisal Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has been confirmed in over 10,000,000 individuals worldwide and has resulted in more than 500,000 deaths in a few months since it first surfaced. With such a rapid spread it is no surprise that there has been a massive effort around the world to collectively elucidate the mechanism by which the virus is transmitted. Despite this, there is still no definitive consensus regarding droplet versus airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Public health officials around the world have introduced guidelines within the scope of droplet transmission. However, increasing evidence and comparative analysis with similar coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and middle eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), suggest that airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be effectively ruled out. As the data supporting COVID-19 airborne transmission grows, there needs to be an increased effort in terms of technical and policy measures to mitigate the spread of viral aerosols. These measures can be in the form of broader social distancing and facial covering guidelines, exploration of thermal inactivation in clinical settings, low-dose UV-C light implementation, and greater attention to ventilation and airflow control systems. This review summarizes the current evidence available about airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2, available literature about airborne transmission of similar viruses, and finally the methods that are already available or can be easily adapted to deal with a virus capable of airborne transmission.

Coronavirus diseases and pregnancy: COVID-19,SARS, and MERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Mobina Fathi ◽  
Kimia Vakili ◽  
Niloofar Deravi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Around the end of December 2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China began to spread rapidly. The new virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which could be transmitted through respiratory droplets, had a range of mild to severe symptoms, from simple cold in some cases to death in others. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 by WHO and has so far killed more people than SARS and MERS. Following the widespread global outbreak of COVID-19, with more than 132758 confirmed cases and 4955 deaths worldwide, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease in January 2020. Earlier studies on viral pneumonia epidemics has shown that pregnant women are at greater risk than others. During pregnancy, the pregnant woman is more prone to infectious diseases. Research on both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which are pathologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, has shown that being infected with these viruses during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and, preterm delivery. With the exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 throughout the world, there is a need to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of pregnant women, through extrapolation of earlier studies that have been conducted on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. There is an urgent need to understand the chance of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and the possibility of the virus crossing the placental barrier. Additionally, since some viral diseases and antiviral drugs may have a negative impact on the mother and fetus, in which case, pregnant women need special attention for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

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